Novels like Deliberately Teasing You
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as Deliberately Teasing You, best match first.
- 1 When We Meet Again in Winter 冬季重逢时 [Winter reunion + groveling to win her back + six-year age gap] “Foolish CEO who let true love slip away” Lu Xun vs. “Anxious, ordinary software developer” Lin Yu When you appear, we reunite in winter. First snow, a street corner, turning around, reuniting after a long separation, first-love gazes meeting, On the street where we meet again, my heart recognizes you before I do. The bond between two people is destined from the very first glance. 31Reads—Score—14d adds
- 2 Stranded 搁浅 Seven years later, when they meet again, he has become her lover. Mu Xi thought this was Heaven's favor and pity for her. Little did she know it was merely revenge, an eye for an eye. She smiled through her tears. “Chi Shao, now we're even.” Their love sank into the sea of passion, only to run aground in reality. 128Reads6.5Score—14d adds
- 3 I Became the Female Supporting Character in a Danmei Novel 我穿成了耽美文女配 I Was Reincarnated as the Female Supporting Character in a Danmei Novel 817Reads—Score—14d adds
- 4 Only After We Started Dating Did I Learn He Got Close to Me to Avenge Himself on My Mother 与男友恋爱后，才发现他接近我是为了报复我妈 Only after dating my boyfriend did I discover that he'd gotten close to me to take revenge on my mother. 1.2kReads—Score—14d adds
- 5 The Stand-In Turns on the Charm, and President Lu Can't Get Enough of Her! 替身撩人，陆总缠她上瘾！ [Angst and abuse + substitute marriage + groveling chase + pain before payoff] Everyone said that President Lu was indifferent to women. Who could have guessed that he had spent years plotting, all so he could one day marry his beloved, A Li? A conspiracy forced Jiang Yi to take her older sister A Li’s place and marry President Lu, the ruthless man of the rumors. In her despair, she discovered that her new husband was Lu Sen, the man she had secretly loved for five years. She fell for him reckle 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 6 Soothe Him! Adore Him! Flirt Openly and Tease Mr. Ji in Secret 哄他！舔他！对季先生明撩暗钓 108Reads7.7Score—14d adds
- 7 The Young Lord Is Chasing His Ex? I Burned His Whole Stage Down 世子爷追妻火葬场？我把他场子端了 The heir is chasing me after losing me? I wrecked his whole operation 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 8 I Divorced That Scumbag on Our Wedding Night, and Ten Years Later He Knelt at the City Gate and Called Me General 新婚夜我休了那个渣男，十年后他跪在城门口叫我将军 On our wedding night, I divorced that scoundrel. Ten years later, he knelt at the city gates and called me General. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 9 The Little Darling Doted on by Ninth Master Fu 傅九爷偏宠的小祖宗 [Mutual Devotion, One-on-One Romance, Sweet Love, Rekindled Romance, Brief Wife-Chasing] Stunning, cool-headed superstar VS ruthless, desire-denying powerful man A sweet romance about two people who choose each other. Four years ago, Fu Jiuxiao left without a word. Four years later, the immensely powerful President Fu makes a forceful comeback and barges into Sheng Xia's life. She runs, he chases, and she has nowhere to hide. The man uses every trick in the book, tightening the net around her at 675Reads7.1Score—14d adds
- 10 It's Just for Fun, Don't Take It Seriously 玩玩而已，做不得真 [CEO + wage slave, the stand-in for his first love becomes the real thing, running away while pregnant] From physical attraction to emotional attachment Si Tingye: I’ll give you 100,000 a month. Xia Qiuyan: There’s a deal like that? What began as a transaction that suited them both slowly spiraled out of control. Until his first love returned from abroad. Xia Qiuyan knew it was time for her to step aside. 59Reads7.0Score—14d adds
- 11 After Tormenting Her, the Tycoon Knelt with Red-Rimmed Eyes 虐完她，霸总跪地红了眼 [Love and hate until the end of time | angst | unfaithful man, faithful woman | wealthy family | CEO | revenge] Hate me. Hate lasts longer than love, yet in the end, she won't even give me her hate. For three generations, Xia Xiqing's family had lived in harmony. Her parents doted on her, and she and Fu Shiyan had grown up together, in love with each other. Their families were close friends, too. But ten years ago, an “accident” carefully planned by Xia's father killed Fu Shiyan's parents and de 806Reads—Score11014d adds
- 12 I Made My Sweet Girlfriend Cry, So the Cool Guy Begged for Her Back 惹哭娇娇女友，酷哥撒娇求复合 [Older man + Reunion after years apart + Secret crush comes true + The regretful chase] [Stoic, fatherly, secretly passionate, jealous heartthrob vs. lively, adorable, clingy sweetheart] What's it like to see the college senior you secretly loved again after graduation? Qin Xiang ran into Zhou Lie at her cousin's blind date. She'd come along to help turn the man down, but the sight of him sitting casually across from her left her speechless. Zhou Lie had a face made for the spotlight: straight 782Reads7.0Score10514d adds
- 13 The Little Lover Is Always Wiping Away Her Tears 小情人她总是在抹眼泪 “His little lover is absolutely crazy about him, as if she’d die without him!” Everyone laughed at her. Their families were worlds apart, and there was no way the young master of the Yan family would marry her. Yan Zeyuan had always done whatever he pleased. She was obedient, so keeping her around seemed harmless enough. Then news broke that he was about to get engaged. To his surprise, his little lover didn’t cry or make a scene. She left! All the clues he’d overlooked suddenly became crystal c 511Reads8.7Score3214d adds
- 14 The Fiancé Who Poisoned Me in My Past Life Is Shoveling Manure on My Estate in This One 前世毒杀我的未婚夫，今世在我庄上挑粪 The Fiancé Who Poisoned Me in My Past Life Is Picking Manure on My Estate in This One 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 15 After the Divorce, CEO Fu Chases His Wife to the Divorce Court 离婚后，傅总追妻火葬场 After three years of marriage, Lu Xiwan was pregnant with Fu Sijue’s child when she was kidnapped. The kidnappers called him, and his only response was a cold, “Do whatever you want!” At last, she gave up on him completely... Five years later, Lu Xiwan, who had faked her death, returned to Nancheng with her daughter. Yet that shameless man came chasing after her... “Wanwan, let’s have another child!” Lu Xiwan, who had countless secret identities, smiled faintly. “Mr. Fu, please show some self-re 46Reads6.1Score1114d adds
- 16 After the Wicked Female Side Character Awakens, the Overbearing CEO Forces Her to Love Him 恶毒女配觉醒后被霸总强制爱了 [Wife-chasing funeral pyre + villainess awakens + gloomy, possessive, obsessive CEO male lead] A fictional character awakens. Jiang Li is pushed down the stairs by Yan Xu, and unexpectedly comes to her senses, only to find herself a pitiful villainess. Even worse, she cannot change the plot. Every time she enters a story arc, Jiang Li has to scheme against and bully the heroine, Shen Yuetang, only to be abused by the male lead in every possible way. If she continues following the original plot, 1.5kReads—Score12314d adds
- 17 After He Forced Me to Return Her Cheongsam, Her Designer Husband Was Driven Mad with Regret 逼我还她旗袍后，设计师丈夫悔疯了 After forcing me to return her qipao, my designer husband is consumed with regret 8Reads—Score—14d adds
- 18 He Tortured Me, Then Came Back to Cling to Me: Mr. Li Is Wild 虐完我，又来缠我，厉总太狂野 [Gentle Yet Strong, Sweet Female Lead + Wild, Domineering CEO] [The Ex-Husband's Redemption Arc + Over-the-Top Devotion to His Wife + Both Chaste + Adorable Baby + Mending a Broken Relationship] (Completed. A little angst early on, then lots and lots of sweetness~) Shen Yi loved Li Lingbei, captivated by his wild, rakish air as a rich young heir. “Your husband has a mark in a very private place~” Li Lingbei's rumored lover made a move and destroyed Shen Yi's marriage, in which she'd been the one 24Reads5.9Score—14d adds
- 19 After Getting Pregnant, I Divorced President Wen 揣崽后，我和闻总离婚了 [Both sexually inexperienced × Regretful pursuit × Marriage before love] At work, Wen Shuyu unexpectedly meets the man she's had a crush on for ten years. By then, he has long since forgotten the insignificant girl she used to be. After a one-night stand, she unexpectedly gets pregnant. At the man's grandfather's insistence, the two get married. At first, the man treats her poorly, but after their little one is born, their relationship grows closer, and she becomes immersed in the story the man 133Reads6.5Score—14d adds
- 20 Madam Lives on the Trending Page 夫人她住在热搜里 A carefully laid scheme turned Tang Jing'er into the heartless woman who would stop at nothing, in Mu Siliang’s eyes. She loved him for seven years, only to hear him say, “I will never marry her.” After four years away, Tang Jing'er returned home with secrets of her own. He kept finding excuses to get close to her and spoiled her without limits, saying only, “She’s mine, so I’m going to indulge her.” Secretary: “Madam says you have no shame.” Mu Siliang: “She’s right.” Secretary: “Madam says you 220Reads8.5Score—14d adds
- 21 The Empty Contract: He Sacrificed His Wife's Name and Became Chancellor 契空还：献祭妻名，他成了宰相 She was the sacrifice he offered up for fame and success. He spent his life repaying her. A scholar from a poor family, seeking success in the imperial examinations, signed a contract: he would sacrifice the most important person in his future. He had no idea that person was the musician who served tea at the music house. He bought her freedom, and beneath a locust tree, they wed under the witness of heaven and earth. On their wedding night, his new wife gave him a cup of honeyed wine that kille —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 22 Just Playing Around? I’ve Chosen Her for Life 我玩玩？我这辈子就认定她了 Five years ago, Ji Wan overheard her boyfriend, Xie Yanzhou, say “I was just having some fun” outside a club. Heartbroken, she broke up with him and left town. Five years later, she became the project lead at his company. When they met again, he turned away coldly while she forced herself to keep up appearances. He didn’t know that the “new flame” he’d seen walking out of his bathroom back then was actually her cousin. She didn’t know the rest of what he’d said after “I was just having some fun” 67Reads—Score10514d adds
- 23 The Madam’s Secret Identity Is Exposed, and President Yu Begs Her to Remarry 夫人马甲炸了，郁总跪求复婚 [Two powerful leads + love and hate + sweet and satisfying + the big shot’s secret identity revealed + a groveling chase] Shao Yuan’an 👑: On the surface, a helpless little white rabbit of a canary who cries at the drop of a hat In truth, the real queen of the Shao Conglomerate, decisive and armed with countless secret identities Yu Chen 🐺: At first, arrogant and sharp-tongued, sneering, “Women are nothing but accessories.” Later, won over by his own schemes and utterly devoted to his wife: “Hone 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 24 Who Do You Love Me Like? 你爱我像谁？ On the day she married Zhong Lin, He Nian'an thought she'd used up all the luck she would ever have. It wasn't until his first love returned that she realized she was only a stand-in to help him appease his family. After losing her only remaining loved ones and her child one after another, she lay in a hospital bed, consumed by grief, and received his divorce papers. Everyone laughed at her as a pitiful castoff, saying that even her divorce was just paving the way for someone else. Later, a car 6Reads—Score—14d adds
- 25 Come With Me to Pluck the Moon 陪我摘月 [Content warning: The plot and details may be poorly handled; expect melodrama and a lack of logic. Read at your own risk. Run, run, run! Please don't flame or curse me. You've been warned, so don't say you weren't warned.] As she grew up, Yu Liansi's happiest moments were the boy's daily companionship and the way he had always protected her. At last, their feelings deepened and they fell in love. She dreamed of a future with him, but one comment from the boy shattered all her hopes. “Jin, look 75Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 26 A Pure Trap 纯粹陷阱 | Undercover Cop × Mob Boss’s Beloved Daughter I was given a mission: deceive the only daughter of a mob boss. I made her fall in love with me, only to realize I’d fallen for her first. I thought she was as innocent as a blank sheet of paper. But on the eve of my operation, she handed me the evidence I’d been dreaming of. “Shen An, will this help you?” she asked with a smile, as if she had seen through every one of my disguises long ago. It turned out that in this carefully designed con, the ide 40Reads—Score—14d adds
- 27 I Want Her 馋上她了 [Reunion after years apart + win-her-back heartbreak + rekindled love + both leads are each other’s firsts + intense romantic tension] At a senior-year pep rally, Ling Jie falls for the model student Sang Jin. She’s as pure as a swan, and he wickedly wants to corrupt her. After the college entrance exams, they date for a while. Before leaving the country, Ling Jie gives Sang Jin an apartment as compensation. “So much for being a model student. We were only playing around.” When they meet again, 1.3kReads7.0Score10114d adds
- 28 After I Let Go, Mr. Fu Started Chasing Me Relentlessly 放手后，傅总开始穷追不舍 [Just rated, rating will rise] [Love at first sight + winning her back + CEO + possessive + devoted to one person] When Jian Yunxi transferred schools in her second year of high school, she met an exceptional, aloof boy. Everyone knew she liked him. But in her second year of college, Fu Liangzhou dashed her hopes with a single remark made behind her back: he had never liked her. So Jian Yunxi left the country without looking back. She never expected that when they met again three years later, sh 1.2kReads5.7Score10014d adds
- 29 President Mu, Secretary Shen Says You've Crossed the Line 慕总，沈秘书说你越界了 [Flirtatious Tension + Love That Grows Over Time + Slow-Burning Romance] [Powerful Man Bows His Head + Mutual Firsts + The Long Road to Winning Her Back + Happy Ending] Mu Beilin was born with everything. He was heir to a top conglomerate, possessed business acumen that left his peers in the dust, and wielded power enough to control everything. But he had a condition that made his skin reject contact with women. Whenever he touched one, his whole body broke out in red rashes. He thought he would 1.7kReads8.6Score12914d adds
- 30 The Day My White Moonlight Stormed the Palace, I Pulled Out the Late Emperor’s Secret Edict 白月光逼宫那天，我掏出了先帝密诏 The Day My White Moonlight Forced Her Way Into the Palace, I Produced the Late Emperor's Secret Edict 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 31 After Three Years as a Substitute Bride, I Returned with the Enemy Nation’s Army 代嫁三年，我带着敌国大军回来了 After Three Years as a Substitute Bride, I Returned with the Enemy Nation's Army —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 32 For Example, the Road at Dawn 譬如朝路 Handsome, strong, and tragic + rich, beautiful heiress + both leads’ first love + running away while pregnant After his father is wrongfully imprisoned, Lu Ming transfers schools to get close to his enemy’s daughter and take revenge. But before he can even meet her, her niece steals his heart… “I’ll get my revenge, and I want Zhaozhao too.” Chen Chaoyang’s uneventful school life is suddenly turned upside down. Little by little, she comes to 276Reads6.3Score—14d adds
- 33 After His Canary Slashed Her Wrists, Gu Couldn’t Stop Crying 金丝雀割腕后，顾总他哭了 [Both leads have past sexual experience, but neither is completely innocent ➕ faux forbidden romance ➕ first love ➕ rival men vying for her ➕ groveling after losing her] In Wei Yue’s first year of college, her family was struck by disaster. Her scumbag father ran off with his mistress, taking all the family’s savings. Unable to bear the blow, her mother took her own life in despair. Wei Yue only found out when she came home for the holidays. To raise money for the funeral, Wei Yue was willin 24Reads—Score—14d adds
- 34 Caught in the Game 入局 Ambitious, vulnerable girl ✘ cold, scheming devil * When she climbed into Fu Linshen's bed, he warned her, “It's just for fun. Don't dream of wanting anything you shouldn't.” But later, Fu Linshen was the one gripping her by the throat and demanding, “Gu Nanyi, do you even have a heart?” Who was Gu Nanyi? The laughingstock of Ancheng, a social butterfly among the elite, with the softest body and the hardest bones. She pried Fu Linshen's hands off her one finger at a time, smiling with teasing di 1.4kReads8.4Score12814d adds
- 35 After the Divorce, the Richest Man Begged to Become My Kept Husband 离婚后，首富跪求做赘婿 One-on-one romance, both leads are virgins, adorable kids, miracle doctor, and a long road to winning his wife back. If these tropes aren’t for you, proceed with caution. Is there a domineering CEO with a worse problem than being afflicted with a poison that makes him infertile? Yes. His wife is pregnant! But the very second after he signs the divorce papers, he regrets it. It’s not as if he can’t raise someone else’s child! He wants to remarry her, only to discover that she’s disappeared?! Five 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 36 After Their Breakup, Cheng Begged the Top-Tier Star Actress to Take Him Back 分手后程总哭着跪求顶流影后复合 [Ex-wife-chasing redemption arc, both leads are each other’s only one, mutual salvation, rekindled romance] Everyone knew that Cheng Shiyu, the young heir of the Cheng family, had a stunningly beautiful girlfriend. He never hid her beauty and even sent her into show business, giving her the best opportunities. Jiang Sui didn’t care what people thought. She loved Cheng Shiyu with all her heart. She thought he would gradually fall in love with her, but she never expected that she was only a substi 619Reads5.9Score—14d adds
- 37 I Burn Brighter Than the Sun 我比骄阳炙热 [Youth + redemption + obsession + pure love + winning her back + happy ending] She poured out all her passion and all her pride, only to get one answer from Zhou Jiaze: “I’m sorry. I can’t leave her alone.” She pulled him out of the mire, only to fall into an abyss from which there was no escape. Nian Cen: “This was never a love that could come true. I crossed ten countries and flew over 19.88 million feet of oceans and mountains, all because I wanted to forget. It took me a long time to underst 53Reads5.5Score—14d adds
- 38 Playing Along 逢迎 [Love at first sight + face-slapping + chasing his wife to the crematorium + both devoted to each other + happy ending] [Aloof, chaste CEO × sweet, clearheaded actress] Yi Miao, the beloved daughter of the Yi family, falls in love at first sight with Xun Ting, the son the Xun family cast out. At the time, Yi Miao is a popular star, while Xun Ting is just a rejected son living in a Taoist temple and training in seclusion. Yi Miao is drawn to his looks, but when she throws herself at him, Xun Ting 42Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 39 The Deposed Empress Rebels: From the Cold Palace to the Throne Hall 废后造反：从冷宫杀到金銮殿 The Deposed Empress Rebels: From the Cold Palace to the Throne Hall 4Reads—Score—14d adds
- 40 Shameful Love 耻爱 [Physical and emotional torment + possessive obsession + deliberate revenge + unhinged hero, first the heroine suffers, then the hero] Ye Chuyu is a genius with extraordinary intelligence. At a young age, she became a renowned neurosurgeon at one of America’s most prestigious hospitals. But a medical accident caused by one mistaken judgment cost a young girl her life, forever freezing her at eighteen. Years later, the girl’s brother has grown powerful and comes for Ye Chuyu, consumed by hatred. 4.4kReads8.8Score25114d adds
- 41 He Won't Help Us Conceive, but Panics When I Ask for a Divorce 备孕他不积极，扯证离婚他倒慌了 In the three years since they married, Qin Mu had been a playboy, roaming among countless women, yet never touching his wife, Jiang Feng. Jiang Feng had long since been hurt by Qin Mu’s faithlessness and coldness, and turned a blind eye to everything he did. Qin Mu thought Jiang Feng would eventually try to win him back for the immense wealth he could offer. Who knew she would suddenly come to him and say, “Have a child with me, and you’ll never have to come home again.” Qin Mu was displeased an 716Reads6.5Score10214d adds
- 42 Back at 24, I Quit Love-Brain Syndrome and Dumped the Jerk 重回24岁，我戒掉了恋爱脑和渣男 Back at 24, I Gave Up My Lovesick Ways and Dumped the Trash Man 5Reads—Score—14d adds
- 43 After Faking Her Death After Giving Birth, She Was Hunted Day and Night by a Mad CEO 她生崽诈死后，疯批总裁日夜通缉 “Young Master! The young madam died in childbirth...” “Make it up! I don’t believe a word of it.” In Wen Jianglian’s eyes, Lu Wanqing was a liar who would stop at nothing to marry into the Wen family. So when she suffered massive bleeding during childbirth and wanted to see him one last time, Wen Jianglian coldly refused. He didn’t believe it until her ashes were placed in his hands... Five years later, he saw her again. With a son and a daughter by her side, she was being proposed to in public. 368Reads—Score—14d adds
- 44 She Plays Innocent, He Coaxes Her, and They Fall Deeply in Love! 她装乖，他诱哄，深情沦陷！ [A little angst + both leads are inexperienced + groveling pursuit] Xie Zeyu was the very picture of nobility, distant and unattainable. Women eager to climb into his good graces were as numerous as carp crossing a river. Yet he never wavered, always maintaining the bearing of a gentleman. Only Ji Qinghuan knew that beneath his poised, aloof exterior lurked a reckless, ruthless streak. She knew their relationship was a secret, thrilling game, yet Ji Qinghuan was hopelessly caught up in it. Then 1.8kReads6.6Score10514d adds
- 45 CEO Zhou, Your Wife's Got You Wrapped Around Her Finger: Darling, Don't Leave Me! 周总老婆脑，夫人你不要离开我啊 Xu Wenyi had kept a secret in her heart for a long, long time: she liked Zhou Yanye, the proud and reckless boy who burned as brightly as a flame. She had loved him from high school through college and planned to bury the secret forever. She never expected Zhou Yanye to confess to her. “Xu Wenyi, I like you. Will you be my girlfriend?” “Yes.” Her secret crush had come true, and Xu Wenyi gave Zhou Yanye all the love she had. “I don't know how to love someone, but I'll try my best to learn how to 4kReads8.0Score21914d adds
- 46 Forced Captivity and Love: After the Breakup, the Sick, Obsessive Man Goes Mad with Red Eyes 强制囚宠：分手后病娇红着眼发疯 [Childhood friends + yandere + unhinged beauty + revenge + groveling pursuit] Refined, cold-hearted tycoon vs. radiant, spoiled, unhinged beauty A melodramatic story that puts the hero through the wringer. The heroine may turn into a heartbreaker later on. In Kyoto, people say the Ye family's princess is dazzling and spoiled, and looks down on everyone. Ye Si pursues Fu Yanchi for years, and successfully turns herself into Mrs. Fu. Fu Yanchi has always cherished his beloved first love. Ye Si for 1.8kReads6.3Score10014d adds
- 47 Burning Bright Today 今朝炽热 (Malicious ratings are not what good kids do~) [Stubborn, Well-Behaved College Student vs. Unrestrained Rich Playboy] [Reformed Playboy + Chasing His Wife to the Crematorium] Lu Yun Zhao has always despised those playboy heirs, but then she met Jin Yue, and somehow he became the exception. He brought her into his circle, caught her in front of everyone when she fell, and knelt down to tie her shoelaces on a busy campus... Everyone thought the playboy had turned over a new leaf. Even she almost b 5.8kReads—Score26414d adds
- 48 I Was a Good Man 吾本良人 A dashing, carefree CEO vs. a beautiful, independent heiress "Arranged marriage from childhood, reunion after years apart, a little groveling, sweet romance" During college, Cheng Youqing thought her dashing, carefree childhood fiancé might have feelings for her. She even imagined all sorts of futures with him. Then, on his birthday, someone humiliated her and he did nothing. Cheng Youqing came to her senses in an instant and decisively cut off her feelings. Years later, they meet again. Cheng Y 2kReads8.8Score13614d adds
- 49 After I Gave Up Winning Him Over, My Deranged Disciple Suddenly Turned Yandere 放弃攻略后，疯批孽徒突然病娇了 [Female Master and Male Disciple + Falling for Her on His Own + Transmigrate into a Book + Everyone's Favorite + Lighthearted + Meme References + Slightly Unhinged Plot] [Cool and aloof on the outside, a hammy goofball on the inside: a female master VS. a sweet-looking-but-dark, arrogant, crazy, lovesick ghost-master disciple] Bai Yuan transmigrated into the male-oriented cultivation power fantasy she had written herself. She had even become the hapless villainous master, at the very moment th 52Reads8.2Score—14d adds
- 50 Reborn Before the Wedding: This Time, I Won't Fall in Love 重生结婚前，这次我不入爱河 [Push and pull + devoted to each other + groveling redemption + powerful man humbles himself] Clear-headed, resilient shooting champion + reserved, old-fashioned gentleman with a fatherly streak In her previous life, Jiang Yan fell for Gu Yancheng at first sight and chased him for three years, even drugging him to force a marriage. In the end, she became Mrs. Gu! She thought she had gotten what she wanted, only to discover… The medicine he coaxed her into taking to improve her health was all bir 603Reads8.1Score—14d adds
