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Records of the War of the Two Song Dynasties
"The Warring States of the Two Song Dynasties" panoramically reproduces the peace and war games between the two Song Dynasties and the Liao, Xia, Jin, Mongolia and Yuan Dynasties for more than 300 years. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizong suffered a disastrous defeat at Gaolianghe and Yongxi retreated from the Northern Expedition. He completely gave up on recapturing Yanyun and turned to strategic defense. The Song and Xia Dynasties saw a tug of war for hundreds of yea
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Hero Chen Youliang
Hero Chen Youliang Chen Youliang (1320-1363), courtesy name Jiu Si, was born in Mianyang, Hubei Province. He was the leader of the Red Turban Army in the late Yuan Dynasty and the founder of the Chen-Han regime. He was a highly controversial hero in troubled times. He was born into a fishing family and served as a county official in his early years. He was talented in both civil and military affairs and had extraordinary courage. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, when the world was in chaos, he jo
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Emperor Wen of Han
The rule of Wenjing The "Government of Wen and Jing" was a prosperous period in the early Western Han Dynasty when Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han were in power (approximately 180 BC - 141 BC). It was the first prosperous era in China. The background is that after the wars in the late Qin Dynasty and the recuperation in the early Han Dynasty, the rebellion of Zhu Lu was put down, and Liu Heng came to the throne to start the rule of the world. The core of the policy was to recuperate and gove
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Liu Biao Governs Jingzhou
Liu Biao governs Jingzhou At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the famous scholar Liu Biao governed Jingzhou for nineteen years. He protected the land with culture and pacified the people with morality, and turned the turbulent place into a paradise in troubled times. However, due to the lack of talents and strategies, the foundation changed hands and ended up, interpreting an idealist's tragedy of troubled times. In 190, Liu Biao rode alone into Yicheng in disguise to take office. Taking adva
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The Rise of the Boxers
The Rise of the Boxers In the summer of 1898, on the jujube pole in Liyuantun, Guanxian County, Shandong Province, the scarlet "Boxer" flag slowly rose. Zhao Sanduo led the Meihua Boxing Club to play the banner of "Support the Qing Dynasty and Destroy the Foreign Countries" for the first time, which opened the prelude to the Boxer Rebellion. This anti-foreign anger was like a spark that set off a prairie fire, burning red in southern Hebei within half a month. Four churches in Wei County and Quz
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Qin Liangyu
Qin Liangyu (1574-1648), courtesy name Zhensu, was born in Zhongzhou, Sichuan (now Zhongxian County, Chongqing). She was the only female general in Chinese history who was included in the biographies of generals in the official history of Ming Dynasty, breaking the prejudice that "women are inferior to men". She was born into a family of military generals. She was taught by her father to "hold the sword to defend the country" and learned the art of cavalry and archery at an early age. At the age
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Shuhan Foundation
The foundation of the Shu Han Dynasty was a political regime established in Yizhou (today's Chengdu) with the banner of "reviving the Han Dynasty" after nearly 40 years of struggle by the Liu Bei Group. Its formation was difficult and it reached its peak when Zhuge Liang was governing Shu. It perished in 263 and lasted for more than 40 years. In the early days of his business, Liu Bei was on the move, relying on many princes but never giving up. He visited the thatched cottage three times to inv
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White Lotus Uprising
White Lotus Uprising (1796-1804) The White Lotus Rebellion (Sichuan-Chu White Lotus Rebellion) was the largest peasant war during the Jiaqing period. It lasted for nine years and affected the five provinces of Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi, Henan, and Gansu. It was a key turning point in the Qing Dynasty's transition from prosperity to decline. Although it failed in the end, it severely destroyed the foundation of Qing rule. The outbreak of the uprising was not accidental: the population surged in the l
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Silent Hegemony
"Silent Hegemony" refers to an ancient country "Hegemony" that actually existed in history but has been long forgotten: Historical Dimension: The "Hegemon" that has been forgotten for three thousand years Discovery process: Baguo was a small vassal state that existed in Yicheng County, Linfen, Shanxi Province during the Western Zhou Dynasty (about 11th century BC - 771 BC). It has not been found in any handed down documents. It was not until 2007 that the Dahekou Cemetery was stolen, and archaeo
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Qi and Lu Fight for Hegemony
Qi and Lu fight for hegemony "Qi-Lu Struggle" refers to the centuries-long political, military, and cultural game between Qi and Lu in Shandong during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was not a single decisive battle, but a long-term contest between two modes of governing the country. The State of Qi was founded by Jiang Ziya, with its capital at Linzi. It pursued a pragmatic and open strategy, focused on industry and commerce, the interests of fish and salt, and
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Battle of Yiling
Battle of Yiling The Battle of Yiling (also known as the Battle of Xiaoting) took place from July 221 to August 222 AD. It was a decisive battle between the Shu Han and Soochow Wu to compete for Jingzhou. It ended with Liu Bei's defeat and Lu Xun's victory in the fire attack, and finally finalized the three kingdoms' tripartite pattern. This battle originated from the dispute over the ownership of Jingzhou: after the Chibi War, the ownership of Jingzhou was unclear, and Sun Quan's request was un
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Seven Kingdoms Rebellion
Seven Kingdoms Rebellion Basic information: Also known as the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion of Wu and Chu, it occurred in the first month of the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (154 BC) of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty and was put down in March. The core is a civil war between the central government and local princes. The warring parties are the central army commanded by Zhou Yafu and Dou Ying, and the seven-nation coalition army (Wu, Chu, Zhao, Jiaoxi and other seven countries) led by Wu Ki
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Liu Yanzhi Yizhou
Liu Yanzhi Yizhou Liu Yan (?-194), Courtesy name Junlang, was a native of Jingling, Jiangxia (now Tianmen, Hubei). He was a clan member and warlord of the Eastern Han Dynasty and a descendant of King Gong of Han and Lu. His governance of Yizhou had a profound influence on the pattern of the Three Kingdoms. In the fifth year of Zhongping (188), when he witnessed the chaos in the court, he proposed to "abolish history and establish animal husbandry". He originally asked Jiaozhou to be a pastor to
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Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che (156 BC - 87 BC) was the seventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. His temple name was Shizong and his posthumous title was Emperor Xiaowu. He ascended the throne in 141 BC and reigned for 54 years. He made Chang'an his capital and ushered in the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty. Politically, he promulgated favor orders to split the feudal lords' fiefdoms, established the power of the prime ministers between China and North Korea, and set up thirteen pref
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Shashi Anti-Japanese War
The Shashi Anti-Japanese War mainly refers to the arduous struggle carried out by the soldiers and civilians of Shashi, Hubei under the occupation and blockade by the Japanese invaders from 1938 to 1945. After the fall of Wuhan in October 1938, Japanese fighter planes began bombing Shashi, and residential buildings along the river collapsed in flames. On June 8, 1940, the Fujisaki Division of the Japanese Sixth Division divided its forces from Jingmen and Qianjiang to encircle the city, and the
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Liu Bei Borrowed Jingzhou
Liu Bei borrows money from Jingzhou: historical truth and strategic game The saying "Liu Bei borrowed from Jingzhou - never repaid the loan" is widely circulated, but the historical truth is actually the exquisite political game during the Three Kingdoms period. Liu Bei did not borrow the entire Jingzhou, but only the Jiangling area at the core of Nanjun. There are seven counties in Jingzhou, and they were divided into three parts after the Battle of Chibi: Cao Cao took Nanyang County and the no
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Five Hegemons of Spring and Autumn Period
The "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period" are the five most influential monarchs of the vassal states recognized during the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC - 476 BC). Under the banner of "respecting the king and repelling the barbarians", they became the leaders of the princes through political and military means, maintaining the order after the decline of the Zhou royal family. 1. Duke Huan of Qi (Jiang Xiaobai) Appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, carr
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Battle of Red Cliff
Battle of Red Cliff The Battle of Chibi took place in the winter of the 13th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208). It took place in the northwest of Chibi City in present-day Hubei Province. It was a classic battle in which a small number defeated a large number, which directly established the tripartite pattern of the Three Kingdoms. Before the war, Cao Cao unified the north after the Battle of Guandu. In 208, he led his army southward. Liu Cong surrendered in Jingzhou without a
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Battle of Guandu
Battle of Guandu The Battle of Guandu took place in the fifth year of Jian'an of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 200). It was a key battle between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao for northern hegemony. At that time, Yuan Shao occupied the four prefectures of Hebei, with more than 100,000 troops and enough food, while Cao Cao controlled the two prefectures of Yan and Henan, with less than 30,000 troops, and was at an obvious disadvantage. However, Cao Cao was good at using troops and adopted flexible tactics t
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Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Dynasty
Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty: Yuwen Yong was the most accomplished emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After he ascended the throne, he kept a low profile for 12 years. In 572, he planned to kill the powerful minister Yu Wenhu and regain his power. He implemented the land equalization system, reformed the military system, and released slaves, which greatly enhanced the national power of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 574, he launched a campaign to exterminate Buddhism, ordering 3 mil
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The Story of a Country and a City
Empress the country and the city Mrs. Li was the favored concubine of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. She was from Zhongshan and came from a family of common people who played music and dance. Her elder brother Li Yannian was favored by Emperor Wu because of his good music. In order to recommend his sister, Li Yannian sang in front of Emperor Wu, "There is a beauty in the north, peerless and independent; once you look at the charming city, you will look at the charming country again." Princess Pi
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Railroad Farce
Railroad farce The most famous "farce" in the history of China's railways is the Wusong Railway Incident in 1876. This farce can be called the absurd epitome of the collision of Chinese and Western cultures in modern times. In 1876, in the name of building an "ordinary road", the British company Jardine Matheson laid a 14.5-Kilometer railway from Shanghai to Wusongkou without telling the Qing government, becoming China's first operating railway. When it was first opened to traffic on July 3 of t
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Qiu Fu's Uprising
Qiu Fu Uprising (859-860) - the beginning of the peasant uprising in eastern Zhejiang and the decline of the dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty 1. Background of the uprising Crisis in the late Tang Dynasty: During the reign of Emperor Yizong of the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs had exclusive power and local officials imposed excessive taxes; eastern Zhejiang suffered from drought for several years, the government did not reduce taxes, and farmers "sold their wives and children to pay for rent." The dir
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Tang Dynasty's Foreign Wars
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) had a strong military and had far-reaching influence on foreign wars. The representative battles are as follows: 1. The Tang Dynasty's War to Destroy the Eastern Turks (629-630): Li Jing and Li Ji led their troops to destroy the Eastern Turks through the Battle of Yinshan, captured Jieli Khan, and established the Anbei Protectorate. Li Shimin was awarded the title of "Khan of Heaven", establishing hegemony in East Asia. 2. War between the Tang Dynasty and the Western T
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Peasant Revolt in the Late Qin Dynasty
The peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty was the first large-scale civilian uprising in Chinese history, which spanned from 209 BC to 202 BC (from the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang to the founding of Han Dynasty by Liu Bang). The fundamental reason lies in the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty: severe punishments (such as "beheading if you miss the deadline"), heavy corvee labor (repairing the Great Wall, Afang Palace, etc.), Plus heavy taxes and land annexation, led to economic collapse an
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Peasant Revolt in the Late Han Dynasty
The peasant uprising at the end of the Han Dynasty (about the middle of the 2nd century to the beginning of the 3rd century) was a key event in the collapse of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It mainly included the Yellow Turban Uprising (184) and subsequent waves of resistance in various places. The uprising shook the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, accelerated the formation of warlord separatism, and ultimately led to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era. Background and causes political corruptio
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Tianmen Anti-Japanese War
Tianmen Anti-Japanese War (October 1938-December 1943) - "Eastern Stalingrad" in the Jianghan Plain After the Battle of Wuhan, Tianmen became a barrier between the Yangtze River and Han River, blocking the waterway of the Han River, protecting the flanks of Yichang, and blocking the gateway to Chongqing. Main battles: In the 1938 Blockade War, the enemy was defended by digging embankments into marshes and using "gunpowder coffins"; In the counter-mopping up in 1940, the New Fourth Army ambus
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The Iron-Clad Xiangyang
The iron-clad Xiangyang—the most tenacious military fortress in Chinese history 1. Geographical advantage: a natural military fortress A natural line of defense surrounded by mountains and rivers The Han River passes through the city, forming a water system barrier of "one river and three rivers (Han River, Tangbai River, Xiaoqing River, and Xiangshui River)" It leans on the remnants of Jingshan Mountains such as Xian Mountain and Hutoushan Mountain in the southwest, and faces the natural ch
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Peasant Revolt in the Late Yuan Dynasty
The peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (mid-14th century) was an anti-feudal struggle of the peasant class that broke out in the late Yuan Dynasty. This peasant war was unprecedented in scale, duration, and comprehensiveness of the insurgent class. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, political corruption was dark, land was highly concentrated, class conflicts and ethnic conflicts became increasingly acute. At the same time, floods and droughts occurred frequently, the Yellow River burst
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Battle of Changde
Battle of Changde (November 2-December 20, 1943) The Battle of Changde was a key battle of the Anti-Japanese War. The Chinese army fought to the death with the Japanese army in Changde, Hunan, and won a strategic victory at a tragic cost. It was known as the "Battle of Stalingrad in the East." Background: In 1943, the Japanese army was defeated in the Pacific battlefield. In order to contain the Chinese army from aiding Yunnan and Burma and cutting off the supply lines of Chongqing, they attac
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Dingbian of the Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty maintained the unity of the multi-ethnic country with the military as the leading role and combined with administrative jurisdiction. The Dingbian Campaign and Border Military Operations of the Qing Dynasty: 1. The Battle of Junggar (1688-1758) Battle of Ulanbutong (1690): Emperor Kangxi personally fought and repelled Galdan's eastward invasion. Battle of Zhaomodo (1696): The Qing army completely wiped out the main force of Galdan. Battle of Ili (1755): The Qing army invaded Ili
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Tang General Liu Zhan
Liu Zhan (? - 761), A Tang general during the Anshi Rebellion, had both military exploits and tragedy in his life. In his early years, he joined the army for Chen Liu. After the rebellion, he performed meritorious service in suppressing the rebellion. In 759, he was promoted to the governor of Songzhou and deputy envoy of Huaixi Jiedu. He was famous for his strict military management, but he was jealous of the Jiedu envoy Wang Zhongsheng because of his upright character. In 760, Wang Zhongsheng
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Mongolia's Western Expedition
Mongol Western Expedition (1219-1260) - the largest land empire expansion in history British scholar John Mann once said: "The land conquered by Genghis Khan's cavalry was wider than the Romans' 400-year campaign." 1. Three Western Expeditions The first time (1219-1223): Genghis Khan led his army to conquer Khwarezm and conquered Central Asia (today's Uzbekistan and Iran). The second time (1236-1242): Led by Batu, he conquered the Russian countries in Eastern Europe and captured Russia, Hung
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The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period Struggle for Hegemony
Summary of the Seven Heroes' Struggle for Hegemony in the Warring States Period (475 BC - 221 BC) The Warring States Period was a period of fragmentation where princes competed for supremacy. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin competed for hegemony, and were eventually unified by Qin. Overview of the Seven Heroes: Qi was a powerful country in the east and flourished during the reigns of King Wei and King Xuan, but later declined due to isolation; Chu had the largest territory and was strong b
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Battle of Western Hunan
Overview of the Battle of Western Hunan Background: From April 9 to June 7, 1945, the Japanese army launched the "Operation Zhijiang" (called the Battle of Xiangxi in China) to seize the Zhijiang Air Force Base, which was a key battle at the end of the Anti-Japanese War. Troop strength: Japanese 20th Army (Banxi Yiliang, about 80,000, including the 116th and 47th Divisions); Chinese 4th Front Army (Wang Yaowu, about 200,000, including the elites of the 74th Army and the 18th Army). Process: Offe
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Fang Qing Uprising
During the reign of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty, "white tax" was imposed to recover the "arrears" of eight years of taxes on the Jianghuai River during the Anshi Rebellion. Pang Jun, the governor of Shezhou, also imposed an exorbitant tax on tea and salt. Coupled with the severe drought in the south of the Yangtze River in 762, the disaster in Shezhou was particularly severe and the people suffered terribly. At that time, Fang Qing gathered tens of thousands of hungry people in Shezhou t
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Wuhan Fell
Fall of Wuhan (October 25-27, 1938) In the late stages of the Wuhan Battle in 1938, the Japanese army attacked from the north and south and broke through the outer defense line. Due to inferior equipment and supply difficulties, the Chinese army's defense line gradually collapsed. On October 25, the Japanese 6th Division invaded Hankou, and the defenders retreated in an orderly manner. The Nationalist Government transferred institutions and burned strategic materials; on the 26th, the Japanese B
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Ming Dynasty Anti-Japanese War
Anti-Japanese War of the Ming Dynasty (14th-16th centuries) Background: From the mid-14th century to the end of the 16th century (from the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the end of Wanli), the war between Japan and the Northern and Southern Dynasties gave birth to ronin pirates, who colluded with the smuggling groups (such as Wang Zhi) triggered by the Ming Dynasty's maritime ban. The decommissioning of the coastal guard station exacerbated the crisis. Portugal briefly intervened in the mid-16th cen
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Battle of Western Hubei
Introduction to the Battle of Western Hubei From May 5 to June 10, 1943, the Battle of Western Hubei broke out and lasted for 37 days. The battlefield covered Yichang, Shipai, Yuyangguan and other western Hubei areas. It was a key defensive battle in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and an outpost of the Battle of Changde. Background: China's Sixth Theater (Chen Cheng/Sun Lianzhong) has 140,000 to 150,000 people against the Japanese 11th Army (Yokoyama Isamu), which has 60,000 to 70,000 pe
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Pilu's Partner
Pilu's partner "Pi Lu" is the nickname of Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng, two writers of the late Tang Dynasty. They were named after the two frequently sang poems in Suzhou and co-edited "Songling Collection". They were famous partners in the literary history of the Tang Dynasty. Pi Rixiu was a native of Jingling, Fuzhou, and had served as the governor of Suzhou. Lu Guimeng was a native of Suzhou. The two had close contacts, and their cooperation mainly focused on reciprocal couplets, with themes cov
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Peasant Revolt in the Late Sui Dynasty
The peasant uprising in the late Sui Dynasty was a large-scale peasant uprising organized by peasant rebel armies in various places in the late Sui Dynasty to overthrow the rule of the Sui Dynasty. In the last years of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty carried out extensive construction projects in successive years and continued to use troops. The heavy corvee and military service made the fields barren and the people were in dire straits. People everywhere raised troops to resist
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Battle of Changsha
The Changsha Battle was four large-scale offensive and defensive campaigns conducted by the Chinese army in the Ninth Theater Center with Changsha as the center against the Japanese invaders from September 1939 to August 1944. It was also known as the "Changsha Defense Battle". It was one of the largest and longest-lasting battles in the Anti-Japanese War. Each of the four battles has its key points: In the first battle from September to October 1939, the commander of the Japanese 11th Army, Oka
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Huangchao Uprising
Huangchao Uprising (875-884) The largest peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, led by private salt dealer Huang Chao, shook the foundation of Tang rule and accelerated its demise. Background Politically, the eunuchs were monopolizing power, vassal towns were segregated, and the imperial rule was weak; economically, land annexation was serious, taxes were heavy, and years of famines were adding to the famine, making the people miserable; the salt policy was harsh, and the government monopoli
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Yuan Chao's Uprising
Yuan Chao's Uprising (762-763) was the largest peasant uprising in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. Yuan Chao, a petty official in Taizhou, was whipped because he was dissatisfied with the government's forced tax arrears in the Jianghuai area for eight years and sympathized with the victims. Therefore, he gathered a crowd in Tiantai Mountain to revolt in August 762, named "Baosheng", and tens of thousands of people gathered in ten days. The rebel army quickly captured the ten states east of the Y
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Peasant Revolt in the Late Ming Dynasty
The Peasant Uprising in the late Ming Dynasty (1627-1647) was one of the largest and most far-reaching peasant wars in Chinese history, which directly led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty. The core of the uprising was the two major forces of Li Zicheng's Dashun Army and Zhang Xianzhong's Great Western Army. It was divided into three stages: Phase One: Local Revolts (1627-1636) Chengcheng Uprising (1627) Battle of Fugu (1630) The second stage: strategic expansion and establishment of political
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Wang Xianzhi's Uprising
The Wang Xianzhi Uprising (875–878) was the beginning of a large-scale peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty. It followed the Huangchao Uprising, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Tang Dynasty and accelerated its demise. The history of the uprising 1. The uprising broke out (875) Leader: Wang Xianzhi (formerly a private salt dealer, familiar with the sufferings of the people and local situations). The place where the troops were raised: Changyuan (today's Changyuan, Henan Province). He
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Jiujiang Anti-Japanese War
The Jiujiang Anti-Japanese War (1938) was a key component of the Wuhan Battle. Jiujiang and surrounding areas such as Pengze, Hukou, and Xingzi are fortresses on the south bank of the Yangtze River, guarding the intersection of Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River. They are the only passage for the Japanese army to attack Wuhan. The participating parties are the Chinese 9th Theater Troops (2nd Corps, 64th Army, etc., Commander-in-chief Zhang Fakui, Li Hanhun) and the Japanese 11th Army (Haota Detac
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Pang Xun's Uprising
The Pang Xun Uprising, also known as the Guilin garrison uprising, refers to the peasant uprising against the Tang Dynasty launched by garrison troops in Guizhou (zhishi'an, today's Guilin, Guangxi) from July to October 10, the ninth year of Xiantong in the Tang Dynasty. In the fourth year of Xiantong in the Tang Dynasty (863), Tang Yizong sent troops to conquer Nanzhao. He ordered to recruit 2,000 troops in the Xu and Si areas (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu and Sixian, Anhui) and marched to Yongzhou. Amo
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Youyun Sixteen States
The Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, also known as the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and the Sixteen Prefectures of Youji, are important strategic locations in Chinese history, specifically referring to the sixteen prefectures that Shi Jingtang, the founder of the Later Jin Dynasty, ceded to the Khitan (Liao Kingdom) in 938 AD during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The scope roughly covers today's Beijing, Tianjin, and northern parts of Hebei and Shanxi. The sixteen prefectures can be
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Second World War
The Second World War, also known as the World Anti-Fascist War, lasted from 1931 to 1945 in the Asian battlefield (the beginning of the September 18th Incident) and from 1939 to 1945 in the European battlefield (the beginning of the German invasion of Poland). A total of 61 participating countries, about 2 billion people were involved, more than 90 million casualties, and economic losses of more than 5 trillion US dollars. The two parties participating in the war were divided into the Axis Power
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