The Tang Dynasty's Greatest Minister

It really felt quite outrageous, and I was puzzled. It was quite outrageous to just complain about the protagonist's character and his behavior, but to directly want the author to change the genre of the novel according to his own preferences. There are so many novels of all kinds in the online literature world. There are so many online articles about auxiliary articles, hegemony articles, court articles, aristocratic families and princes. I have been reading novels for many years, but this was the first time I came across the genre of trolling novels, which gave me a lot of experience. Some people asked the protagonist why he did not fight for hegemony, and the answer was: because this is a supporting article. Isn't this reason enough? When did traveling through troubled times to help others become original sin? This seems to be saying, why doesn't the protagonist of the novel about cultivating immortals practice martial arts? Why doesn't the protagonist of the Honghuangliu novel open up all the worlds? Why can't the protagonist of martial arts novels enter Taoism through martial arts? Why didn't the protagonist in the text "Dynasty Struggle for Hegemony" just overthrow the dynasty and establish a country with a modern system? If you really like to read Zhenghe articles, go to the Zhenghe article section🙄 You can read whatever articles you like, but if that doesn't work for you, can you spend money to have it customized by a master? This author is no more able to endure hardships than those famous star writers.

Reposting a comment from Zhihu boss Qiu Ju Luoying: Why did Li Shimin dare to rebel against Li Yuan? Yes, you read that right, it's because of the military system. (This article mainly answers the first half of the question. If you are not particularly familiar with the Ming Dynasty, I will not talk about it.) I know that many people will be surprised after reading the beginning: Isn't the Fubing System the most important "institutional contribution" that allowed the "Guanlong Group" to suddenly emerge in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties to reunify the world, and even laid the foundation for the later Tang Dynasty? However, I wonder if anyone has ever thought about it: It was also during the period of the military system that almost the most frequent dynasty changes in Chinese history took place. So, many people's so-called "institutional view of history" only gives themselves a veneer of being reasonable. In essence, it still subverts the mainstream eye-catching formula: It is clear that the Northern Zhou usurped the Western Wei, the Sui usurped the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty all happened in the Fubing era. However, the "system" The "Du Party" never seemed to think that the government military system should bear "institutional responsibility" for the frequent lapses in imperial power, and then when the Zhenguan Tang army massacred all parties, they collectively came out to grab credit... Forgive me to be blunt again, this is not called materialism, this is called overturning the doctrine. Let's go a little further and go back to the topic at the beginning - what is the biggest feature of the Fubing system? I believe that many people have read various popular science articles on this question: Is it the integration of soldiers and farmers, integrating soldiers with farmers, and eliminating the need for the court to spend extra money to support the army, which greatly reduces the financial burden? Is it that soldiers and generals are separated in peacetime and organized into armies in wartime, so that generals are separated from the private military system and unable to have exclusive power? Or should the peasants be tied to national interests, so that the "soldiers of good families" will have more motivation and better discipline to fight? The above can be seen in common articles introducing the Fubing system, and each has its own truth, but in my opinion, the biggest feature of the Fubing system is actually: The Forbidden Army and the Field Army are not divided into families. I know that some people may have understood it at this point, but the point has not been reached yet, and we must continue to talk. (If you are too lazy to read the following paragraph, you can skip it and jump directly to the position where the picture appears) According to the mainstream view in historical circles, the government army system was formed during the Western Wei Dynasty when Yuwentai was in power. It was marked by the establishment of a new army command system and a corresponding soldier recruitment system. The military command system established the organizational and command system of "eight pillar states (actually six pillar states), twelve great generals, and twenty-four generals" under the leadership of the supreme ruler of the Yuwen clan. Generals "Each general oversees two government offices, and each has twenty-four members and is divided into regiments to lead the twenty-fourth army."[1] The recruitment system for soldiers incorporated the strong armed forces of the Han nationality in Guanzhong and local rural soldiers into the government army system, and repeatedly recruited "those with financial resources from the people to serve as government soldiers." Subsequently, in the tenth year after the founding of the Emperor, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty changed the system of "military and civilian registration with different registrations" since the late Han Dynasty to "unification of soldiers and peasants", turning the original "military households" that had served for generations into "civilian households" with both military status and household registration. The original "military government" also changed from a military institution to a "local reserve management agency." In the tenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty divided the country into 634 military mansions (i. E. Zhechong mansion), which were managed by the "Twelve Guard Generals" of the central court. The Zhechong Mansion has regiments, brigades, teams, fire and other establishments. It is responsible for the statistics, training, horse and equipment management of the soldiers in peacetime, and plays the role of providing soldiers when they are on guard or going on an expedition. If the whole government goes on an expedition, the captain of the military mansion, Captain Zhechong and Captain Guoyi, will also accompany him [2]. The above is a basic introduction to the military system (all fans of Sui and Tang history are probably familiar with it, so here is a brief introduction). It can be seen that the government military system as a system has undergone many reforms with the changes of the times, from the separation of soldiers and civilians to the integration of soldiers and farmers, from regiment-style management to bureaucratization, from the semi-autonomy of local heroes to the appointment system of chief officers. However, no matter how it changes, the "separate control of forbidden brigades" and "shangbansuwei" as one of the core responsibilities of the government soldiers have never changed. The "Fubing System" in most people's minds is like this: I'm sorry to say that someone made a computer diagram for me before, but I thought about it and felt that hand-drawn drawings can better express the creative intention... This picture Some areas are not very accurate. For example, there is a Turpan document study that states that the "junfu"-level government soldiers were not drawn from the entire army when they participated in the expedition, and the government soldiers commanded by the imperial generals when they went on expeditions were not limited to their own guards. However, these are minor issues, and it is best to understand them so as not to affect the overall situation. However, the "Mansion Army System" during the Wude period of Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty looked like this: Each [color] represents a battle (it has nothing to do with the writing position of "Battle n"). The drawing, art and photography skills are poor, please forgive me! It's the same old saying: I wonder if it's funny? In fact, this picture is more suitable for answering another (common) question: Why did Li Xiaogong and Li Jing, who unified the southern half of the country, seem to have far less influence on the political situation of the early Tang Dynasty in the history books than the King of Qin, Li Shimin? The answer is simple: because the southern soldiers do not participate in the Suwei. So it is a good thing to "read history with your own thinking", but this kind of thinking should be based on questions and looking for answers in the political system, social structure and event development process at that time, rather than acquiescing that history books are all made up from the very beginning. "Forced absolute egalitarianism" is also a form of extreme idealism. But having said that, although Li Yuan was not worried about Li Xiaogong and Li Jing's "usurping the throne", he was worried about their "self-reliance", so in the seventh year of Wude, Li Xiaogong built a palace city in Yangzhou (then located in Jiangning County, south of the Yangtze River). Li Yuan immediately summoned him back to Beijing for treason. Then in the eighth to ninth year of Wude, he ordered Li Shenfu, king of Xiangyi, to move the residents across the river and move the city to what is now Jiangdu District of Yangzhou City[3]. Okay, let's go back and look at Chang'an's Forbidden Army Guards - there is now such a system, and its operating system follows the following rules: The generals and soldiers who serve in the palace guard system are the same group of people as the field army. Meritorious officers can obtain different positions such as captain, brigade commander, and general of the Forbidden Army, and can also be promoted to local military generals. At the same time, the military government must take turns to "serve" as a guard; Due to the uncertain war, some generals and soldiers, with the attributes of "semi-professional soldiers", work in the Forbidden Army for training so that they can assemble quickly when a war occurs (this will be discussed in detail later). I believe that more people will understand this: According to this "algorithm", a situation similar to [winner takes all] will almost inevitably occur in the end, that is, the military commander with a stronger field record will have a greater influence in the Forbidden Army, which will ultimately affect the political situation. Some people may say that the soldiers of the government are transferred to the guard "in the form of transfers rather than in the form of a full-scale system", and they are also managed by the twelve guards. Can they restrict each other and prevent cliques? ——But what kind of deployment method can prevent the situation where "everyone including the generals has fought with the King of Qin"? ? ? You must know that the Fubing System is a wartime system. The Western Wei-Northern Zhou Group with Yuwentai as the core created it in order to integrate war resources and compete with the sworn enemies in the east. To paraphrase a popular saying, the imperial military system has been bleeding with the blood of expansion since its birth. How can we expect it to serve as an "institutional barrier" to protect a stay-at-home emperor who stays in the rear? For example, the most famous Chang He is generally believed by academic circles and online literary circles to have "played the most critical role in the Xuanwu Gate that day." However, how did he become the general of the North Gate? Emperor Taizong Wen went out to conquer the Eastern Capital, with the Duke as his left and right cavalry... He bravely marched the three armies, his voice was superior to seven talents, his mediocrity was better than that of Jia Ling, and Ji Mao was outstanding in Diao Ge. As a gift to two people, eight hundred pieces of objects and fifty pieces of treasure. In peacetime, Derui was in the Wei tribe, and he was famous in Yuchen County. He rewarded twelve people, three fine horses, and two hundred utensils. ... Prince Congyin was ordered to bring peace to Hebei. He also pursued Yuan Lang with Cao Gong Li Qiong. The thieves were defeated and the town was left in Weizhou. ... In the seventh year, he was ordered by Emperor Taizong to pursue him to the capital. He was given a golden knife, which was made of thirty pieces of gold, and he was ordered to lead the young master at the north gate. Still using dozens of gold knives to entrust Gong Xi's brave husband. On June 4, 1999, the order was sent to the north gate. ——"The former envoy of the Tang Dynasty, Governor Qian Sifei and other military governors of the sixteen states, presented the Monument to General Zuo Wuwei to the founder of Bo Changfu in Wushui County of the State of Shangzhu" Pay attention to the sentence in bold: In fact, I have always been very confused about why it is clearly written in the same sentence. Some people can only see "gold knife", and "(Wude) In the seventh year, he pursued the capital by Taizong's order." Turning a blind eye - Of course I don't deny Li Shimin's wooing of Chang He, but if it weren't for the system of "the Forbidden Army Field Army does not separate families", how could Chang He suddenly change from the head of the Henan militia to a central guard? (In addition, I also saw someone say, "Li Shimin gave Chang He gold to prove that Chang He is not one of his own. If he is one of his own, there is no need to pay for it." I suspect that this kind of person has never lived in a real society for a day...) A few words: Tombstones and epitaphs are different. Tombstones should be classified as "historical materials handed down from ancient times" according to their nature. Burying and destroying tombstones is equivalent to the loss of historical materials handed down from ancient times. It can even be said that before movable type printing became popular, inscriptions on tablets were a more "publicity-promoting" method than books. Otherwise, "Xiping Stone Classic" would not have caused such a big sensation. From the fact that Chen was able to find a rubbing of Chang He's tombstone in the Dunhuang suicide note, it can be seen that the Tang Dynasty did not prohibit the circulation of rubbings from this stele. In addition, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, he organized and compiled the "Wen Guan Ci Lin", which included the inscriptions of many figures in the early Tang Dynasty and spread in Japan. Therefore, "Modern people discovered Chang He's inscription after digging up the Dunhuang posthumous documents" does not mean that "Chang He's role was deliberately buried." And, judging from the inscriptions, Chang He at that time was just the "Beimen Jian'er Changshang" (captain of the guard), and the so-called "Zhonglang General" was a rumor of his position in the fourth year of Zhenguan. In short, the historical Chang He was just one of the roles placed by Li Shimin in the Forbidden Army. Whether he was an important role or not is a question mark. Like Chang He, there are people who were "transferred into the Forbidden Army because of King Qin Li Shimin": No.2 Wang Jun was shocked: With the beginning of martial virtue, he led the gate, was awarded the title of general, and also led the school captain. At that time, the war was in the Chen Dynasty, and the clouds and thunder were just beginning. In the fields of the Three Jin Dynasties, the teeth are crying; in the land of two weeks, there are bronze-headed fan stems. The emperor used to live in Fenshan, and he was appointed to conduct special expeditions. When Duke Jiazhong arrived, he went to the shogunate. The sweepers and gangsters captured Fenhu, and most of them were beheaded; Jing Xiaojing came to Yi*, and Maogong was the leader, and he went to worship the Shangzhu Kingdom. Continuing with the Qing Dynasty in the south of Zhangnan, the horse climbed up first; in the north of Jibei, the atmosphere was heavy, and the murderers were all over the place. For his merits, he awarded the special general of Xuanzhen Prefecture, the title of Founding Marquis of Xinxing County, and the move to Zuoyi Wei Zhonglang General. Your majesty's halberd will be long, and your military column will be heavy. ——"The epitaph of Prince Xing, the former governor of Youzhou in the Tang Dynasty" Wang Junxing came from a wealthy family in Hebei and was one of the heroes buried with Zhaoling. During the chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty, Wang Junxin persuaded the bandit commander Wang Junkuo to take Jingxing first, and then defected to Tang Gaozu Li Yuan together with him. Later, Wang Junxin joined Li Shimin's command and participated in the battle to pacify Liu Wuzhou, Wang Shichong, Dou Jiande, Liu Heitai, and Xu Yuanlang. Due to his meritorious service, he was promoted to General Zuo Yiwei Zhonglang, one of the "Three Internal Guards" (Yiwei, Xunwei, and Personal Guards) - this is a representative of the founding heroes who became generals of the Forbidden Army due to their military exploits. No.3 Cao Qin: In the first year of Wude, he returned from Xue Ju and paid homage to the official Zhengyi. He immediately went up to the north gate. Liu Wu and Zhou supported the Jin River and caused chaos in Xia Ting. Taizong came to support Sanhe and proposed the Sixth Expedition. The public attacked Yanghub (Valley) and fell into the strong city for the first time. ... Wang Chong forced him to move to Zong'er and recommended Yizhen as his food... Jiande granted tens of thousands of flocks of pigeons, but they were still like white horses. ... Worship the general with merit. Outside Taizong Daoning's area, in front of the cave machine, they chatted about the hero of Chen Mingzi to prevent the palace armor from happening. I took the public to the left and right of the pavilion, and I slept with you in the same room, and sent them under the deep awning. It is difficult for a family to conquer the Qing Dynasty, but it has its own strength. I will give you three thousand pieces of gifts and a gold belt, and pay homage to the general of Xincheng Prefecture. ——"Preface to the epitaph of Cao Fujun, the founder of Yunzhong County in Shangzhu State, the great general Zuo Xiaowei of the Tang Dynasty" This Cao Qin (Cao Sanliang) appeared once in the history book when "Tang Taizong personally conquered Korea". According to the detailed life recorded in the epitaph, it was from Xue Ju's subordinates returned to the Tang Dynasty and were appointed as the commander of the North Gate. He followed Li Shimin to participate in almost all unification wars (including pacifying Hebei and fighting against the Turks), and then used his many years of experience in the Forbidden Army to assist Li Shimin in completing the mutiny and seizing power. No.4 Zhang Cong: Now that the auspicious white clouds have fallen in the Jinye, and the map of red jade has opened in Qinchuan... Emperor Dawu, the great ancestor, ruled the sky from the purple pole, and ruled the land from the Yuan Dynasty... Select the talents and divide the weapons, measure the weapons and assign officials. In addition to the public hussar general, he added Kaifukou... He was awarded the title of Zuowei Zhonglang general. Liu Wuzhou called the city of soldiers and horses, joined forces with Longcheng, brought trouble to Fenyin, and connected Henghe Shuo. Today, mouth, mouth, mouth, mouth. The public servant joined the army and was awarded the title of third steward from the left. ... Except for the long history of Zuo Wei, the general Lang remains the same. Wang Shichong kept talking about ruthlessness, but he never had the heart of a diligent king... Dou Jiande joined forces with evil, and they were the same horns... Liu Heitai was a remnant of Jiande, but he still had the heart of a wolf. It was difficult to support the troops of Zhao Wei and go to Zhanggan... So Ji Tianxi took a breath, flew to the mountains and kouchen, drank to Ce Xun, was granted the title of Shangzhu Kingdom, and was granted the title of Marquis of the Founding of Nan'an County, with a settlement of 700 households. He also inspected the school and joined the flag army as deputy, inspected the left leader and the left and right Zhonglang general, inspected the school and the right guard of the East Palace, and appointed the ministers to serve as righteous men, and the minions as Xinlu. In the first year of Zhenguan, he was awarded the title of Prince Zuowei Lian, Jianxiao Youwuwei General, and Zuo Lingjun General. ——"Nan'an Yigong (Zhang Cong) Monument" This Zhang Cong is Li Shimin's cousin and brother-in-law (his mother is Dou, and his eldest wife is Sun). He served as the Zhonglang General of the Zuowei at the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, and then followed Li Shimin in all the unification wars. During the war, "except for the Zuowei Chief, the Zhonglang General remained the same". Later, he also served as a member of the flag army of the Twelve Guanzhong Army. These two men are representatives of semi-professional soldiers who "participated in field battles and concurrently served as forbidden troops" during the founding period of the Tang Dynasty. No.5 Liu Bie Belonging to the Sui Dynasty, Bandang, the sea collapsed... At the end of the first year of Yining in the Tang Dynasty, he took his father's shadow and granted him the title of Zuo Qianwei. Later, he managed the Eastern Capital from the Qin Mansion and took the lead in conquering the evil and ugly people. The honorary class reward was awarded with the same ceremony. In the first year of Taketori's reign, the left guard force was briefly drawn up. In the fourth year, he defeated Liu Wu and Zhou bandits from the Qin Mansion in Jiezhou, and was awarded the title of General. Within five years, he defeated Dou De and Wang Chong, and was awarded the title of Shangzhu Kingdom. During his years, he had accumulated numerous honors and was granted the title of Founding Man of Changping County, with a settlement of 300 households. ——"Preface to the epitaph of Liu Jun, the founding man of Changping County, Changping County, the former governor of Rongzhou in the Tang Dynasty" Liu Pi'e served as the left guard in the early Tang Dynasty, and was immediately promoted to captain. Then he followed Qin King Li Shimin to defeat Liu Wuzhou, killed Dou Jiande and Wang Shichong, and was awarded the title with honors.

As a latecomer, the Guandong family did not have an advantage over Kansai in most of the Tang Dynasty. The reason why Anlushan and Shi Siming had been wreaking havoc for many years was because of the imbalance in the distribution of regional interests. Some powerful Guandong families and Hebei powerful families defected to them, which led to The Tang Dynasty was unable to solve the problem of the three towns in Heshuo, and even made the warlord separatism intensify. If the Tang Dynasty wanted to avoid the Anshi Rebellion and the Huangchao Rebellion, it had to achieve a good geographical balance when the feudal towns became bigger, and strengthen the immigration to the border while suppressing the traditional clans in Kanto. In addition, promoting military generals from the Wagang line, increasing the imperial examination quota in the Kanto region, and improving the status of poor and wealthy families can effectively prevent problems that will arise later. We must also respect the traditional families who are loyal to the imperial court. The traditional clans are even more fragmented and disintegrated. After all, the trees are big and have deep roots. Instead of drinking poison to quench thirst like Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong, it is better to prepare in advance. In addition, the imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty was different from that of the Tang Dynasty. The imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty seemed more fair and just, confusing the name system. However, Song Taizong excessively increased the number of imperial examinations to bribe scholar-bureaucrats. He also implemented a recommendation system to give bureaucrats the privilege of inspecting examinations, expanded the ranks of civil servants, and formed a family of imperial examinations. It formed the political basis for the nobles and the lowly to suppress the warriors, which destroyed the tradition, took Chinese politics to a bad extreme, over-expanded the power of the civilized people, and was not conducive to the strength of the country.

I directly killed the Li family and changed history. Let's see what history can become.

Why didn't the protagonist kill Li Yuan? He obviously had a chance, but he had to become a minister. Wouldn't it be nice to be an emperor?

Teacher Yu Gengzhe said: First, the economic foundation has changed. The government and military system that used to be owned by the central government collapsed due to land annexation. The professional recruitment system resulted in Jieduzhi controlling local military and financial power. The central government of the Tang Dynasty never had a main central army similar to the Northern and Southern Army of the Han Dynasty. Second, the containment-type vassal towns in the mainland of the Central Plains have little strength and are not good enough. During the Tianbao period, the containment vassal towns mainly failed to attack Nanzhao, which made careerists like An Lushan see clearly the emptiness of the central government. Thirdly, in his later years, Li Longji was full of internal strife and improper employment. He allowed Anlushan to concurrently serve as the governor of several towns and gave him the Longxi Racecourse of the Northwest Army. Anlushan's strength was overwhelming compared with the Central Plains Fangqifan Town. Li Longji was eager for success and sent people to kill Feng Changqing and Gao Xianzhi. He forced Ge Shuhan to leave Tongguan and fight Anlushan, which led to a huge defeat on the frontal battlefield.

Isn't Li Shimin worthy of assistance? There is only one emperor through the ages. I think it is good to be a minister.

It is undeniable that Li Shimin is powerful, but fundamentally speaking, Guanlong Group just chose the Li family. Yang Guang was not mentally retarded, but under the circumstances, the family was too powerful. Yang Guang was too confident in himself and felt that he could weaken the family with his own strength, so he chose the easiest way to go to war with other countries. As a result, the world was greatly pushed back. The family sold Yang Guang's own power several times, so Yang Guang's failure was natural. Besides, Li Mi, the first-generation spokesperson for Guanlong, when the family supported it, Wagang Village would destroy anyone who saw it. When the family did not support it, it fell apart. The speed was unimaginably fast. Li Shimin received most of the inheritance of Wagang Village, so he succeeded. The imperial examination system weakened the aristocratic families to a certain extent and caused them to fall apart. From five families to many, the really powerful ones were Li Zhi and Wu Zetian. It was the aristocratic families that were really weakened when they were in power, so don't be too mythical about him. You can look at history's evaluation of Li Jiancheng. Li Jiancheng was not necessarily worse than Li Shimin when he came to power.

In the eleventh year of Zhenguan (637), Ma Zhou, the censor of the Sui Dynasty, once said: "The Sui family preserved Luokou, and Li Mi followed it; the Xijing treasury was also used by the country and has not been exhausted to this day." Many people interpret this record as indicating that the Sui Dynasty's Xijing treasury has sufficient reserves, which have been used until the Zhenguan period. But in fact, as early as the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty, the treasury had been exhausted. "Tongjian" records that in the twelfth year of the Sui Dynasty (616), "the world was flooded with food, and there were no warehouses to eat. They only plundered the wild resources, and often suffered hardships without giving them." In order to solve the food problem, Li Mi sent troops to conquer Xingluo Cang and Luodong Cang in the Sui Dynasty, "opening the warehouses and letting the people take what they want." Wang Shichong, who occupied the eastern capital at that time, also seized these two granaries due to lack of food. Years of tug-of-war eventually led to the depletion of food. Looking at the situation of the Tang army again, the "Old Book of Tang" records that Li Yuan entered Chang'an, the capital of Xijing, and "exhausted the palace treasures to bestow honors on people, but the state supplies were insufficient." It can be seen that the treasury left by the Sui Dynasty was already empty at this time. In the second year of Zhenguan, Shangshu Zuocheng Daizhou also said: "In the middle age of Daye, the state supplies were insufficient, and the items in the social warehouses were borrowed to cover official expenses. Therefore, at the end of the year, there was no money to pay. After the chaos, the household registration was withered, and the rent was paid every year, and the warehouses were not consolidated." He also suggested setting up warehouses in various places to store grain. Then why did Ma Zhou say that the Xijing treasury was used until the Zhenguan period? Because the Tang Dynasty had been storing food in the treasury. "Tongdian" makes it very clear: "Taizong worked hard for principles, and in the eighth or ninth year, he would achieve abundant harvests." Our current grain storage period is 4-5 years, because beyond this period, the grain will become moldy and cause poisoning. If the Sui Dynasty really had such a huge amount of grain reserves left to the Tang Dynasty, how could these grains be well preserved after decades of war (during which there were wars)?

The opening of the Sui-Tang Grand Canal was formed on the basis of local canals. Without the excavation of local canals, there was no foundation to open the Sui-Tang Grand Canal. During the split period, the local government dug some local canals for Dadu. Objectively speaking, these canals prepared the Sui and Tang Dynasties for the Grand Canal. The Guangtong Canal (also known as Fumin Canal and Yongji Canal) opened by Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was actually a dredging of the Han Dynasty canal. In the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (584), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty took advantage of the canals dug by the Han Dynasty and ordered Yu Wenkai to lead hydraulic engineers to build Guangtong Canal (also known as Fumin Canal and Yongji Canal) south of the Weishui River, east of Nanshan Mountain, and connected to the Yellow River at Tongguan. In the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (587), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered the opening of Shanyangdu, which was the old road of Hangou in the state of Wu. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty built the Grand Canal of the Sui Dynasty and divided it into four: Tongji Canal, Hangou Canal, Yongji Canal and Jiangnan Canal. Tongji Canal diverts water from the Yellow River from Banzhu to the Huaihe River. In March of the first year of Daye (605), more than one million men and women were sent to various counties in Henan to open the Jiqu. The Tongji Canal is divided into three sections: the western section starts from Xiyuan, Luoyang, the eastern capital, and diverts Gushui and Luoshui. The eastern section follows the old route of Yang Canal and flows from Luoshui into the Yellow River; the middle section runs from Luokou to Banzhu, which utilizes the natural river of the Yellow River; and the eastern section starts from Banzhu, diverts the Yellow River water through the old route of the Bian Canal, and injects into the Huaihe River. The route along the eastern section of Tongji Canal is to divert water from the Yellow River along the old path of Bianshui River, into Sishui River, and into the Huaihe River. Zhu Xie wrote in his "Selected Historical Materials on China's Canals" (page 17): "Su Shi's "Shu Zhuan" said: 'From Huai and Si to the river, it must pass through Bian... It also shows that Qin, Han, Wei and Jin all had this waterway. It was not the creation of Emperor Yang. Su Shi cited the gap between Chu and Han (approximately) that divided the world from the Book of Han, the stalemate between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao at Guandu in the late Han Dynasty, and Wang Jun's advance letter to attack Wu Du mentioned that "the road is to take Moling..." From the river into the Huaihe River, beyond Sibian, and upstream, Zhenlu returned to the capital to prove that this waterway had been there since the Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties and was not newly dug by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Tongji Canal originated from Yongshui in "Yugong". It was called Yeshui in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Honggou in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Later it was called "Langdang Canal" (which means Langdang Canal), and it was also called Bianqu in "Yuanhe County Map" Volume 8 "Henan Road IV". "Yangwu County" records: "Bianqu, also known as Langdaqu, is now called Tongji Canal." The Tongji Canal opened by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was opened by using the river channel of Bianqu (Laodang Canal). The main channel of Tongji Canal was diverted from Xiyuan to Luo Ershui. From the south and east of Yangcheng City, it enters the Yellow River through Luokou of Yanshi County and Gong County. This section of the river is the old Yang Channel. The upper section of Tongji Canal is connected to the Yellow River by dredging the old Yang Canal channel dug in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then it follows the natural channel of the Yellow River to Banzhu and diverts the Yellow River water into the Bian Canal. Huai. The Hangou is connected to the Jiqu Canal and the Jiangnan Canal. In the fourth year of Daye (608), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered millions of men and women from all counties in Hebei to open the Yongji Canal to divert the Qinshui River to the south and to Zhuo County in the north. The Yongji Canal was also dredged by using the canals and natural waterways dug by the previous dynasty. It has been in Wushe, Henan Province. The section to Ji County is formed by dredging Qinshui and Qingshui (i. E. Wei River); the section from Ji County to Guantao is basically formed by using Cao Cao to control Qi water into Baigou, the ancient Yellow River route; the section between Guantao and Cangzhou is formed by partially utilizing the Tunshi River of the Han Dynasty and the ancient rivers of the Western Han Dynasty; Cangzhou As far as Zhuojun, the Zhangshui River was partially used. When it reached Duliukou, a new road was separated from Zhangshui and connected with Luoshui. It reached Zhuojun through Luoshui. In the sixth year of Daye (610), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered the construction of the Jiangnan Canal. However, the construction of the Jiangnan Canal also failed. It began in the Sui Dynasty. The history of canals in the south of the Yangtze River can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. The State of Wu opened a canal from present-day Jiangsu to the Yangtze River. It starts from the north gate of Suzhou, goes northwest through Caohu Lake, passes through Taibodu and the Jiangnan Canal, then goes northward through Yanghu Lake and enters the ancient Furong Lake. Then it entered the Yangtze River from Ligang and reached Yangzhou; the Qin Dynasty dug Dantu Qu'a and built a canal from present-day Zhenjiang to Danyang, which is what "Dantu Waterway leads to Wu and Hui" as stated in "Nan Qi Shu" Volume 14. The Jiangnan Canal had begun to take shape during the reign of Emperor Qin Shihuang. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, a river was opened in the swampy areas of the north and south of the Wujiang River, and it was connected to the Hangjia Canal in the south, basically connecting the transportation route from Suzhou to Jiaxing. In the Six Dynasties, when Nanjing was established as the capital, canals and weirs were also built and built in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty because the water in the canal near Zhenjiang was shallow. The Dingmaodai flat water weir was built to balance the water level. In order to avoid the danger of the Yangtze River waves, Sun Wu dug the Pogangdu to Xiaoliang, and the Pogangdu was abandoned. The other branch was opened to Rongdu, five miles southeast of Jurong County, and divided at the top. The first source flows 30 miles southeast to the Yanling boundary; the other source flows southwest for 25 miles to the Jurong boundary. On the west, it flows into Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Qinhuai River. "In Chen Shi, the ruins were repaired again. The Jiangnan Canal in the Sui Dynasty was only dredged on the basis of the Jiangnan Canal constructed since the Six Dynasties. It was not started until Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the section of the Yongji Canal that diverted Qinshui River to Qingshui River was blocked. The Tang Dynasty carried out arduous dredging, repairing and digging of the Sui-Tang Grand Canal. The main projects are: fourth dredging of Bian Canal, fifth dredging of Shan Yangdu (Hangou), third dredging of Jiangnan Canal, second dredging of Danba Waterway, third dredging of Baoxie Channel, dredging of the old water channel of Jialing River, management of Ling Canal, Yellow River Fen Waterway (the number of dredging and renovations mentioned here is only an approximation. In fact, the canal was sometimes blocked and dredging and renovation work was carried out frequently). Great efforts were made to dredge and collect water. Through long-term construction and management, the main rivers and tributaries of water transportation were able to flow smoothly, and a prosperous water transportation industry emerged. So Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty had achievements in building the Grand Canal, but the achievements were not that great. There is really no need to say what other achievements were made in the future. The Sui and Tang Grand Canals were easy to carry out. It was easy to destroy the dams, and even the dams were flush with the shore. In the Tang, Later Zhou and Northern Song Dynasties, regular excavation, dredging, and repairs were needed to make the Sui-Tang Grand Canal continue to be used. Could it be said that Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty had made great achievements in building the Grand Canal, but the work of the Tang, Zhou and Song Dynasties was not considered to be a great achievement?