Daming: I Am Zhu Qizhen, Starting with Tumu Fortress

If you look at the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty, you will know what the big guys in Shilin Street did. Do you still need to wash it? Habits come from customary surnames. If you are used to selling your country and selling your country, you think you can come to the Yuan Dynasty to pay taxes.

The changes in Tumu Fort are very evil. . . The emperor was patrolling the border with a large army, and his location was far away from the front line. He was inexplicably captured by the grassland. That period of history has been altered and altered, making it difficult to confirm the truth. There is a theory that the emperor was patrolling the border to check for corruption and was attacked by the border army in a coup. The emperor's army was wiped out by the border army before he could react. The border army sent the emperor to the grassland. .

Seriously. If the Tumubao Incident is true, then its impact on a feudal dynasty is no less than that written by Bangziguo, who blinded Li Shimin in one eye with one arrow. If this incident of destroying an army of 500,000 people and capturing the emperor is true, then the Ming Dynasty and Wasi would have sworn hatred. Zhu Jiancheng said that those who plow the courtyard will not be Jurchens, but Wazi. The three great expeditions of Wanli were no longer about anything else but tile thorns. But there are none of these. On the contrary, Wasac was still able to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty after experiencing the Tumubao Incident, but the Ming Dynasty did not take any military action against it throughout its dynasty. How to explain this alone? When it comes to Zhu Qizhen, he is said to be a fool every day, as if the first thing he did when taking charge was to personally conquer the country. There is no need to study how Zhu Qizhen came to power. In the seventh year of orthodoxy, the system of recommending county magistrates was discontinued. In the twelfth year of Zhengtong, the censor was allowed to impeach and recommend officials during the incident In the thirteenth year of Zhengtong, the practice of recommending officials was suspended, and the old system of Hongwu and Yongle was still followed, and the practice of recommending ministers to officials was discontinued. In the 14th year of Orthodoxy, the Tumubao Incident occurred. In the same year, after Zhu Qiyu ascended the throne, he allowed officials of third grade or above in Beijing to be appointed through sponsorship. The recommendation system was promoted by the "San Yang". Yang Shiqi and others advised Zhu Zhanji, saying that it would be better to recommend more, and then Zhu Zhanji agreed, and then the recommendation system was implemented. And the stop of the voyage to the West was also stopped by 'San Yang'. Zhu Zhanji did not agree to stop the voyages to the West, and then Zhu Zhanji disappeared. After supporting Zhu Qizhen to take power, "Sanyang" ordered to stop the voyages to the West in the first year of Zhengtong. Zhu Qizhen was only nine years old at the time. In the eighth year of Zhengtong, Emperor Yingzong asked Jiao Hong, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, to be the chief promotion officer of the Eight Prefectures and supervise the casting of 120 ships for the Western Ocean in Fujian to prepare for the Western Ocean. This is a deed found in the "Epitaph of Guo Fujun, the Governor of Guizhou Sizhou Prefecture, Guizhou Prefecture", a doctor of Zhongshun. It was recorded by people at that time. As soon as the ship was built, chaos broke out in Fujian and Zhejiang, and there was an uprising by Deng Maoqi and Ye Zongliu. In the 13th year of Zhengtong, after the recommendation system was completely abolished, everything south of the Yangtze River was in chaos. Rebellions in various parts of the south were no less large than the rebellion of the Three Feudatories. Zhu Qizhen immediately ordered Chen Mao and Wang Ji to lead an army of more than 200,000 people to the south to quell the rebellion. And these are the results of "Sanyang" from Xuande's recommendation to orthodoxy. For this reason, "Sanyang" can still be evaluated by literati as a famous minister and wise prime minister. There is also the Tumubao Change. In history, most of the things that can be related to the change are coups. How can the Shaqiu Incident, Gaopingling Incident, Xuanwumen Incident, Shenlong Coup, Chenqiao Mutiny, and Tumubao Incident be understood as military defeats? The Tumu Fort incident on the 15th, the capital received news on the 17th, and Yu Qian's army entered the capital on the 19th. The last foreign minister to take control of the capital with a large army was Dong Zhuo. Then he immediately supported Zhu Qiyu on the throne and beat the Jinyiwei commander Ma Shun alive in front of Zhu Qiyu. You must know that the Jinyiwei itself is the emperor's private army, and only the emperor can handle the Jinyiwei. This is obviously a demonstration. Zhu Qiyu was also very aware of current affairs. He immediately lifted the recommendation system abolished by Zhu Qi Town and allowed officials of third rank or above in Beijing to recommend officials. I don't dare to use Jin Yiwei anymore. The reason why Zhu Qizhen immediately killed Yu Qian after his restoration was that Yu Qian was the apparent instigator of this coup. In the "Posthumous Law", "ying" represents excellence, intelligence and wisdom. It is a beautiful posthumous title and is often given to young and promising emperors. How could an emperor who could be recognized by people at that time and whose posthumous title be named "Ying" be a fool? If it weren't for a sudden coup, Zhu Qizhen's reputation might have been as high as that of Emperors Wen and Jing. There are many things you can check! Has Sanyang implemented a recommendation system? Did San Yang order to stop his voyages to the West in the first year of Zhengtong? Does the "Inscription on the Epitaph of Guo Fujun, the Prefect of Sizhou Prefecture in Guizhou, a great official of Zhongshun" mention that Zhu Qizhen appointed Jiao Hong to supervise the construction of 120 ships to prepare for the Western Ocean? Has Zhu Qizhen abolished the recommendation system? Is there a large-scale rebellion in the south in the 13th year of Orthodoxy? Did Zhu Qizhen order Chen Mao and Wang Ji to lead an army of more than 200,000 people to the south to quell the rebellion? How could a being who was rated by a great man as one of the top four among the Sixteen Emperors of the Ming Dynasty be a fool? There is also Zhu Houzhao, Yingzhou's great victory, hundreds of thousands of elites fighting in a large-scale positional battle, severely injuring the little prince, how could the posthumous name be named after "Wu", how could he only suffer more than a hundred casualties? You know, even if two villages fight, more than a dozen people will be injured.

I watched the beginning and couldn't stand it anymore. It's a standard modern conspiracy theory thinking. You can think of everything as a conspiracy without considering reality.

Zhu Qizhen should not clear his name. This is equivalent to overturning the verdict of Qin Hui. Does the author of historical novels not know what Zhu Qizhen did? Let's not talk about the unjust killing of Yu Qian. After all, it has a certain political tendency, but is it him who is close to the villain Yuan Xianchen and started the local rebellion? There was no achievement during his reign, and the foundation left by Zhu Qiyu and Yu Qian was wiped out. Although Zhao Guangyi had a "good reputation" as the god of carriages on the Gaoliang River, he at least stabilized the Zhao family, and his political skills stabilized the court situation and allowed the Song Dynasty to develop smoothly. This Zhu Qizhen is a waste. In some ways, it is not as good as those perverts of the Sima family. At least he is really stupid and mentally ill.

Called the Emperor. Don't wash it yourself. Put the responsibility on others. The credit is your own

I don't quite understand the thinking of people in the Xibao Sect who talk about conspiracy theories. Anyone who has paid attention to the Tumubao Incident and has seen the marching route map of the Ming Army knows well that there is a conspiracy theory! In June, the Dushima Camp reported that the Mongolian invaders had invaded the border. The total strength of all the forts north of Xuanfu was only 7,000, and they had already asked for help. At this time, Baozong was still in Beijing, and there was no such thing as a personal expedition. Then how did the Baozong respond to Dushima Camp's request for help? Ignore it. On July 15th, the Dushima Camp could no longer hold on and abandoned the fort and fled. What was Baozong doing at this time? He ordered a personal expedition that day. Then ask to leave the next day. It's simply a huge joke. The number of people Zhu Qizhen brought is very controversial. There were five hundred thousand, two hundred thousand and hundreds of thousands, and some said there were only tens of thousands. The idea of ​​tens of thousands of people is pure nonsense. According to the records after Tumubao, the cooks in the Guangda Army fled back with thousands of people. How could it be possible that they only brought tens of thousands of people with them? Personally, I think 500,000 is impossible, and around 200,000 is the most reasonable. Of course, not all of the 200,000 are from the army. It is estimated that half of them are civilians who are engaged in logistics. After all, Zhu Qizhen took away most of the imperial court, and it would be impossible to maintain it without 100,000 logistics. As for the army, looking at the number of people in the three major battalions, it is estimated to be around 120,000. After the failure of Tumubao, the reason why the capital was in panic was because there were no soldiers at all. Whenever there are tens of thousands of regular troops defending the city, they will still discuss Maoxian's southward migration. Hundreds of thousands of people went on an expedition. On the first day, they gave orders and asked to set off on the second day. Zhu Qizhen really deserves the name of the God of War, unprecedented and unprecedented. I wonder if those who talk about conspiracy theories have ever paid attention to the snakeskin movements of Zhu Qizhen's army? When I went there, I went in order, starting on the 16th and arriving at Xuanfu on the 23rd. Note that after arriving at Xuanfu, the ministers repeatedly advised the Jianbao Sect to return to their master. Why, because intelligence showed that the two Mongolian armies, the west route army before them, had already reached the foot of Datong City. At the same time, the middle route Alazhiyuan had captured the Dushima camp and was marching towards Juyongguan. Of course, the intelligence minister knew about it, but the emperor probably didn't know about it. This was concealed. And Juyongguan is the main route back to Beijing. However, Baozong did not agree. The emperor mobilized his troops and ran out. He fled after hearing the seal. What would happen to his face? He was determined to go to Datong, so he set off. We will arrive in Yanghe on July 28th and Datong on August 1st. At this time, new military information came. After the news that Prince Consort Jingyuan was defeated and that Ye Xian might attack again, Wang Zhen began to plan to regroup. At this time, Datong general Guo Deng suggested that the Ming army enter from Zijingguan to avoid the Oara army. Bachelors Cao Nai and Zhang Yi reported this suggestion to Yingzong, and Yingzong finally agreed. After all, Zhu Qizhen seemed very courageous, but in fact he was not. When he was in Yanghe on the 28th, he saw the corpses of the Ming army scattered all over the mountains and plains. Who knew whether he was panicking or not? So, the army began to move south. At this time, it was impossible for the Wala army to keep up. If Zhu Qizhen can march according to the established plan, nothing will happen later, and a safe return to the capital is inevitable. However, Zhu Qizhen fell ill while walking. My personal guess is that the reason for Zhu Qizhen's illness is still a matter of face. It's not that Wang Zhen is afraid of stepping on the villagers' crops, Wang Zhen is just a scapegoat. Everyone thinks about it, Zhu Qizhen was eighteen years old at this time, and he always wanted to prove that he was better than Taizong, but he ran away from the enemy. How embarrassing. His heroic character suddenly collapsed. So, he thought about it over and over, but no, I must be the best in the world, and I must not avoid the Mongols. So, after walking for two days, this guy made a 360-degree turn and headed north again, following the route he came from and taking the outer route back. So, we met Yexian's Western Route Army. Of course, Yexian did not start a war, because there were only more than 30,000 people in Yexian, and Yexian was afraid that he would suffer too much if he could not win. You must know that it is just a grand master. The internal conflicts in Mongolia are much greater than the internal conflicts in the Ming Dynasty. So I just followed him all the way, escorted Zhu Qizhen to Xuanfu, and communicated with the Mongolian Middle Route Army. Even at this time, I was very hesitant at first, because the opponent was the imperial commander, who looked very intimidating, and he didn't dare to fight. In fact, Xian Xian did not fight from beginning to end. When Zhu Qizhen walked to Tumubao on the 14th, he was surrounded by the Alazhiyuan of the Central Route Army. What did you do first? I didn't do anything at first. I was still convening people for a meeting to discuss. After Alazhiyuan surrounded the Tumu Fort, he did not attack by force. He first sent people to cut off the stream upstream of the Tumu Fort, so the Tumu Fort began to lack water, and even digging wells did not bring out water, and the morale of the army began to fluctuate. Then after waiting for a day, Alazhiyuan contacted Baozong and said that I wanted to negotiate and retreated the encirclement. Baozong was overjoyed and quickly sent people to talk. At the same time, he ordered the camp to be moved to the river fifteen miles away. (There is a stream next to the Tumu Fort, but the stream is cut off by the upstream) When the army was halfway through the move (three or four miles into the camp), the Oara army suddenly began to attack. The main attack direction was the central army of the Ming Army, and the Ming Army collapsed instantly. Note that it is a collapse, not a total annihilation. The main force of the Ming army in the later Beijing defense battle was the soldiers and generals who fled back from Tumubao. When Zhu Qizhen was arrested, he didn't know it at all. After he received the news, he couldn't believe it. So his subconscious reaction was to run to Tumubao to see the situation, then drag the Baozong to his camp, then stand still and call everyone to continue the meeting. What should he do next? The final result was that the emperor was pressured to deceive the city, and then the deception failed and turned into extortion. Seriously, considering Zhu Qizhen's amazing operations, whose conspiracy can keep up with his thinking? If you really want to start a conspiracy theory, you have to kill him when you go out. After all, the marching route on the way out is fixed. The return route has been changed repeatedly depending on Zhu Qizhen's mood. How can he create a conspiracy? If Zhu Qizhen left from Zijingguan as planned, what else was he planning? If we stop at Xuanfu on our way back, what's the plot? It would be okay if I followed the advice and went to Juyongguan one day earlier. What's the conspiracy? Finally, I would like to advise those who say that the straight-line distance between Tumubao and Beijing is only over 100 kilometers, so being surrounded must be a conspiracy. Do you know the American Civil War? In the American Civil War, the distance between Richmond, the capital of the South, and Washington, the capital of the North, was more than 100 kilometers. Then the Southern Army and the Northern Army fought for five years on a road of more than 100 kilometers. You must know that the American Civil War is already in the age of muskets, and the marching speed is faster than that in the cold weapon age. And it was not trench warfare like the First World War. In the era of queuing to kill, more than 100 kilometers had not been fought in five years. According to your theory, this is a big conspiracy, right? There must not be hundreds of treasonous groups, and the civilian group is causing trouble behind the scenes?

Zhang Juzheng's reform was the biggest mistake. After his reform, the price of grain, which had not changed in the Ming Dynasty for 200 years, began to rise one after another The price of rice has never exceeded 0.5 Taels per hour. In the past 200 years, whether it was the nine sides or the north and the south, it was the same without war or natural disasters. 0.5 Taels (explanation on the relationship between the monthly grain discount and grain prices in the Thirteen Towns of Jiubian in the Ming Dynasty_Hu Tieqiu (the average price of grain in Jiubian is 0.5 Taels and one stone, non-natural and man-made disasters)) The surge in prices after giving up the right to mint also started with the war between Wanli and Houjin and the influx of silver due to the Thirty Years War. The Wanli period also tried to stabilize prices and created something similar to "food stamps" of 0.8 Taels and one stone (Xie Guozhen: "Recording the Affordable Rice Tickets in the Forty-eighth Years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty") At that time, in order to stabilize the price of rice, the local government set the price of affordable rice at 90 Wen per bucket, equivalent to 8 cents of grain silver, or 0.8 Per stone. Two silver coins. ) And we discussed the implementation of the whipping method in Jiajing. Hai Rui said that the north was not suitable for implementation. Zhang Juzheng, the problem is that he did not come from the bottom, so he did not know the situation below. The most speechless thing is that those civil servants were so clever that they abolished Zhu Yuanzhang's method of opening the middle. Did the border army lack money? What people are short of is food. A large amount of silver has gathered at the border, but the food at the border has not increased. Then it must be that the price of food at the border has skyrocketed. The result is that the money is paid out and not paid out. Remember that in the early years of Chongzhen, a dou of grain was worth eight taels of silver. Since Xiaozong abolished the Kaizhong Law, the annual regulations of each side during the Hongzhi and Zhengde years were only about 480,000 taels, and by the time of Wanli, the number soared to 4.8 Million.

Once you look at conspiracy theories, you know there is no need to read any further. The author's IQ and experience are definitely not online. Because conspiracy theories are the most anti-intellectual. You have to be hopelessly stupid to believe conspiracy theories. Not to mention the conspiracy group involving at least several hundred people, which is completely unworkable in reality. To put it simply, "What are you trying to figure out?" What are the benefits? Teacher Chen Peisi's famous saying, "Who will do it if you don't give me benefits?" What good can come from engaging in conspiracy? Seize power? There are many ways to seize power, but physical destruction is the stupidest. Moreover, even if they seize power, only a handful of people at the top of the cabal can gain the greatest benefits. Are the other middle and lower levels full? Instead of risking the whole family to follow you in your conspiracy, wouldn't it be better if they reported you directly to the emperor? The same is to get promoted and make a fortune, maximizing benefits. Why bother? Why bother? In history, when cabal groups seize power, they can only seek to usurp the throne. In the end, the person who becomes the new emperor will become the new emperor, and those who participate will become the nobles of the new dynasty. If they are hereditary, there is still some value for money. Otherwise, is the conspiracy just for "promotion"? How stupid is this 😂

Chairman Mao said that Ming Yingzong was a good emperor. In May 1964, Mao Zedong said in a conversation: "I was most angry after reading "History of the Ming Dynasty". In the Ming Dynasty, except for the two illiterate emperors Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu, Ming Wuzong and Ming Yingzong were slightly better. Except for some, the rest are not good, and they all do bad things." For example, Emperor Jiajing is described in the chapter of "History of Ming Dynasty: The Chronicles of Emperor Shizong." Mao Zedong commented that he "refined elixirs and practiced Taoism, was dull and old, and had been in power for more than forty years, but he just didn't do anything." The view that the Ming Dynasty "actually perished in Wanli" has long been widely recognized in academic circles, but Mao Zedong believed that Emperor Jiajing's mediocrity and incompetence was the fundamental turning point in the Ming Dynasty's rise to decline. Why is Yingzong a good emperor? You only know Tumubao but don't know Yingzong's three Northern Expeditions. In the third year of Zhengtong, his first Northern Expedition, the Mongolian royal court in Gansu was almost completely annihilated, the left prime minister was beheaded, the right prime minister was captured, Duo'er's uncle escaped and was killed by the Tuotuobuhua tribe, Mongolia's orthodoxy was destroyed, and entered the era of dancing demons. Why Ming Yingzong is called the Zhengtong Dynasty? Because the Yuan Zhengtong was destroyed by the Ming Zhengtong. This is something Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di and even Ming Xuanzong did not do. In the Second Northern Expedition, in the sixth year of Zhengtong, during the Battle of Fengzhou, Yang Hong discovered that the Wuliangha and Walatuhuan people had built a city in Shajingzhou. The Ming Dynasty decided to organize the army and destroy the Yisu border. "Records of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty" records that Datong general Shi Heng fought all the way from Datong to the Mongolian Chanyu City, he established a garrison in the opponent's capital. There is no record in the Ming history (I accidentally forgot to write it in the Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, and it was only recorded in the Ming Dynasty records). It may be that the leader of the battle, Shi Heng, cut him off because he violated a taboo. The central government did not decide to fight. The people below won the battle based on subjective initiative, which is difficult to record. In the third Northern Expedition, in the ninth year of Zhengtong, at the Battle of Kelesu, Wu Liangha invaded Yansui again. Yang Hong and Han Zheng and others went out to the north of Heishan outside Datong to intercept Wu Liangha, and pursued Berke from Dushi, who was defeated in Yingchang. The enemy abandoned all the people, animals and equipment they had plundered and fled. [Real Tumu Fort Change] Tumu Fort In the 14th year of Zhengtong, Ming Yingzong led the Mongolian army to invade Datong in the Northern Expedition. On the second route, Tuo Tuo Bu Hua led more than 30,000 troops to invade Liaodong. On the third route, Alazhiyuan led more than 30,000 troops to attack the Xuanfu. On the fourth route, the heroic general Ah Le led more than 2,000 troops to invade Gansu. How many people did the Ming army have? During the Zhengtong period, the upper limit of conventional troops that the entire capital could accommodate was 180,000. In the first year of Jingtai, Yu Qian left reinforcements in the capital, with a total force of 240,000. As a result, the training ground was not enough. According to the capacity limit of 240,000 for the defense of Beijing, minus the less than 100,000 weak horses and tired soldiers left behind in the capital, minus the 15,000 people led by the imperial relatives Wu Kezhong and Wu Keqin who were killed by arrows, and minus the 45,000 advance cavalry led by Zhu Neng and Xue Shou who were annihilated in the ambush. After a series of divisions and reductions, there were about 80,000 people left when Zhu Qizhen arrived at Tumubao. This number coincides with the intelligence record captured by the Li Dynasty's internal intelligence network in the Ming Dynasty in the "Records of the Li Dynasty": "On July 17, the emperor led 80,000 troops to personally conquer." ········ 80,000 vs. 150,000, Who has the advantage? ? ? ? ? ? ? What is the biggest problem of Tumubao? It is that Ming Yingzong discovered that the Mongols were studding. The Mongols pulled out all their strong men to fight with the Ming Dynasty. Yingzong decided to adopt the "ZTE Blooming" tactic. The biggest problem in fighting Mongolia was that he could not find the opponent's main force. , The Yingzong personally recruited the main Mongolian force, and prepared to defend Tumubao with the emperor leading the main force of 80,000, 240,000 soldiers from the Beijing camp, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers from the surrounding guards. You have no impression of this scene. Isn't it the [Battle of Menglianggu]? The Kuomintang party could not find Su Yu's main force, so Zhang Linpu implemented a tactic of blooming in the center and encircling on all sides, but the execution was in place. Su Yu had to die. As a result, Li Tianxia rushed to support, causing Zhang to be completely wiped out by Su Yu and commit suicide. How far is Tumu Fort from Beijing? Turn over the map and see for yourself how far it is from Beijing to Zhangjiakou. The straight-line distance is two hundred kilometers. It takes a few hours to drive. Yu Qian, the Minister of War, walked for seven days. For seven days, he did not send any troops. It was not until Tumu Fort was defeated that he started to mobilize all the surrounding kings. No one can deny that Yu Qian was a hero in the defense of Beijing and a hero in Chinese history. He was loyal to the Ming Dynasty, just like Li Tianxia was a hero in the War of Resistance and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, but it does not mean that he will not cheat Zhang Linpu. Yu Qian's teacher was Yang Shiqi. Yang Shiqi was killed by Ming Yingzong (Yang's son was used to threaten him for not practicing martial ethics). Yu Qian had a grudge against Zhu Houzhao. Although he was loyal to the Ming Dynasty, he was not loyal to the emperor. [Conclusion] The thing is that simple. The earthen fortress did not do much damage to the Ming Dynasty's national strength. For the Ming Dynasty, which had a standing army of more than one million, the loss of tens of thousands of people would be fine. Yingzong fought against Mongolia and won three of the four battles. At critical moments, he dared to go to the front line and was a good emperor. As for the disadvantages, the Tumu Fort had a greater impact on the nobles, and the reserve force of the nobles was interrupted. After Xianzong succeeded to the throne, since the Ming Dynasty could rely on the veterans' Northern Expedition to defeat the Jurchen population, it took a hundred years to recover. It had little impact on civil servants. Yu Qian got the military power. After the Baozong seized the gate, he killed Yu Qian and took it back. The Ming Emperor never lost military power. Even in the Chongzhen Dynasty, when the emperor wanted to build a Yongwei camp to replace the Beijing camp, no one dared to object. The essence of the emperor's loss of military power is that the Jingying itself is rotten and cannot control the world. The emperor has saved himself. Wu Zong brought four foreign armies to Beijing to replace the Jingying. Jiajing used Guoxun to rectify the Jingying, but they all failed. To say why the Jingying is rotten, the root cause is that the Jingying is rotten. The martial arts that can and dare to fight are all bad, and the rest are just sneaky people who can't hold up the wall with mud.

Is the author trying to whitewash Zhu Qizhen?

"History of the Ming Dynasty" was officially compiled by the Qing Dynasty. It does have a tendency to beautify itself and downplay anti-Qing thoughts in order to consolidate its rule (such as the vague treatment of the early history of Jianzhou Jurchens), but to completely deny it as "garbage" and "conspiracy" is typical historical nihilism. In fact, the compilation of "History of the Ming Dynasty" took nearly a hundred years, with reference to a large number of actual records, archives and folk historical materials of the Ming Dynasty. It has extremely detailed records of party struggles, border issues, economic conditions, etc. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty. ") Mutually confirm that although the Qing Dynasty took the lead in compiling history, most of the scholars who participated in the compilation (such as Wan Sitong, Wang Hongxu, Zhang Tingyu, etc.) Were survivors of the Ming Dynasty or Han officials. Some people adhered to the concept of "preserving the truth through history" and retained a large number of original Ming Dynasty records in the selection of historical materials (such as "Ming Shilu", "Di Bao", etc.). ​ During the Qianlong period, "History of the Ming Dynasty" was "polished" on a large scale, especially the deletions and revisions of "The Difference between Chinese and Yi" and "Anti-Qing Thoughts" were strengthened. However, the overall framework was still based on the historical materials accumulated in the previous period. Therefore, "History of the Ming Dynasty" is not entirely "unilateral political propaganda of the Qing Dynasty", but a game between the official will and the conscience of scholars. ​After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in order to establish the legitimacy of its own rule, it started the compilation of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" in accordance with the tradition of "compiling history for the previous dynasty" (all Chinese dynasties have the practice of later dynasties compiling history for the previous dynasty). From the first edict to compile history in the second year of Shunzhi (1645) to the final draft in the fourth year of Qianlong (1739), it took nearly a hundred years and passed through the three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzong and Qianlong. It is one of the longest official histories in Chinese history. Their core appeal in revising history is to sort out the history of the Ming Dynasty, emphasize the rationality of the Qing Dynasty's "inheriting the mandate of heaven and inheriting the great unification", downplay anti-Qing ideas, and shape the ideology of "unification of the world." Therefore, there are obvious political taboos in the book about the vassal relationship between the predecessor of the Qing Dynasty (Jianzhou Jurchen) and the Ming Dynasty, the nature of the Qing army's entry into the customs, etc., And it extremely belittles the peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty (such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong). ​Then the modern version of "History of the Ming Dynasty" is actually a "reprocessing" of the Qing Dynasty original The "History of the Ming Dynasty" we read today is mostly based on the punctuated version published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1974. This version is based on the Wuyingdian edition of the fourth year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty. It refers to the Ming Dynasty archives, "Ming Dynasty Records", "Guoyan" and other historical materials for collation, and absorbs the research results of Qing Dynasty scholars (such as Qian Daxin and Zhao Yi) on "Ming History". ​Although the Zhonghua Book Company version is based on the official revision of the Qing Dynasty, it has corrected some obvious historical errors and political biases through modern academic compilation, and is currently the authoritative version recognized by the academic community. Finally, modern historical research emphasizes the "multiple evidence method". Scholars will combine comprehensive research on inscriptions, documents, overseas records, etc., Rather than relying solely on a certain history book. Blindly criticizing "History of the Ming Dynasty" is essentially replacing academic rationality with "position first", which is no different from denying the absurd logic recorded in "Historical Records". "The History of the Ming Dynasty was tampered with beyond recognition by the Qing Dynasty" This is a typical historical nihilistic view. There was indeed political intervention in the Qing Dynasty's history compilation, but large-scale tampering with all historical materials is neither realistic (there are still thousands of Ming Dynasty archives surviving to this day), nor is it consistent with common sense (for example, the "History of the Ming Dynasty" truthfully records Zhu Yuanzhang's "indiscriminate killing of meritorious officials" and the Hu Weiyong case, which are unfavorable to the Ming Dynasty royal family). As a reader, you must be aware of its political limitations, but you must not deny its historical value out of fear. True historical understanding begins with vigilance against "single narratives" and ends with rational analysis of multiple evidences - this is the proper attitude towards history. At the end Historical nihilists often play the trick of "reversing the cause for the cause": blaming the institutional ills of the Ming Dynasty's demise (such as land annexation and the Little Ice Age disaster) on ""History of the Ming" to smear", but turn a blind eye to the imperial corruption and eunuch chaos recorded in historical materials ; The shame of Tumu Fort caused by Zhu Qizhen's ignorance was reversed as a conspiracy of "civilian clique deliberately harming the imperial power"; and the disadvantages of mining tax objectively recorded in "History of Ming Dynasty" were distorted as "evidence fabricated by the Qing Dynasty" - as if historical facts did not determine the content of history books, but history books created history out of thin air. The essence of this sophistry of reversing cause and effect is to use the fog of conspiracy theories to cover up ignorance of the real historical logic

I read the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty. One of the six imperial emperors went on a hunger strike and three committed suicide. To be sure, they were much tougher than the scholar-bureaucrats. Who opened the gate of Nanjing? None of the Donglin bosses had to agree that Nanming could die in one year. . , The three provinces of Southwest could persist for twenty years, but the officials and merchants of Jiangnan in Nanming took the lead and surrendered in one year

This book actually writes all the loyal ministers in history as traitors. They were sacrificed loyal ministers in exchange for their lives. Can history be reversed by just writing a novel? Can it also be written that Yue Fei is a traitor and Qin Hui is a loyal minister?

There must be a conspiracy theory involved in calling the door. If nothing else, Wu Zong spent hundreds of thousands of taels to build the Leopard House in order to gain power. How did he get scolded? Xiaozong spent millions of taels to build a Taoist temple and was praised as a wise emperor. Wu Zong lived directly in the Xuan Mansion for reform.

I couldn't stand it after reading a chapter and a half. The conspiracy theory of a low-level and uneducated author is here again.

The author just makes up history, which is easy to mislead book friends. Zhu Qizhen is a foolish emperor. If he was murdered, how could he be taken back to the Ming Dynasty? If he returned to the Ming Dynasty, how could he not be killed by civil servants in the cold palace? If the civil servants rebelled, how could he seize the throne? How could the Empress Dowager Sun only have one son, Zhu Qizhen, harm him?

In the eighth year of Zhengtong, Zhu Qizhen ordered the construction of 120 sea-going ships in preparation for restarting the Western Ocean. At that time, Guo Yan (the prefect of Fuzhou) was in charge of the shipbuilding work of Fuzhou Prefecture. All written materials about the incident have been systematically erased. We only know this because Guo Yan's epitaph was unearthed.

I'm not curious when the book "Whitewashing Wang Jingwei" will be released. I've even thought about the core of it. It's a curve to save the country. It was forced by Bald Jiang. If it doesn't escape, it will be "killed" by Bald Head.

A historical novel in which Wala was transformed into Wala was actually read by some people. . . The author actually has the face to write it, which is two great miracles

We must remember that Mongolia was founded by Yu Qianyu who supported the Golden Family. His identity as a member of the Yuan Dynasty family cannot be erased. Yu Qian cannot escape the blame for supporting the Yuan Dynasty to rise again. If Zhengde had not been destroyed, I don't know what he would have done.

To be honest, I think the perspective of this novel has some reference for family stories, so let's talk about it casually. There is no need to deify Yu Qian. Yu Qian has contributed to the nation, but he also has his problems. Yu Qian's family, Yu Qian's great-great-grandfather served as the general manager of the Han people under the Yuan people (the Yuan people allowed the Han people to self-govern through taxation, and the Yu family was one of the representatives). Yu Qian's great-grandfather Yu Jiusi (formerly known as Yu Boyan) was a member of the Yuan Dynasty navy. In the Yuan Dynasty, it managed the Hai Cao and Zhejiang salt transportation for more than ten years, which is clearly documented. And his son-in-law was Yu Qian's aunt-Shi Mo Yisun (? ~1360), Named Shenzhi, a Khitan, the fifth generation grandson of Shi Moye in the Liao Dynasty. He became an official in the Yuan Dynasty and participated in political affairs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. He was loyal to the Yuan Dynasty. He was defeated and killed by Zhu Yuanzhang. Liu Bowen, Hu Shen, Ye Chen, Zhang Yi and others under Zhu Yuanzhang were all Shi Moyisun's staff. Yu Qian's grandfather Yu Wenming invested in Zhang Shicheng during the troubled times of the late Yuan Dynasty. These cannot explain the position of the Yu family, but it can be said objectively that in the dynasty of the Yu family, which is iron-clad and has a long history, they have a way of survival for the big family to protect themselves. If you insist on looking at Yu Qian with the noble eyes of a saint, there is no need. Just say "a gentleman is not a party", and Yu Qian's family supports the party. Wang Hong, who was promoted directly from Zhizhiguan in front of the palace to the second rank of border official behind the Tumu Fort, can explain some problems sideways. His great-grandfather Wang Jing was a member of the Yuan Dynasty navy Yi Wanhu, and was a colleague of Yu Jiusi. His grandfather Wang Guiyuan was also a navy general at the end of his life. He served under Zhang Shicheng and later led his army to surrender to Zhu Yuanzhang. Does this trajectory look familiar? In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Bowen and others were grateful for Shi Mo Yisun's support and took care of their family. In this environment, Yu Qian's grandfather served as the director of the Ministry of Industry in the Zhu Yuanzhang Dynasty. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang also granted the title of Duke of Yue to his loyal minister Shi Mo Yisun, with the posthumous title of Zhongmin. After that, Yu Qian's father Yu Yanzhao did not become an official. The main historical theory is that Yu Yanzhao was dissatisfied with Zhu Yuanzhang's behavior of killing heroes in his later years (because of the old relationship between the Yu family, Shi Moyi and Sun's old department were almost liquidated later.) Coincidentally, Wang Hong's father Wang Zuo, like Yu Yanzhao, did not serve as an official, and the two families could be said to advance and retreat at the same pace. Rational analysis shows that the Yu family is dissatisfied with the old Zhu family. Some problems can be seen from the fact that the head of the Yu and Wang family has not become an official. It is also true that when Yu Qian came to power, he quickly promoted a group of cronies like Wang Hong to control the government. In the end, he did save Beijing and stop the aliens from going south. No one is purely black or purely white. You are what I am, and so is Yu Qian. Peking Opera Famen Temple, 9,000-year-old Wei Zhongxian is still a celebrity. After all, he did redress the grievances of the people and uphold justice. Yu Qian's family also didn't have the integrity of the Han people not to serve the Mongols, nor the integrity of the Yuan Dynasty to not serve the two masters. When Zhu Qiyu died of illness on the road to sacrifice to heaven, he heard that someone had rebelled against him. What he asked was: Was it Yu Qian who rebelled and proclaimed himself emperor? The eunuch said no, it was Zhu Qizhen who proclaimed himself emperor again. Zhu Qiyu said: That's good, that's good. If you take a closer look at this paragraph, in Zhu Qiyu's heart, Yu Qian may not be the image of Yi Yin, Huo Guang, Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao.

This group of gangsters should check the map first. Where is the earthen fortress? How many troops are Zhu Qizhen leading? Whose troops are he leading? Is it the Beijing camp in the court, or the garrison or guard post? Zhu Qizhen leads the three major battalions established by Zhu Di. They are cultivated with the emperor's private treasury and are directly under the emperor's troops. , There are only more than 100,000 people, and they are powerful enough to directly break through the Great Wall border troops, enter the Great Wall silently, raid 100,000 elites in Zhuqi Town, and let them flee to Tumu Fort.

I really admire people who spend money to read novels like this.

This novel had a devastating impact on my spirit

You can deny Zhu Qizhen, but your conspiracy theory denies the passion of so many loyal ministers, you must be crazy. 😡

I don't know if there are kilometers in the Ming Dynasty, but can you change it in your book? I don't know whether it is master or not, but can you change the name in your book? Finally, after the author has coded the words, can you read it through yourself and see for yourself whether your writing is smooth and whether the words are correct?

When the Ming Dynasty was established in 1368, years of wars had led to desolation of the land, a sharp decline in population, and a serious lack of social productivity. Recuperation and recuperation were a must-have national policy. In 1371, Ming Taizu issued the "Sea Ban", which prohibited all Chinese ships from going to sea and severely punished private traders and ship owners. In 1374, the Baobao Promotion Department was established, and the Ming Dynasty Baobao was officially issued the following year. It was initially put on the market through financial channels such as salary and military pay, and the paper currency standard was forcibly implemented, severely cracking down on privately minted copper coins, and prohibiting the circulation of gold and silver. (Since the imperial court banned the circulation of gold and silver, then the gold and silver circulating among the people Where did it come from? It is obvious that precious metals such as gold and silver have not needed national power to give them credit value since ancient times. Through border smuggling and the trade development of the land and sea Silk Road in the past dynasties, bureaucratic capital and private tycoon families have accumulated a large amount of hard currency gold, silver and copper. Since the Song Dynasty, A large amount of precious metals in society are no longer in the hands of the court, and the newly established Ming Dynasty court has almost no gold and silver reserves. In order to maintain the operation of the country, it needs to continue to make financial expenditures. If precious metals are directly used as the national currency, it is tantamount to the country voluntarily giving up its monetary sovereignty, and the court will only have one. It is an empty shelf and exists in name only. For example, if banknotes are forced to be used as national currency without reserves, the country will still be subjugated if the country's credit is completely overdrafted) In 1381, Ming Taizu further strengthened the sea ban policy and issued the "Da Ming Huidian", which required all merchant ships to go to sea with government approval. (While prohibiting private overseas trade, the tribute trade system was used to establish maritime trade monopolized by the central royal power. Earning overseas gold and silver provided credit support for the Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes. Hedging bureaucratic capital and private capital used hoarded precious metals to seize the country's monetary sovereignty. All foreign trade was settled with treasure banknotes. The Ming Dynasty purchased precious wood and spices. , Foreign luxury goods, foreign trade silk, porcelain, iron pots, prices were all set by the Ming Dynasty) In 1402, Emperor Yongle ascended the throne. In addition to continuing to maintain Zhu Yuanzhang's national policy, he also sent Zheng He on seven voyages to the West from 1405 to 1433 (expanding trade routes, destroying pirates and escorting merchant ships, and monitoring private smuggling). Zhu Yuanzhang established the rules of living for the people when he founded the country, and set the tax rate at a very low level. Emperor Yongle was able to move the capital to Beijing, build the Forbidden City, build the Ming Tombs, conduct five expeditions to Mobei, conduct an expedition to Vietnam, repair the Great Wall, and dredge the North-South Grand Canal. Compiling the Yongle Canon, any of the above items would be enough for the whole court and the public (such as Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), but if the Yongle Dynasty did all these things, then he must have the money to do these things, and where does this money come from? It can only be the Western trade. It is easy to earn, otherwise there is no way to explain the national finances (all the vassal states at that time accepted the Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes. Zheng He used such depreciating banknotes to exchange for a large amount of gold, silver and various physical objects. The Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes can be printed as much as they want, and the Ming Dynasty does not need to worry Regarding the issue of inflation, Zheng He sold high and bought low. Ming historians estimate that Zheng He made seven voyages to the West and earned 720,000 taels of gold and 12.76 Million taels of silver. This is the total income. At the same time, he spent a total of 6 million taels of silver on the seven voyages. The total cost was that when Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen became emperor, there were still 2.4 Million taels of silver in the treasury) In 1435, Ming Xuanzong died at the age of 37, and Ming Yingzong, who was only 8 years old, succeeded to the throne. Amid the cry of "wasting people, hurting money, and not beneficial to the national economy", all data and information related to the maritime trade in the Western Sea and the maritime fleet were basically sealed or destroyed, causing the central finance of the Ming Dynasty to shrink significantly. Even with the support of the wealth accumulated in previous maritime trade, the national credit of the Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes began to gradually decline and depreciate. (From the epitaph of Guo Yan, we can learn that he was ordered to supervise the construction of 120 "Xiaban sea ships" in the eighth year of Zhengtong (1443) of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, and was appointed as the "general coordinator of the eight prefectures". Due to his good supervision, "the military and the people benefited from it". After the completion, "tens of thousands of military and civilian officials from the eight prefectures came to the mansion to express their thanks." This confirms Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was preparing to restart the national plan for the Western Ocean trade. After the ship was built, it was first put on hold due to the civil uprising, and then the Tumubao Incident occurred in 1449. In 1457, just a few months after the restoration of the Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, he wanted to start the Western Ocean trade plan again. Zhang Zhao objected on the grounds of needing disaster relief. In order to provide relief to the former. Let him clean up the mess and sail to the West. By the Chenghua period in 1464, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Jianshen ordered the Ministry of War to search for archives of Zheng He's voyages to the West, but found that the relevant documents (including charts) were missing, and Liu Daxia, an official of the Ministry of War at the time, was accused of hiding or destroying them. Archives, since then the imperial court has completely lost the ability to return to the Western Ocean) In 1567, Longqing Emperor Zhu Zaijing was forced to shut down the business due to the increasing national financial deficit. Bureaucratic capital and private capital began to encroach on the maritime trade that was originally a monopoly of state-owned enterprises in the Ming Dynasty. With the massive inflow of wealth and silver, most of the tax revenue went into the hands of bureaucratic capital and private capital, except for the imperial court. The amount of silver in private circulation also increased massively, and the monetary sovereignty of the Ming Dynasty was gradually being eroded. Longqing Emperor Zhu Zaijing was an adult and knew the stakes. Silver must not be allowed to become the legal currency of the Ming Dynasty. However, this was the last step for bureaucratic capital and private capital plutocrats to steal the monetary sovereignty of the Ming Dynasty. From the death of Ming Xuanzong at the age of 37 to the ascension of Emperor Longqing to the throne, it was 1 In 31 years, it was 132 years before Emperor Longqing switched on and off. How could the century-old plan of bureaucratic capital and private capital plutocrats stop progressing and fall short? Therefore, Emperor Longqing had to die in 1572, five years after the switch, in pursuit of beauty and lust, in order to ensure that Emperor Wanli, who was only 10 years old, ascended the throne. In 1581, Zhang Juzheng promoted a whip law to abolish treasure banknotes and use silver as the national currency. As a result, the country lost its monetary sovereignty, and its economic lifeline gradually fell into the hands of bureaucratic interest groups, Jiangnan gentry and maritime merchants who controlled large amounts of gold and silver. They emptied the country's wealth and got rid of the control of the central royal power. After Zhang Juzheng's death, Emperor Wanli liquidated him on charges of "authoritarianism and chaos in government", deprived him of his title and ransacked his home. Wanli once ordered "dissection of coffins and slaughter of corpses", intending to dig graves and whip corpses to vent his anger. However, due to the strong persuasion of officials such as Chief Assistant Shen Shixing, this was not actually implemented. In the Chongzhen period, there were no eunuchs to check and balance, and Chongzhen could only borrow money from ministers to pay the army, until the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the collaborator selected by the capital tycoons, entered the customs in 1644 (I just want to be the wife of the county magistrate, I don't care who is the county magistrate, this is the fundamental reason why the Song and Ming Dynasties fell from the world twice). By 1662, the Southern Ming Dynasty fell, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty began a 295-year dark rule.

The story is not well written, mainly because many of the characters' personalities and motivations cannot stand up to scrutiny, and it is scattered and written into a conspiracy theory. But to be honest, the writing is really not that good. The protagonist's character is always angry and blaming the people under him when it is clearly his own fault.

There is also a group of parasites in Kaifeng. From the end of the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, when Europe was raging with war, it was all done with cold weapons. Portugal and Spain were just looking for medicine to treat syphilis. Those Jews were found in every country. They had lived together for many years to sort out information and technology. To put it bluntly, they were parasites all over the world. Only the Macau Gun Factory existed. You can check these. How many books and historical materials were stolen by the missionaries?