Novels like Stirring Up Trouble Starting in 1845
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as Stirring Up Trouble Starting in 1845, best match first.
- 1 Reborn in the Late Qing: I Forced the Great Powers to Sign Treaties 重生晚清，我逼列强签条约 [National Fate] x [System] x [Ultimate Emperor], no female lead, pure satisfaction from beginning to end. A modern man transmigrates into the late Qing Dynasty, turns the tide, thrashes the great powers, and restores the glory of Great Xia! 1.9kReads6.6Score11714d adds
- 2 Dreaming Back to 1895 梦回一八九五 During a mission, special forces soldier Lin Feng unexpectedly returns to 1895 in a parallel universe. This world shares the same history as the one he came from, but with his arrival, a whole new chapter begins. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 3 I Transmigrated to the Late Qing and Became a Boxer 穿越清末我是义和团 Wang Ersha, a modern entrepreneur, transmigrates into the world of a late-Qing novel. Ersha becomes Shier, and under the name of Shier's Divine Whip, he begins his journey in another world. The Eight-Nation Alliance is about to invade! Dagu Port is in danger! Tianjin is in danger! Beijing is in danger! The Chinese people are in danger! Everyone, roll up your sleeves and get to work! 15Reads—Score—14d adds
- 4 Beiyang 1909: A Map from the Start 北洋1909：开局一张图 The moment he opens his eyes, he discovers that he has become Yuan Shikai's eldest son, Yuan Keding, the man who would go on to champion the monarchy. To make matters worse, his father has just been deposed, and the whole family is trapped in their old home in Xiangcheng. The Qing court wants to make a move against him, the revolutionaries want to recruit him, and foreign powers circle like vultures. All he has is a lame leg that has yet to heal and a map that can reveal mineral deposits, sphere 81Reads—Score314d adds
- 5 Traveling Between Two Worlds: From the Start, I Rule the Golden Triangle as a Tusi 两界互穿开局金三角当土司 At the end of the Shuiqing era, when you can transmigrate back and forth between parallel worlds, what would you do? Support the Qing and drive out the foreigners? Give me a break. I don’t want to wear a long queue braid. Raise an army against the Qing? What a hassle. People die in wars, you know. The right way to get started is to become an imperialist power yourself and join the great wave of colonization. First, take the Great Qing Empire for a spin, then wipe out the Japanese, and finally 130Reads—Score—14d adds
- 6 Away From My Father Li Hongzhang, I’ll Become a Power Broker in Korea 远离家父李鸿章，去朝鲜当权臣 Anti-Qing + political intrigue + building a powerful nation Tired of stories that start in China? Follow our protagonist as he rises to power from Korea and becomes a minister opposing the Qing. Reborn as Li Hongzhang’s son, he gets called a traitor by the capital’s righteous scholars. My father may be a traitor, but men who only talk and never act have no right to criticize him. In Tianjin, Li Hongzhang gives a stern order: “Go and keep our tributary state of Korea under control!” Li Jingyuan: 390Reads—Score11514d adds
- 7 Reborn in 1888: Opening Up the Wilderness and Building Industry in the Mountains 重生1888，深山开荒造实业 Zhang Wei wakes up to find that he has become the only son of a wealthy landowner in the Guangxu era. The Self-Strengthening Movement is in full swing, and everything seems prosperous, but the empire is rotten to the core and on the verge of collapse. Starting out with a thousand mu of fertile farmland, he opens mines, builds factories, and establishes schools, helping the people of his hometown thrive. When the imperial court proves useless, he raises his own militia to protect the local commun 204Reads—Score—14d adds
- 8 In the Late Qing, the System Materialized an Island for Me 在清末系统给我具现出一片岛屿 “If a System could conjure an island for you, letting you transmigrate back to the late Qing era, would you go?” Tsk, that would make me lord of an island. Just think: I'm well into my thirties, with no car, no house, and no girlfriend. If I could go back in time and own an island, wouldn't that be incredible? The topic instantly caught Zhuang Hai's interest, so he clicked into it and replied to the question: “Do you even have to ask? What's not to love about being an island lord? Of course I' 565Reads6.0Score—14d adds
- 9 Great Ming: Founding a Nation in Australia at the End of the Chongzhen Era 大明：崇祯末年，澳洲建国 No System + No Golden Finger + Light Historical Research + Traditional Style + Power Fantasy In 1651, the Shunzhi Emperor finally got his wish: Dorgon was dead. With the Eight Banners of Manchu, Mongol, and Han troops at his command, he looked down on the world, convinced the Qing had no rivals. Then a group of tanks charged straight north from the south, and Zhao Tianfu personally shoved a gun barrel into Shunzhi's mouth. “You dug up Dorgon's grave, but what about that bastard Hong Taiji? Dig h —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 10 A Fierce Soldier in the Late Qing: Starting with the Victory at Langfang 晚清悍卒：从廊坊大捷开始 In the winter of 1898, the Yellow River burst its banks, and corpses from famine littered Guan County, Shandong. Chen Ping opens his eyes to find himself a cannon-fodder Boxer, about to be sent out to test the foreigners' guns! Ahead, foreign missionaries oppress the people, while corrupt altar masters profit by spending human lives. Behind him looms the national catastrophe of the Eight-Nation Alliance closing in on the capital. Since "invulnerability to blades and bullets" is a lie, he'll use 4.3kReads—Score41214d adds
- 11 Transmigrating to the Late Qing Dynasty as a Peddler 穿越清末当小贩 (I write every word by hand. No AI-written drivel for my dear readers!) Chen Qiusheng, a modern logistics manager, unexpectedly transmigrates to a small town in the late Qing dynasty in 1903. He has a “spatial warehouse” with him. With chaos looming, all he wants is a quiet, stable life. Starting as a peddler at Wuhe Wharf, he works his way up step by step. The Qing court, Germans, Japanese, Beiyang warlords, and bandits: is it really so hard to make a quiet living as a peddler? 6kReads7.4Score45914d adds
- 12 The Greatest Landlord of the Late Qing Dynasty 清末之最强大地主 My future does not lie among the stars, but across vast expanses of land. There is no problem that cannot be solved by staking out a plot of land. If one plot is not enough, stake out another. “I stake out land, and I’m happy.” These are the musings of a transmigrator from an agrarian civilization about planets and the earth. 406Reads—Score—14d adds
- 13 The Green Camp Rises: Yuan Xiucheng’s Global War Chronicles 绿营崛起：袁秀成的全球战记 [War-themed power fantasy, System + mass recruitment + 19th century] In the empire’s final years, internal strife, natural disasters, and foreign enemies converge. Yuan Xiucheng, a teenager born into the Green Standard Army, unexpectedly awakens a War System. Using it to recruit elite soldiers and purchase advanced weapons, he quickly builds a powerful, loyal force. Amid the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising, revolts by ethnic minorities in the northwest, and upheaval caused by Nian rebel forces 28Reads6.1Score—14d adds
- 14 I, Qingjue Sect, Dig Up My Own Ancestral Grave from the Start 我，清掘宗，开局先挖自家祖坟 [The Qing emperor’s fake grandson / real tyrant X Civilization Revival System, where ancestors are given a good old-fashioned physical send-off] I transmigrated into the unlucky fake cousin of the Xianfeng Emperor, just as China stood on the brink of ruin and the great powers closed in. Others save the nation through reform. Zai Yuan saves it by... digging up graves. System activation requirements: rob tombs, steal the Mandate of Heaven, destroy the Qing! And so, history’s most “filial” grandson 9Reads—Score—14d adds
- 15 Transmigrate and Build an Empire in the South Seas 穿越之建立南洋帝国 Su Dao makes his move, and the world is his. He was just a master thief, so how did one little theft send him back several hundred years? All this for some lousy book, and it sends me to an age of war and chaos? You might as well have sent me to a brothel. At least then I wouldn't have to worry about who to visit tomorrow night. “A lousy book? I'm a cheat that can materialize weapons. If you don't want me, I'm leaving,” the book said smugly. 36Reads—Score—14d adds
- 16 1760: I Take Over Ryukyu Island from the Start 1760：开局占据琉球岛 Wang Qi was an ordinary internet cafe manager in the 21st century. After a baby stroller rear-ended him in the shop, he somehow ended up on Ryukyu Island in 1760 AD, the 25th year of the Qianlong Emperor’s reign. He also received a sign-in System. “With the mood set like this, it’d be hard to justify not starting a rebellion.” Wang Qi looked helplessly at his million-strong army and thousand warships. 170Reads—Score—14d adds
- 17 Late Qing: Landing 清末：登陆 [Political intrigue + alternate history] After the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Japan sent all its mainland troops abroad to seize colonies. Even its last Imperial Guard Division was dispatched to Taiwan, leaving the homeland virtually undefended. High school student Song Chen'an transmigrates during an exam and becomes a late-Qing minister. With the island nation so poorly defended, could everything finally take a turn for the better? 47Reads—Score—14d adds
- 18 I Transmigrated to 1900 and Built a Militia in Northeast China 穿越1900，我在东北搞民团 [Late Qing] [Hearts of Iron] [Bandits of Guandong] [Technological Development] Zhang Jing'an accidentally transmigrates to Northeast China in 1900 with the Hearts of Iron System. That year, Tsarist Russia invades the region, while the Qing court is rotten and incompetent. The once-peaceful Northeast is suddenly engulfed in war. He organizes local militias, swallows up bandit gangs, drives out foreign invaders, builds factories, and opens schools. 42Reads—Score—14d adds
- 19 Transmigration: Making Waves During the Qianlong Era 穿越：我在乾隆年间搞事情 Chen Yanzhou, a modern university student majoring in history, transmigrates into the body of an impoverished Han bannerman scholar in the Qing dynasty. His family is destitute, and he suffers humiliation at every turn. The Eight Banners run rampant, corrupt officials rule, the people starve in droves, and the court is rotten to the core. After witnessing the powerful treat human lives as worthless, he vows to overturn this bloodthirsty world. By chance, he gains a golden finger that lets him se —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 20 Those Times I Transmigrated to the Qing Dynasty 穿越清朝的那些事 A modern man transmigrates to the Qing dynasty during the Yongzheng reign. Through the eyes of a modern thinker, you’ll experience the glory and stories of that era as he uses modern methods to climb, step by step, to the highest position. 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 21 Building the Ming Empire, Starting with the North American Powers 打造大明帝国，从北美列强开始 Special forces king Zhu Zhixin accidentally transmigrates to 1657 and becomes the Ming dynasty crown prince, exiled to North America. When he opens his eyes, he finds himself in an Indigenous tribe, where he has become the chief's son-in-law. He helps his father-in-law repel the Spanish, acquires a piece of land, builds his own city, and develops his own empire. He rises to power across North America and swiftly becomes a world power. The Spanish: Please, have mercy! Stop attacking us! You can h 12Reads—Score—14d adds
- 22 The Qing Dynasty: The Great Power Rise System Sweeps Away the Great Powers 大清：大国崛起系统，横扫列强 My new work is out! You can read it on Tomato Novel. I hope you’ll enjoy it. Your support inspires me to write, and I’ll do my best to tell every story well! 2Reads—Score214d adds
- 23 The Rise of Nanyang 南洋崛起 They were caught in a conspiracy and nearly wiped out to the last man. They conquered new lands and built a world power. They endured countless battles, living only for war. They saw through everything and built an ideal home. 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 24 The Great Qing's Porter 大清搬运工 Han Lin transmigrates back to the late Qing dynasty. Using spatial transport technology, he crushes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and puts down the Nian Rebellion. He deals repeated devastating blows to the foreign powers' allied forces, tears up every unequal treaty, and is ennobled as a prince of a different surname for his achievements. He later forces the imperial family to abdicate. 7Reads6.1Score—14d adds
- 25 Founding a Nation in the South Pacific 立国南太平洋 The world's financial tycoons treated him like a lab rat and used him for their experiments, never guessing that he was the direct disciple of a reclusive master! Starting from a deserted island, he founded a nation with his own hands and went on to dominate the world, stirring up the global order! For the woman he loved, he studied hard and entered Daxia's top university. For loyalty, he led the national soccer team to the World Cup. To avenge his country's humiliation, he marched on Japan! Any —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 26 1918: An Age of Great Rivalry 1918：大争之世 Chen Qimin returned to that era and rose to prominence in Harbin in 1918. He built industries, trained an army, promoted education, defeated the Polar Bear, and fought fierce battles against the Japanese invaders. In the end, he won a great power its dignity and standing! 19Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 27 A Qing-Dynasty Crossover: Divine Weapons Descend! I Fight the Foreigners and Overthrow the Qing 综清穿：神兵天降！我灭洋反清 Lin Wen unexpectedly transmigrates to the late Qing Dynasty, and activates an invincible System from the start. At a time when the country is growing ever weaker, he has only one thing on his mind: kill! Kill the invaders, and kill every rotten soul! From that day on, he becomes a terrifying God of War. One astonishing machine and piece of equipment after another makes its debut, leaving the world stunned... 9.7kReads7.0Score1.2k14d adds
- 28 A New Dawn for the Huaming Longhan 重起华明龙汉 See how Zhang Kaiping, a young man from the modern era, rises to the very top after returning to a world where people prey on one another. Discover how he uses his memories and abilities to rebuild Longhan, and how a new-generation youth clashes with people from the old society to spark fresh ideas. Are new ways of thinking better, or is change itself the answer? —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 29 The Beiyang Army 北洋军 Armed with 18 years of classical Chinese education and military talent, I never imagined I’d start over as a baby here. I’m keeping the shaved head that left its mark on history. No queue hairstyle with a rat-tail braid. I want a shaved head. I want to be strong! I won’t let history be left with regrets. —Reads—Score2.9k14d adds
- 30 Late Qing: Deceiving the Emperor and Rebelling to Save China 晚清：欺君造反救华夏 Set in the second year of Xianfeng, during the Taiping Rebellion. The protagonist, born a bandit, impersonates a county magistrate and takes up the post, planning to make a quick buck and run. But life is a drama, and somehow he just keeps climbing the official ranks… I eat the Qing’s food and wear the Qing’s clothes, yet I’m also going to rebel against the Qing. Watch me drive out the Tartars and rebuild China! 281Reads6.9Score—14d adds
- 31 The Qing Dynasty Is Gone, but China Has Become Earth's Hegemon 大清没了，但华夏成了地球霸主 A government clerk dies suddenly from overwork and wakes up as an emperor. The System in his head has an interface that looks exactly like the government intranet OA portal. [Pending task: Reform the Customs Service] Used to write reports → Now writes imperial edicts Used to balance competing interests → Now collects vassal states Used to get chewed out by the boss → Now gets surrounded by British and French fleets Not much difference. 99Reads—Score—14d adds
- 32 The Romantic Little Tyrant of Troubled Times 乱世多情小霸王 No System! This is a genuine transmigration story: no bragging, no mindless wish fulfillment, just a realistic tale of transmigration, taking one solid step at a time! There is danger, love and hate, and plenty of bluffing. Its sole guiding principle is passion, patriotism, and romance. A historical fantasy novel. 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 33 The Rise of the Late Qing Begins on Sakhalin Island 清末崛起从库页岛开始 He woke to find himself in the late Qing dynasty in 1851, on Sakhalin Island in the Far East. As the East Slavic Empire steadily extended its influence, the Qing court did nothing but yield and send elite troops from beyond the passes to suppress the rebellion. That same year, a patrol unit that had arrived on Sakhalin received orders to enter the passes and put down the rebellion! But then something unexpected happened... 93Reads5.7Score—14d adds
- 34 I Hijacked the Late Qing: You Can Leave, but Leave Your Money! 截胡晚清，人可以走，钱留下！ Transmigration + history + treasure appraisal + scheming protagonist + patriotism Your Qing dynasty is doomed. I know! But transferring your assets overseas? That’s a bit hard to justify, isn’t it? Gold and silver, antiques, documents, and all those resources… My lords and princes… You can leave, but the money stays! Thieves who raid people’s homes get their backs broken! This story is entirely fictional, an artistic work based on a historical setting, with no political allegory intended. 10Reads—Score11514d adds
- 35 Late Qing: My Arsenal Guards Sweep Away the Japanese Invaders 晚清：我兵工厂的护卫队横扫倭奴 Alternate-history twists + mighty cannons and battleships + a modern army + war + farming + political intrigue A parallel Blue Star world Back from the South Seas, Liu Zhenhua starts from the start with smokeless powder! He builds an arsenal, expands his guard force, and takes on the diminutive Wa with a modern army! The Maxim gun knows no tears. Battleships always inspire awe! Friends are welcomed with fine wine, enemies with shotguns! In this life, everything must change!!! 158Reads—Score—14d adds
- 36 From the Start in the Late Qing, I Build an Overseas Empire on Nine Generations of Glory 开局晚清奋九世余烈打造海外帝国 Late Qing history + only the protagonist has modest supernatural abilities + founding a nation overseas + a struggle against the Western powers This is a slow-burn novel. People get killed left and right: the male lead’s entire family is killed within thirty chapters, the female lead dies within eighty, the male lead starts killing within two hundred, and at least a hundred million people die within a thousand chapters. The story spans two hundred years. It is not a mindless, fast-paced power 73Reads—Score—14d adds
- 37 The Rise of the Late Qing: The Mightiest Imperialist Power 清末崛起之最强列强 When the Maxim gun appears, the great powers are afraid. When the battleship appears, they’re afraid again! When the planes arrive, they’re even more afraid! Then, at the moment the atomic bomb explodes, the whole world falls silent. Eagle Nation: “How is this possible? How can they have weapons this powerful?” The Sun Never Sets Empire: “Could they have gotten their technology from aliens?” The Dwarf Nation: “Father, I’ll use every man in my country to conquer new territory for you.” 2.3kReads6.1Score17914d adds
- 38 Transmigrating to the Late Qing Dynasty to Build an Industrial Cthulhu 穿越晚清建立工业克鲁苏 [Transmigrating between past and present + decisive and ruthless + one heroine + no womanizing + technological development + farming] By a stroke of luck, the miserable Li Haiyang gained the ability to travel between the modern era and the Qing Dynasty. Seizing the opportunity, he began a time-traveling trade in modern goods, from everyday necessities like food, clothing, and shelter all the way up to aircraft and warships. He would take anything and everything! Empress Dowager Cixi? The Eight-N 3Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 39 Late Qing: The Iron-Blooded New Army 清末：铁血新军 A modern man is reborn as the son of a late Qing Dynasty Huai Army family. His family falls into decline, and he narrowly escapes death amid the smoke and fire of the First Sino-Japanese War. Having shed blood on the battlefield and seen through the rotten Qing court’s hopelessness, he travels to Japan to study in secret and quietly build his strength. After returning home, he joins the effort to train a modern army. With thousands of elite soldiers at his command, he keeps his edge concealed 733Reads—Score10814d adds
- 40 1852: The Raging Sea Topples the Qing 一八五二：怒海覆清 He transmigrated to 1852. After a brief pause, he strode boldly toward history! 1.1kReads6.8Score10014d adds
- 41 Northern Frontier Warlord: I Use the System to Build a New World 北疆枭雄：我靠系统在造山河 [Iconic scenes] [Fengtian Army] [Republican Era] [Feel-good power fantasy] A talented liberal arts history student from the 21st century transmigrates to a parallel world in the Beiyang Era, becoming Feng Cai, the second son of Fengtian warlord Feng Delinluo. From the start, Feng Delinluo lost the race to become Fengtian’s military governor, and the Feng family fell into decline. Relying on the “Memorial Urging Him to Ascend” and a “Gold Mine Map,” Feng Cai helped his father win the post of Heil 29Reads5.4Score—14d adds
- 42 Transmigrate to the Late Qing: The Tiger Warriors of Troubled Times 穿越晚清之乱世虎贲 Yuan Xiao transmigrates once again, this time to Changbai Mountain on the eve of the First Sino-Japanese War, where a twist of fate makes him the mountain chief. So what if he’s a mountain chief? A hero’s origins don’t matter. With the land shattered, China fallen, and the great powers bullying the nation, I, a mere mountain chief, will rewrite this humiliating chapter of history! A sweeping heroic saga of outlaws in a chaotic age and peerless warriors! 2Reads7.4Score—14d adds
- 43 Drop Me Into the Late Qing, and I'll Take Down One Enemy With Every Shot 让我降落晚清，一枪一个敌人 Li Zhen, a special forces sniper, returns to the late Qing dynasty, with the Second Opium War looming. With a rifle in hand, the world is mine! Armed with modern special forces tactics that never fail and marksmanship so superb he can take an enemy's head from a thousand miles away, he leaves Britain, America, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan weeping in despair. He puts down the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, quells internal unrest among the barbarians, launches an industrial revolution, and opens a 10Reads6.8Score—14d adds
- 44 Reborn in 1836: The Silver War 重生1836之白银战争 (No System, no technology from the future, not a power fantasy. Diplomacy and political intrigue take precedence over war. Foreign enemies and domestic traitors are of normal intelligence. Read at your own discretion if this bothers you.) The century of humiliation begins in 1836. A young man from the 21st century transmigrates into the body of the Daoguang Emperor. Can he wash away a century of shame? —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 45 Soul-Transmigrated to the First Sino-Japanese War: The Tiger of the Beiyang Fleet 魂穿甲午，北洋之虎 In 1886, aboard the Dingyuan, Ding Haifeng shouted, “Fire!” That single cry of “Fire!” shattered the Japanese navy's arrogance! That single cry of “Fire!” announced the Beiyang Fleet's desperate counterattack! That single cry of “Fire!” completely rewrote the tragic outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War! With his strength alone, he turned the tide and sent the wheels of history onto a different track. He gave the decaying Qing court hope, and made the great powers tremble with fear. “Everyone: 235Reads7.5Score—14d adds
- 46 The Celebrity System of the Taiping Rebellion at the End of the Qing Dynasty 清末太平天国之名人系统 “Your Majesty, the weather's turned cold. Let me get you another layer!” the personal guard said, holding the imperial robe beside him. Ren Woxing shook his head slightly. “Sigh! You're putting me in an untenable position!” “Never mind, never mind.” “It is a little cold, so I'll graciously allow myself to wear it!” 16Reads—Score114d adds
- 47 Transmigrating as the Last Prince 穿越之最后的王爷 An apology to all our readers. Due to special circumstances, this novel has to end ahead of schedule. Please look out for the second installment, The Last Prince: Iron-Blooded Prince. I hope you’ll enjoy it. Xin Wei was a special forces soldier. During a nighttime parachute training exercise, he encountered something strange as he jumped from the plane: a mysterious bank of clouds suddenly appeared in front of him. As he drew closer, an odd fissure opened inside the clouds and pulled him in. Whe —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 48 Transmigrating into a Bloodied Prince 穿越之铁血王爷 A special forces king accidentally transmigrates to another world, a continent in the final days of a dynasty, where he becomes a prince whose domain is about to be swept away by the tide of history. The dynasty is weak, and its people are poor. Neighboring nations eye it hungrily, while the warships and cannons of powerful enemies are already pounding at its gates. With the realm teetering on the brink, he resolutely takes up the banner of revival. Drawing on military knowledge and strategic in —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 49 The Late Qing Dynasty: An Era of Peace Begins with the Western Campaign 清末：太平盛世从西征开始 Hong Tianbao, a young archaeologist, unexpectedly transmigrates into the body of Hong Tianguifu, the Young King of the Heavenly Kingdom, after the Tianjing Incident in 1857. Just then, he encounters the Wing King, who has been marginalized and fallen under suspicion. One needs to stay alive, the other wants dignity and freedom, and the two hit it off. Together, they successfully hoodwink Hong Xiuquan and lead an army of 200,000 westward, occupying Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan to establish a new 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 50 Late Qing: I’ll Make the Great Powers Kneel and Sing ‘We Conquer’! 晚清：我让列强跪着唱征服！ No harem, no clichés, no invincibility, no System. Enter at your own risk. After transmigrating to a parallel world in the late Qing Dynasty, Liu Haoran had hoped to live quietly as a landlord’s young master. Instead, he was forced to become the face of an industrial powerhouse! After overcoming one obstacle after another, he looked back on the road he had traveled and couldn’t help but marvel: “Turns out I’m the foreign power!” Empress Dowager Cixi (trembling): “This Liu Haoran... Is he plannin 12Reads5.6Score—14d adds
