Library

"The Great Divergence" is the masterpiece of Pomeranz, a representative of the California School, and has been a best-seller for 20 years. In this book, based on a large amount of materials, Pomeranz examines the economic development of major countries in Europe and Asia in the old world and their core regions, and explores a series of key issues that affect the formation of the modern world economy: Why did England not become Jiangnan? Why have China and Europe taken different paths? According to Pomeranz, in 1750, the economic core areas of England and China were very similar in terms of life expectancy, agricultural product market, labor system, land use, capital accumulation and technology. The ecological environment in the core areas of China and Japan was no worse than that of Western Europe. Throughout the 18th century, the core areas of the Old World faced local shortages of land-intensive products. The East and the West are on generally similar economic development paths, and the West has no obvious advantage.

This book is the first monograph on the history of the British Republic in China. It explains the ins and outs and historical impact of the Republic of England from its birth to its demise. During the Republic, factional controversies continued in the Parliament, and conspiracies lurked in the domestic political situation. The only way out seemed to be to let Cromwell wear the crown and preside over Parliament, but Cromwell would rather dissolve Parliament twice in a dictatorial way, and refused to ascend the throne until his death. After Cromwell's death, Charles II returned from exile and restored the Stuart dynasty. This was the end of the English Republic. This book explores a series of major events from the execution of Charles I to the restoration of Charles II, one of the most unusual but little-known periods in British history, helping experts and readers gain a more thorough understanding of British and Western history.

The content of this book includes ancient music, medieval music, baroque music, classical music, romantic music, nationalist music, etc.

The contents of this book include the Cape of Good Hope, the American continent, the first circumnavigation of the world, the Bering Strait, El Niño, the theory of continental drift, Angel Falls, Chinese herbal medicine, blood circulation, microorganisms, smallpox vaccine, bioelectricity, anesthetics, evolution theory, germ theory, etc.

The contents of this book include the Temple of the Sun, Pompeii, dinosaur fossils, Archaeopteryx fossils, Code of Hammurabi, Tutankhamun's tomb, cave art, discoveries in mathematics, physics, chemistry, Goldbach's conjecture, Pythagorean theorem, etc.

The contents of this book include the mystery of the world cultural heritage, the mystery of the origin of cars and ships, the "Treasure of Solomon" and the "Golden Ark of the Covenant", the mystery of the world's first treasure trove - the Inca, the mystery of the mysterious Tiawanaku and Sacsayhuaman, the traces of aliens on the rock paintings, the mystery of the aliens in the "Epic of Gilgamesh", the mystery of the earliest spacecraft, etc.

The content of this book includes archaeological discoveries, the world's earliest garden culture, the Temple of the Sun, Pompeii, dinosaur fossils, Archaeopteryx fossils, Code of Hammurabi, Tutankhamun's tomb, cave art, great discoveries in mathematics, physics and chemistry, Goldbach's conjecture, the Pythagorean theorem, the discovery of 0, the golden section, the law of buoyancy, the isochronism of the pendulum, the law of free fall, etc.

The contents of this book include primitive sculptures, sculptures from the Eurasian Stone Age, primitive sculptures from the Americas and Oceania, ancient sculptures, ancient Egyptian sculptures, ancient Greek sculptures, ancient Roman sculptures, early Indus Valley Civilization sculptures, early dynasty sculptures, Kushan Dynasty sculptures, Indian medieval sculptures, European medieval sculptures, early Christian sculptures, etc.

The content of this book includes the origin of Indian civilization, the magical and fertile American continent, the Indian civilization in the American continent, who are the ancestors of the Indians, the Indian civilization in North America, the Iroquois civilization, the myths and legends of the North American Indians, the prophecies of the North American Indians, the religious beliefs of the North American Indians, and the clothing of the North American Indians, etc.

The content of this book includes the beginning of ancient Roman civilization, the legend of the Latins, the origin of the city of Rome, the legend of the sacred goose, the legend of Venus, inclusive religious culture, polytheism, Christianity, character legends, the Arrogant King Tarquin the Younger, the reform of the Gracchi brothers, Sulla's dictatorship, Caesar the Great and the "Triumvirate", the tyrant Nero, etc.

The content of this book includes European Renaissance sculpture, Italian Renaissance sculpture, German Renaissance sculpture, French Renaissance sculpture, European 17th and 18th century sculpture, etc.

The content of this book includes sculptures from the Eurasian Stone Age, primitive sculptures from the Americas and Oceania, ancient sculptures, ancient Egyptian sculptures, ancient Greek sculptures, ancient Roman sculptures, sculptures from the early Indus Valley Civilization, sculptures from the early dynasties, sculptures from the Kushan Dynasty, Indian medieval sculptures, European medieval sculptures, early Christian sculptures, etc.

The contents of this book include the mysterious Atlantis, the inscriptions of Champollion and Rosetta, the unification of Egypt by Menes, the origin of the pyramids, the earliest uprising, the struggle for the throne and the rise of Egypt, the stubborn Akhenaten, the magical ancient capital of Thebes, the "Valley of the Kings", the contest between the Hittites and Egypt, from the solar calendar to the Gregorian calendar, the Sumerians and cuneiform writing, etc.

The contents of this book include Saladin's reconquest of Jerusalem, the extraordinary Philip II, the cradle of the Slavic nation, the Archery War of Clesy, Dante and the Divine Comedy, Boccaccio and the Decameron, Joan of Arc in the Hundred Years' War, etc.

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 83rd anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 88th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 94th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 71st anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

This set of works includes two parts: World War II and the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. It integrates the latest research results and the latest declassified information at home and abroad. Under the guidance of relevant departments and experts, the entire historical process is used as a clue, running through the main historical periods, major battlefields, major military and political figures, etc., And a panoramic and full documentary shows the magnificent picture of the entire history, in order to commemorate the 89th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War!

The content of this book includes Italian Renaissance drama, comedy, pastoral drama and tragedy, Italian improvisational comedy, perspective scenery and framed stage, Shakespeare and British drama, great dramatic poets, etc.

The fifth volume of "History of Rome" mainly involves the establishment of the military monarchy in the late Roman Republic, and studies the transformation process of Rome from a republic to a monarchy, that is, the Roman Empire. In the late Roman Republic, three military oligarchs emerged: Pompey, Caesar and Crassus. Through the conquest of Syria in eastern Asia, Rome's eastern border has expanded to Asia Minor and the Mesopotamia region, and its conqueror Pompey gained the highest honor and status; through the conquest of the Celts in northwest Gaul and the blocking of the Germans, Caesar became a famous hero; through the suppression of the slave rebellion of Spartacus, Crassus rose to fame. These three men all held heavy armies at the same time and became powerful rulers in Rome. At the same time, the former aristocratic Senate was declining day by day. Coupled with the constant fighting and strife within it, the power of the traditional aristocracy continued to decline. The Citizens' Assembly was useless except for being used by the military. Roman society was irrevocably evolving towards a dictatorial military monarchy. With this evolution, Rome's politics, economy, culture, law, etc. All experienced a series of changes. The fifth volume of "History of Rome" continues the author's inertia and cites a large number of data and original documents, as well as relevant works of ancient Roman playwrights and poets. This provides very rich materials for researchers engaged in Roman history and provides readers with a large number of reference elements. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It is a classic historical research work.

The fourth volume of "History of Rome" is divided into thirteen chapters. It mainly talks about the internal and external troubles of the Roman Republic, which began to decline. The reforms of the two Gracchus and the reforms of Drusus failed to save Rome from decline. Rome, which had experienced the Jugurtha War, the Mithridates War and the League War, did not regain its glory. Instead, warlords such as Marius and Sulla gradually emerged. Warlords stormed the city of Rome and began to rule. In addition, like each previous volume, there are always special chapters on literature, art, and economics at the end of each volume. In addition to political and military history, there is also sufficient social history material. The fourth volume of "History of Rome" cites a large number of data and original documents of Cato and others, as well as relevant works of well-known authors at the time, such as playwrights and orators. This provides very rich materials for researchers engaged in Roman history and provides readers with a large number of reference elements. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It can be regarded as a classic historical research work.

The second volume of "History of Rome" mainly tells the history from the abolition of the Roman monarchy to the unification of Italy. The book is divided into nine chapters. The first three chapters mainly cover Roman internal affairs issues and the struggle for political power in the hundreds of years after the abolition of the monarchy. Chapters 4 to 7 mainly describe the wars that Rome experienced in the process of unifying Italy and the history of the Romans' struggle against the aggression of other nations. Chapters 8 to 9 mainly describe some of Rome's legal, religious, economic, cultural, artistic and scientific policies after the unification of Italy. The main content of Monson's volume "History of Rome" is to describe the process of Rome's unification of the entire Italy, so he focused a lot of his writing on Rome's foreign wars. And he also focused on describing Rome being invaded by the Gauls and razing the city to the ground after the occupation. After countless bloody battles, the Romans finally unified the entire Italian peninsula. Rome's rule expanded to the interior of Lower Italy and the entire east coast of Italy, roughly from the Ionian Sea to the Celtic border. Rome's rule further expanded, and the competition with surrounding areas became more intense.

The first volume of "History of Rome" covers the initial stage of the formation of Rome to the end of the royal period. The work does not tell the historical process of Rome, because the content of this volume only involves the prehistory and early formation of the Italian Peninsula, without any written materials to support it. The first volume of "History of Rome" starts from the geographical situation of the Italian peninsula, and talks about the earliest primitive immigrants and the composition and relationships of the ethnic groups, the family form of the immigrant society, the earliest community forms and organizational relationships, their development and their relationships and exchanges with neighboring ethnic groups such as the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Aeolians in Asia Minor, and the early urban construction of Rome and their production, life, trade, sacrifice, architecture, art, etc. The author of this book is proficient in linguistic research. Without textual data for verification, he makes use of the preserved roots of the original language and uses ancient Greek, ancient Latin, ancient Sanskrit, ancient Hebrew and many other ancient language words and the evolution of their roots to explain the spread and mutual influence of various famous objects. The use of a large number of annotations demonstrates the author's rich knowledge accumulation. Therefore, the "History of Rome" is a rare informative encyclopedia for researchers, providing readers with a large amount of research materials. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It is a classic historical research work.

The third volume of "Roman History" mainly tells the story from the unification of Rome to the conquest of Carthage and the Greek countries, and the two Punic Wars with Carthage for the dominance of the western Mediterranean; and the Eastern War with Macedonia and Antioch for the eastern Mediterranean. The book describes in detail the course of the war, Rome's missteps and military exploits, as well as the relationship between the Roman Republic and surrounding ethnic city-states. The study of war occupies three-quarters of this volume, and then the writing shifts to a more detailed study of the internal political structure, economic structure, and foreign trade of the Roman Republic, and an in-depth comparative study of Roman beliefs and customs, literature and art, and its exchanges with Greek culture. The third volume of "History of Rome" cites a large number of data and original documents of Cato and others, as well as relevant works of ancient Roman playwrights and poets. This provides very rich materials for researchers engaged in Roman history and provides readers with a large number of reference elements. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It is a classic historical research work.

The Oxford classic series created by more than 100 academicians over 40 years! Punching Britain, kicking France, giving birth to Russia, and discovering North America, the Vikings were a nightmare for the entire Europe. In the 8th century AD, a group of pirates called "Vikings" appeared in Scandinavia in northern Europe. They drove long boats around, smashing and looting, and carried out organized invasions of European countries. From Britain, France to Russia, Viking pirates can be seen everywhere. In addition to fighting, the Vikings were also great navigators and are considered to be the first to land on the American continent. From the 8th century to the 11th century AD, the whole of Europe was turned upside down by Viking pirates. This period was even called the "Viking Age." Open this book and see how Vikings became a nightmare for the whole of Europe!

The "Oxford European History" series created by more than 100 academicians over 40 years! The imperial epic of Byzantium: live for a thousand years and remain immortal, die for a thousand years and remain immortal, and after you fall you will remain immortal for a thousand years! Live for a Thousand Years and Not Die (BC509-AD476) Ancient Rome successively conquered Carthage, Greece, and Egypt, and ancient civilizations along the Mediterranean Sea successively became decorations on its pillars. In 1,000 years, ancient Rome grew from a small state on the banks of the Tiber River to a powerful empire spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476-1453), Byzantium was left alone to support itself in the east. The Persians and Arabs successively attacked the city of Constantinople, and the Crusaders even broke into the city directly, but the Byzantine Empire always stood firm. After a thousand years of immortality (1453 to the present), the empire has passed away, but its legacy is still far-reaching: Eastern European countries converted to Byzantine's state religion, Orthodox Christianity, and Western European countries rediscovered ancient Greek-Roman classics in Byzantium, thus promoting the emergence of the Renaissance.

The content of this book includes John Strauss, nationalist music, Czech Smetana and Dvořák, Norwegian Grieg, Russian Glinka, the "Five" and Tchaikovsky, Finnish Sibelius, European opera art, etc.

The content of this book includes ancient Egyptian music, ancient West Asian music, ancient Indian music, ancient Greek music, ancient Roman music, medieval music, Byzantine music, Western European music, Indian music, Arabic music, music of the Ottoman Empire, etc.

The content of this book includes archaeological discoveries and primitive architecture, primitive peoples and primitive architecture, religious rituals and primitive architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, Babylonian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, Mayan architecture, Toltec architecture, etc.

The content of this book includes 17th-century French painting, 18th-century European painting, 18th-century French painting, 18th-century British painting, 18th-century Italian painting, 18th-century Spanish painting, Japanese painting from the 13th to the 18th century, Italian painting and Segantini, Sweden's best painter Zorn, etc.

The content of this book includes education in the pre-clan society period, education in the matriarchal clan period, education in the patrilineal clan period, education in the military democracy period, education in ancient Egypt, education in ancient Assyria and Babylon, education in ancient India, the education system in ancient Greece, the education system in ancient Rome, etc.

The content of this book includes the background of the origin of Hebrew civilization, unique nations, unique beliefs, unique regions, the influence of Canaanite culture, the process of Hebrew civilization, the birth of the Hebrew nation, sojourning in Egypt, Moses leading the people out of Egypt, etc.

The content of this book includes Islam - the source of Arab culture, the "Prophet" Muhammad, the holy city of Mecca, the city of the prophet - Medina, the epoch-making classic - the "Quran", the Muslim code of conduct - "Hadith", the five major beliefs and five pillars of Islam, the five major sects of Islam, etc.

The content of this book includes New Rome - Constantinople, a unique city, an impenetrable wall, Hagia Sophia, a mixture of buildings, houses and shops, an airy city, Byzantine literature, art and education, etc.

The content of this book includes the wonders of Asian civilization, Seokguram and Bulguksa Temple, Horyu Temple, Himeji Castle, Borobudur, Angkor ruins, Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Kathmandu Valley, Khajuraho temple complex, etc.

The content of this book includes famous Hebrew prophets, technology and life, medical achievements, Hebrew cooking techniques, winemaking and leather processing, beauty and decoration techniques, the use and manufacture of cars and ships, folklore stories, Jewish New Year, Yom Kippur, Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread, etc.

The content of this book includes Thales - the founder of ancient Greek philosophy, the legendary philosopher - Empedocles, Socrates - "know thyself", Plato and "The Republic", Aristotle - "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth", Epicurus - the great materialist enlightenment, Diogenes - the representative of the Cynics, etc.

The content of this book includes the social life, handicrafts and commerce of ancient Indians, distinctive families and marriages, daily life and entertainment, ancient Indian culture, ancient Indian religious culture, Samana thoughts, Indian festivals, magical yoga, ancient Indian religious literature, etc.

The contents of this book include the fall of ancient Indian civilization, the invasion of Islamic civilization into India, the violent end of ancient Indian civilization, India's caste system and religion, and the intricate Indian race.

The contents of this book include the abode of eternal life, the road to heaven, the civilization in the pyramids, the Temple of Abu Simbo, white paper and black letters, pen, ink, paper and inkstone, the mystery of deciphering hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone, Champollion, the father of Egyptology, writing and literature, etc.

The content of this book includes archaeological discoveries and primitive architecture, primitive nations and primitive architecture, religious rituals and primitive architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, Babylonian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, Mayan architecture, Toltec architecture, Aztec architecture, Inca architecture, ancient Greek architecture, etc.

The content of this book includes thermometers, blood pressure monitors, aspirin, penicillin, CT scanners, in vitro fertilization, artificial hearts, etc.

The content of this book includes education in the pre-clan society period, education in the matriarchal clan period, education in the patrilineal clan period, education in the military democracy period, education in ancient Egypt, education in ancient Assyria and Babylon, education in ancient India, the education system in ancient Greece, the education system in ancient Rome, etc.

The content of this book includes Seokguram and Bulguksa Temple, Horyu Temple, Himeji Castle, Borobudur, Angkor ruins, Shwedagon Pagoda, Kathmandu Valley, Khajuraho temple complex, etc.

The content of this book includes the era of ignorance, the Arab civilization in the desert, the earliest Arab countries, the four caliphate periods, the Umayyad dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty, the "Prophet" Muhammad, the holy city of Mecca, the city of the prophet - Medina, the epoch-making classic - the Quran, the code of conduct of Muslims - the Hadith, the five major beliefs and five pillars of Islam, etc.

The content of this book includes the origin of Byzantine civilization, the Millennium Empire, the Millennium Military Power, the fission of faith, New Rome-Constantinople, Byzantine literature, art and education, etc.

The content of this book includes ancient European literature, European medieval literature, European Renaissance literature, seventeenth-century European literature, etc.

The content of this book includes the Milesians, Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, Socrates and Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans, Stoics, Skepticism, Neoplatonism, medieval political thought, medieval historical concepts, medieval legal thought, medieval ethical thought, etc.