Novels like On the Night My Clan Was Wiped Out, My Descendants Summoned Me, the Great Emperor
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as On the Night My Clan Was Wiped Out, My Descendants Summoned Me, the Great Emperor, best match first.
- 101 After I Took the Initiative to Divorce, My Ex-Wife Was Racked with Regret 主动离婚后,前妻悔断肠 As his wife's career takes off, Chu Hongtu finds himself increasingly looked down upon. After five years of quiet devotion, the moment he asks for a divorce, his wife is stunned. It turns out he was never a good-for-nothing. Only now does she realize that his quiet support was what made her life go so smoothly. 1.2kReads7.7Score10314d adds
- 102 The Five-Element Waste Spirit Root: I Have a Treasure-Gathering Golden Toad 五行废灵:我有一只聚宝金蟾 [Mortal Cultivation] [Smart Protagonist] [One Female Lead] [Decisive and Ruthless] At eighteen, with a fake Five-Element Spirit Root, was his path to immortality already doomed? Wang Han was a hunter from the countryside. By a twist of fate, he entered Leiyang Pavilion, only to be made a nominal "Core Disciple" and, in truth, reduced to chopping wood in the back hills. His poor aptitude earned him the label "useless spirit root," while the declining sect's leader treated disciples like disposabl 2.3kReads6.6Score22314d adds
- 103 Spiritual Roots and Immortal Bones 灵根仙骨 Ancient texts tell of immortals who can fly through the heavens and tunnel through the earth, alter the stars and the cosmos, and travel ten thousand miles in an instant, entering the southern heavens at dawn and reaching the northern sea by dusk. Those among mortals who wish to embark on the path to immortality must possess either a spiritual root or an immortal bone. Anyone with one or the other can cultivate; all others have no chance of entering the immortal path! Among spiritual roots, thos 57Reads—Score—14d adds
- 104 A Record of a Mortal's Journey to Immortality: My Name Is Lu Qichen! 凡人修仙,我叫陆起尘! Synopsis: This is a proper cultivation novel. Genres: [traditional cultivation + mortal’s journey + no System + no harem + treasure hunts and magical duels + ancient secret realms + fighting monsters and leveling up] Realms: [Qi Refining, Foundation Establishment, Golden Core, Nascent Soul, Deity Transformation, Void Refining, Body Integration, Great Ascension, Tribulation Transcendence] 1.6kReads8.2Score10014d adds
- 105 Hongmeng Supreme 2 鸿蒙至尊2 [Reborn Immortal Emperor] [Alchemy, Artifacts, Formations, and Talismans] [Multiple Heroines] [Building a Faction] [Invincible] [Spatial Powers] [Small World] When chaos first emerged, the forces of creation gave birth to eight supreme primordial divine artifacts: the Hongmeng Supreme Tower, the Chaos Pearl, the Heaven and Earth Cauldron, the Hongmeng Supreme Sword, the Luo River Diagram, the Chaos Bell, the Heaven and Earth Eight Trigrams Mirror, and the Six Paths of Reincarnation Disc. When th 747Reads8.2Score10514d adds
- 106 Cultivating the Dao and Seeking Immortality 修仙问道 Someone asks, “Where does the road lie?” I say, “Beneath our feet.” Someone asks, “What is the Dao?” I say, “I am the Dao.” I embody the Dao to prove it, then look up at the heavens and ask what the Dao is. When I wake from a dream, where is my body? The Dao is me, and I am the Dao... 3.7kReads8.4Score30814d adds
- 107 A Mortal's Glimpse of Heaven 凡人窥天记 Li Village was struck by disaster, but Li Xiao and his father escaped thanks to a mysterious stone bead they had acquired by chance. Later, he stumbled upon an unnamed cultivation art and embarked on the path to immortality. The road to immortality stretches far, with brambles at every turn; The stone bead lays the foundation, and eternal life is finally within reach. See how Li Xiao transforms from an ordinary mortal into a true cultivator, and how he climbs step by step to the peak of the immo 1.9kReads8.6Score17314d adds
- 108 The Complete Tale of a Mortal's Cultivation to Immortality 凡人修仙全传 Tags: Mortal’s journey, no golden finger, trials of the Dao heart, conflict between righteous and demonic factions, slow-burn, meticulous cultivation The impoverished youth Han Moyu stumbles upon a fragment of the Evergreen Art, and from then on embarks on a perilous path of cultivation. With no System to aid him, no old master to guide him, and only mediocre talent, he must survive through patience, restraint, and wit. Spiritual energy is scarce and must be fought over; bottlenecks on the Grea 42Reads6.0Score1014d adds
- 109 The Hidden Eastern Treasury of the Violet Palace 紫府东藏 A thousand cups of wine amid the mortal world, a pot of tea for an everlasting legacy. True love has never lasted since ancient times; only clever schemes can win people's hearts. The sons and daughters of the Jianghu roam the Jianghu, smiling to fulfill old wishes and burying grudges with a laugh. Even when all paths seem lost, shoot an arrow through the clouds, and thousands of troops will come to your aid! 775Reads8.1Score—14d adds
- 110 Creator of a World United as One 世界大同缔造者 [Urban cultivation + traditional techniques + students and campus beauties + no System + humorous comedy + Immortal Realm + Divine Realm] Tang Yixuan saved a fox that had failed its tribulation. Its lingering soul took up residence in his spiritual platform. It was Tang Xiaowan, a Great Enforcer Golden Immortal from the Immortal Realm, who had escaped to Earth as a fragment of her divine soul during the war between gods and demons. Tang Yixuan’s family was bullied by a local tyrant. He couldn’t 1.4kReads9.1Score18214d adds
- 111 Cultivation Begins in a Mine 修仙从矿洞开始 A pure-mortal cultivation story: no System, no transmigration, a return to the traditional essence of cultivation! The protagonist is an ordinary mortal with no spiritual roots who enters a sect to mine spirit stones for a living. By chance, he survives a deadly disaster and awakens the Five-Colored Spiritual Marrow buried underground. This rare treasure, unseen in ten thousand years, reshapes his spiritual roots from within, unexpectedly condensing the rare Five-Element Spiritual Roots! From th 2.3kReads8.7Score18814d adds
- 112 Wait, Host, Which One of Us Is the System? 不是?宿主,到底谁才是系统? Shen Zhidu was a deadbeat shut-in, but then good fortune came knocking when he went out, and he accidentally transmigrated to a cultivation world. Though he possesses endless treasures, he’s an ordinary mortal who can never cultivate. To his surprise, he even has a System? System: “Quest triggered: kill the first-rank demonic beast, the Bloodthirsty Snake, in front of you. Reward: 5 Grade One Marrow-Cleansing Pills.” Shen Zhidu: “You kill it, and I’ll give you ten Grade Two pills.” System: “?” “ 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 113 The Six Realms: Investiture of the Gods 六界封神 In ancient times, the Six Realms were in chaos. During a struggle for possession of the divine realm's greatest treasure, the Investiture of the Gods, it was shattered into six pieces. From then on, the gods were no longer appointed. Ye Chen is an ordinary young cultivator. When he obtains the ancient divine artifact, the Taiji Eight Trigrams Diagram, he defies fate and changes the world, triumphing at every turn as he rises ever higher. He climbs from adversity, seizes one opportunity after ano 765Reads8.5Score10914d adds
- 114 Period: I'm a Post-70s City Cultivator 年代:我是70后都市修仙者 [Historical era, growing personal space, decisive and ruthless, immortal cultivation, strategy] The soul of a modern person from 21st-century Earth transmigrates to the early 1980s in a parallel world. It also brings along a golden finger in the form of a personal space. This golden finger can be upgraded step by step. Once he gathers the nine origins of the world, he can create a real continent of his own. And each time he gathers an origin, the golden finger grants him knowledge of a new skill 3.3kReads8.4Score20214d adds
- 115 The Cultivator Boy Comes Down from the Mountain 修仙少年下山 The highest virtue is like water: it benefits all things. The spring breeze brings rain, quietly nourishing all life. Heaven is a master craftsman, shaping all things as one. Thus, human nature is good from the beginning, and righteous energy nurtures all living beings. Heaven and earth are imperfect, yin and yang complement each other, and the five elements counter one another. Only righteousness endures. When heaven and earth first opened, energies were in chaos, corroding one another until 469Reads6.9Score10014d adds
- 116 Immortal Jade, Dust, and Destiny 仙玉尘缘 Lin Mu, a lowly servant of the Qianyu Sword Sect, accidentally discovers that the jade pendant left to him by his parents contains three mu of spiritual farmland. From then on, he uses the pendant to grow spiritual herbs and medicinal plants, earn a fortune in spirit stones, buy flying swords and magic treasures, and refine miraculous pills. Thus begins his rise in the cultivation world. 328Reads7.7Score10114d adds
- 117 The Nine-Colored Nascent Soul 九色元婴 In the frozen wasteland, an ice coffin appeared, and a young man sealed inside for ten thousand years awoke. He had no idea who he was and remembered nothing else, save for a cultivation technique: the Nine-Colored Nascent Soul! Who sealed him away? Who were his enemies, and who were his friends? Why was he cultivating a cultivation technique in this world of body refinement and profound cultivation? With only a sword at his side, he began sweeping across the continent in search of his lost memo 6.3kReads8.2Score83814d adds
- 118 The Dragon Fang Returns to Guard the Fishing Village and Strike Fear into All Enemies 龙牙归来守渔村慑万敌 [Battle God from the Start] [One Female Lead] [Urban Cultivation] [Cultivation Begins in Chapter Five] [Action-Packed Revenge] The Dragon Fang Battle God, whose name strikes fear overseas, lays down his arms and returns to his hometown, a seaside fishing village. All he wants is to protect his neighbors and the woman he loves, and live a peaceful life. But trouble comes one wave after another, and powerful enemies from every direction keep coming for him. A chance encounter brings him an immorta 122Reads—Score1114d adds
- 119 The Richest Man Claims Me as Family, and My Immortal Identity Is No Longer a Secret 被首富认亲,修仙者身份藏不住了 [The early chapters lay the groundwork with an urban tycoon story, then ancient martial arts, anotherworldly continent beyond the Antarctic ice wall, a biochemical apocalypse, cultivation across civilizations from levels 1 to 9, and wars across planes. The Heavenly Realm, Immortal Realm, and Divine Realm are the real story, so don't drop the novel after reading only the first few chapters. Planned as a long series of around ten million characters.] The day my gold-digging girlfriend dumped me, I 119Reads—Score10714d adds
- 120 EN Who Let This Outlaw Cultivate Immortality?! 谁让这个悍匪修仙的! [Cultivation, scheming old fox, comedy] A complete novice transmigrates to the cultivation world and inherits his father’s profession as the chief of Blackwind Stronghold. With a pair of eyes that can see the wealth energy of all things, he thrives in his new life. One day, while “opening for business” as usual, he unexpectedly robs a stronghold wife and obtains a mysterious little tower from him. To his surprise, she turns out to be a badly injured female immortal. In a fit of rage, she hurls h 186.5kReads8.6Score17.1k14d adds
- 121 A Rank-One Mortal Cultivator 一阶凡修 A classic mortal's path to immortality. With a mixed Five-Element spiritual root, the protagonist overcomes one obstacle after another through hard work and fortuitous encounters, rising to prominence in the cultivation world. Stages: Qi Refining → Foundation Establishment → Golden Core → Nascent Soul → Spirit Transformation → Void Refinement → Body Integration → Great Ascension → Tribulation Transcendence 4kReads6.8Score37714d adds
- 122 From the Start, I Refined the Demonic Matriarch of the Hehuan Sect 开局炼化合欢宗女魔头 Grab it and refine it in an instant. It sounds like a meme. But for Lin Shuo, it's a cheat ability. Lin Shuo can refine anything he grabs, with no exceptions, once a day. As long as it counts as being grabbed, no matter how briefly, Lin Shuo can instantly refine it completely. And wouldn't you know it, just after he transmigrated, he got the chance to use his refining ability. Who could blame him? He had transmigrated into a human furnace kept by the female demon of the Hehuan Sect. Today was ju 588Reads6.5Score—14d adds
- 123 The Mortal's Path to Immortality 凡人修仙途 An ordinary country boy happens upon half a cultivation manual and a mysterious bracelet, setting him on the path of immortal cultivation. Rising from humble beginnings, the young man cultivates the Five Elements arts and practices secret divine abilities. He masters the seventy-two transformations of the Heavenly Spirits and Earthly Fiends, proves his Dao, and roams free on the path to immortality... 1.5kReads8.0Score14114d adds
- 124 After the Divorce, the Cold CEO Regretted It Bitterly 离婚后,高冷女总裁悔断肠 Su Qingying: “Ye Chen, let’s get divorced. It’s been three years, and you still can’t give me what I want.” “Actually, I’ve been the one giving you everything for these past three years.” Ye Chen thought this, but he didn’t say it. 3.8kReads7.8Score31214d adds
- 125 A Record of a Mortal's Journey to Immortality: A Farm Boy's Path to Immortality 凡人修仙:农家少年修仙记 [The Ultimate Ordinary Cultivator: V5.0 + Fast-Growing Protagonist + Thrilling Plot + Clever Characters + Decisive and Ruthless + Cunning Humor] My name is Han Muyu, though people also call me Han the Little Devil. Don't call me sinister or cunning; that's just envy of my intelligence. The truth is, I'm a good person. I was born a poor farmer, but I'm ambitious too. Wanting to get stronger isn't a crime, is it? Don't doubt how decisive I am. Lying low isn't in my nature. I'm not here to play the 329Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 126 After Getting Laid Off, I Became a Tycoon by Setting Up a Street Stall 被裁后,我靠摆摊逆袭成首富 After Getting Laid Off, I Made a Fortune by Selling Food on the Street 11Reads—Score—14d adds
- 127 A Hundred Arts of Cultivation 修仙百艺 An ordinary boy happens upon the path of immortal cultivation. Through one trial after another, one chance encounter after another, and years of steady effort, he gradually reaches the pinnacle of the Great Dao and looks down upon all heroes. 313Reads8.4Score4314d adds
- 128 Mortal Blood! 凡血! [Exceptional talent] [No brainless characters] [Foundation Establishment] [Golden Core] [Mortal cultivation] [No System] [No harem] Lin Fan is an ordinary mortal born in “Short-Lived Village,” yet he is determined to become an immortal whose life lasts as long as Heaven itself. By a twist of fate, Lin Fan takes part in the Seven Mysteries Sect’s entrance trials. Though he is destined never to become a cultivator, with the help of a mysterious copper bottle in his possession, he works hard one st 37.1kReads8.7Score3.7k14d adds
- 129 I Have an Infinite Spirit Stone System 我有无限灵石系统 (Transmigration + System + daily life in the cultivation world + a smart protagonist + many love interests + spirit pets + decisive killing + laying low and developing early on + going on a killing spree later) The protagonist transmigrates from Earth to the cultivation world and acquires an infinite spirit stone System. What, you can’t win? Buy a mountain of spirit talismans and blast your enemies to death. Cultivation is too slow? No such thing. Just keep feeding it top-grade spirit stones. So 141Reads—Score1314d adds
- 130 With a Pure Yang Dragon Body, I Fought My Way From Earth to the Divine Realm 纯阳龙体的我,从地球杀到神界 [Urban power fantasy + invincible cultivation + ruthless killing + multiple worlds] Struck by a bolt of purple lightning and fused with a dragon’s bones, the young urban heir Yi Xinghe embarks on an extraordinary life! A Ninth-Rank Martial Artist is weak? Maybe for other people, but that doesn’t apply to me, Yi Xinghe! A Grandmaster? One punch and they’re done! A Great Grandmaster? One punch and they’re done! A Martial Venerable? One punch and they’re done! When faced with the pinnacle of martia 669Reads7.4Score11014d adds
- 131 I'll Accompany You on the Path to Immortality 陪你一起去修仙 Lin Yue, a man from Earth, transmigrates into the body of a servant disciple who has just been beaten to death in a third-rate cultivation sect in the Vast World of Cangxuan. Driven by a desperate will to survive, he binds himself to the Ten Thousand Swords Invincible Level-Up System. And so begins an extraordinary, unforgettable journey of cultivation. 57Reads—Score314d adds
- 132 The Immortal Path of the Treasure Cauldron 宝鼎仙途 A classic mortal cultivation story: Qi Refining, Foundation Establishment, Golden Core, Nascent Soul... The rogue cultivator Lu Xuan accidentally transmigrates to the world of immortal cultivation, where he’s driven out of the market district and left to fend for himself! Luckily, he finds a mysterious treasure cauldron. One month inside it equals three years outside. This lowly rogue cultivator takes one step at a time and eventually ascends to the Immortal Realm... He becomes the Primordial Da 2.1kReads6.3Score13214d adds
- 133 I Transmigrated on the Highway 高速公路上穿越了 Mu Bufan loves taking his off-road vehicle into the wilderness for a challenge. But while driving on the highway, he unexpectedly transmigrates and obtains a copper box shaped like a pocket watch. Its hands point toward different worlds and dimensions, where he begins cultivating and gradually grows stronger. With his cultivation continually improving, he brings readers an entertaining tale of immortal cultivation. 13Reads6.9Score—14d adds
- 134 Dreaming My Way to Immortality in the Cultivation World 我在修仙界衍梦长生 [Ordinary Mortal]+ [Cautious Survival]+ [No System]+ [For Veteran Readers]+ [Solid Logic]+ [Traditional Slow Burn]+ [No Transmigration]+ [Female lead early on, mostly absent later; skip if that bothers you] Zhou Wei unexpectedly discovers that he has a unique ability to “dream.” His dreams can not only foretell danger, but also help him deduce spirit medicines, talismans, cultivation techniques, and more... When people look back thousands of years later, who would ever guess that the True Lord o 7.1kReads8.0Score70914d adds
- 135 The True Immortal of the Five Elements 五行真仙 After waking up, an ordinary mortal finds himself reborn in a dangerous, mysterious world of cultivation. From the start, he is a minor rogue cultivator with five spiritual roots. By chance, he finds a mysterious little gourd at the market, setting him on an extraordinary path to immortality... [Mortal cultivation, rogue cultivators, spiritual roots, pills, magical treasures, roaming the immortal sea] 1.7kReads6.1Score14014d adds
- 136 I Have a Cautious Senior Brother 我有一个苟师兄 Lin Xiaogou's ultimate goal in cultivating immortality is to lie flat and live forever. If he can avoid lifting a finger, he won't overwork himself; if he can dodge trouble, he won't get involved! Unfortunately, fate insists on making things difficult for him. His eldest senior brother is a workaholic with obsessive-compulsive tendencies, watching him train every day. Miss even fifteen minutes of practice, and he'll lecture Lin Xiaogou until his ears ring. His second senior brother is a professi 201Reads—Score—14d adds
- 137 Cultivation: I Hold the Universe and All Things in My Palm 修仙:我掌中有乾坤万物 Gu Changqing transmigrated into a cultivation world and became an unaffiliated cultivator with a worthless spirit root. After years of cultivation, he still couldn't break through! By chance, he obtained a small jade bead, only to discover that it contained a pocket space with a spiritual field... 19Reads—Score—14d adds
- 138 One Sword to Cleave the Heavens, the Eternal Sword God 一剑斩诸天,万古剑神 Su Xuan is a useless nobody with an incomplete sword bone, looked down on by everyone. Beaten until he is crippled, he is thrown into the Sword Mound. On the brink of death, he awakens the rusty broken sword he has carried with him all along: the Eternal Sword Soul. From that moment on, he rises to the pinnacle of the world. 69Reads—Score314d adds
- 139 From the Start, I Had Three Little Beggars 开局三只小乞丐 [A Record of a Mortal's Journey to Immortality] [Farming] [Cautious] How can an ordinary freshman from a mountain village survive in a dangerous mine? How can he overcome mediocre talent to become a cultivator, embarking on a journey of struggle across the Three Realms? 37Reads—Score—14d adds
- 140 Snowy Night on the Tianshan Mountains 雪夜天山 [Eastern fantasy + play the pig to eat the tiger + comedy + revenge] On a snowy night ten years ago, I was in my mother’s arms, watching with my own eyes as a group of men in black hunted her down! Ten years later, I descend the mountain and enter the Academy of All Life. Then one day, I unexpectedly discover that I have half-demon blood. Me: “I’m a demon? What kind of demon am I?” When demon calamity strikes, an elder of the Academy of All Life points at me and curses, “Half-demons are the root 1kReads6.7Score10114d adds
- 141 Drain Her Blood to Save His Beloved 抽干她的血,救他的白月光 Drain her blood to save his beloved. 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 142 The Immortal-Burning Chronicle 焚仙记 Not a wish-fulfillment story! Don’t read if that’s not your thing! Traditional cultivation fantasy, with a slower pace! [A Record of a Mortal's Journey to Immortality] [Heaven and Earth Spirit Fire] [Sword Cultivator] [Alchemy] The Heavenly Fire Glazed Lamp, a supreme treasure of the Immortal Realm, was accidentally shattered during a battle and fell into the lower realm. Tens of thousands of years later, Han Fusheng, magistrate of Longming County in the Yan Kingdom, was framed by villains and d 8kReads8.2Score71914d adds
- 143 The Myriad Forms of the Netherworld 幽墟万象 A shroud of mist blankets the world, and technology lies in ruins. Humanity, eking out a living within lighthouses, never imagined that beneath the shadows at their feet lay a secret buried for countless ages: the present world is merely a phantom of the Ruin Realm. A devouring cycle that repeats once every 129,600 years has already ground countless eras to dust. Every 129,600 years, the Ruin Realm devours the world, and the cycle begins anew. The bones of countless civilizations lie buried deep 63Reads—Score1214d adds
- 144 System: From the Start, a Golden Core Ancestor 系统:开局金丹老祖 [System] [Invincible] [Cultivation] [Eerie] [Myriad Worlds] “System!” “Why did you take so long to show up!” “Do you have any idea how I survived these past 188 years?” “Do you?!” Chen Feng couldn’t hold back his grievances any longer and shouted at the System inside him. Chen Feng had transmigrated to this terrifying world of cultivation 188 years ago. Over the years, he had weathered countless deadly dangers. Thanks to his talent and good fortune, he had finally become a Golden Core Patriarch, 3.5kReads6.7Score20814d adds
- 145 A Wasted Spirit Root! I Trade Spirit Stones for Years of Bitter Cultivation 废灵根!我灵石兑换苦修年限 The comic adaptation of this book, The Trash Spirit Root! I Trade Spirit Stones for Years of Hard Training, is now available on Tomato. After transmigrating to the cultivation world, Lin Chen awakens a trash spirit root. With the worst aptitude around, he is bullied by his fellow disciples and lives worse than a servant. Just when he is about to die in the wilderness, the [Spirit Stone Hard Training System] activates with a thunderous roar! It has just one rule: spend spirit stones to exchange t 33.9kReads8.3Score4k14d adds
- 146 Apocalypse Countdown: I Married the Commander of Time 末世倒计时:我嫁给了时间指挥官 Apocalypse Countdown: I Married the Commander of Time 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 147 The Ancient Ring Spirit 上古戒灵 [Mortal cultivation, no System, decisive and ruthless, not stupid] The foremost divine craftsman in the Immortal Realm, Lu Ban, spent his entire life forging the Ring Spirit, an immortal artifact hailed as the greatest of the ancient immortal artifacts. Then, all of a sudden, he vanished along with the Ring Spirit. 5.9kReads8.5Score78714d adds
- 148 Divine Emperor of the Heavenly Tomb 天陵神帝 A new work is out! Come read it on Tomato Novel. I hope you’ll enjoy it. Your support inspires me to write, and I’ll do my best to tell every story well! 345Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 149 The Mortal's Immortal Abode 凡人仙府 After waking up in the cultivation world, I find that an evil cultivator is about to possess my body. What am I supposed to do? Luckily, I get a little gourd, and there's even an acre of spirit farmland inside. Taking pills, meditating, and following the path to enlightenment as a minor rogue cultivator. Qi Refining, Foundation Establishment, Core Formation, Nascent Soul, Deification... 3kReads6.2Score26514d adds
- 150 Ancestral Bronze Seal: I Awaken My Bloodline and Become an Immortal Emperor 祖传铜章:我觉醒祖脉成仙帝 [Golden finger, passionate and invincible, ruthless, no saintly savior, multiple heroines, multiple worlds, highly recommended…] [Qi Refining, Foundation Establishment, Golden Core, Nascent Soul, Spirit Severing, Mahayana, Tribulation Crossing…] [Mortal Realm, Spirit Realm, Three Thousand Minor Worlds, Immortal Realm] Chen Yan cultivated bitterly for three years, stuck at the ninth level of Qi Refining, enduring humiliation and mockery. No one knew that what had held him back for three years was 21Reads—Score—14d adds

















































