Novels like I Became a Human Skin Sheet from the Start
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as I Became a Human Skin Sheet from the Start, best match first.
- 151 Skinsuit: The Yandere Campus Belle Fell for Me 皮物：被病娇校花爱上了 Lin Fan unexpectedly acquires a mysterious garment called “@%@s.” Once he puts it on, he can transform completely into “Lin Xi.” Under this identity, he wins the passionate love of campus goddess Su Wanqing, but also gets trapped in the mire of leading a double life. 244Reads—Score—14d adds
- 152 Bound to the Clothing System, and You Want Me to Make Human-Skin Garments? 绑定织衣系统，你叫我制人皮？ (System + Human Skin + Control + Comedy + Supernatural World + ...) Ye Ling, born with abnormal attributes, transmigrates to a world haunted by the supernatural, where illogical things happen all the time. For no apparent reason, she is kidnapped at the start, then just as inexplicably turned into a piece of clothing. But this also completes a task secretly issued by her System, which has been dormant for a month. She awakens a talent skill and turns around a life in which she was about to be so 446Reads—Score—14d adds
- 153 From the Start, a Funeral Makeup Artist Stitches Strange Skin and Becomes a Stunning Impostor 开局入殓师缝诡皮，变身顶美伪人 [Sewing Fake Human Skin + Partial Transformation + Suspense + Supernatural + Infiltration] At midnight, mortician Meng Shou is humming a song of melancholy when he suddenly gets a job restoring the face of a female corpse. Not only is all the information about her unknown, but the requirements are downright bizarre. 1. Do not remove her clothes. 2. Do not look at anything you shouldn't. 3. Do not touch any part of her body below the neck. If the funeral home didn't have strict rules, Meng Shou r 1.4kReads—Score16314d adds
- 154 Possessed by a Vengeful Ghost 厉鬼附身 Possession + One heroine + Soul swapping + Infinite flow I'm begging everyone to read from beginning to end without skipping chapters. I want a completion rate of at least 8% among readers who finish all 300,000 words, and I'm hoping to win the Spark Award. Once I win it, I'll update 100,000 words all at once, then start a reader group and share some possession material, including some comics of that sort. Feel free to share any ideas or thoughts. Thank you, everyone!!! 19Reads—Score—14d adds
- 155 Natural Disaster: I Was Forced to Wear a Succubus's Skin 天灾：被迫穿上魅魔人皮的我 “Human skin” + “fusion” + “transformation” + “possession” I was just an ordinary nobody, until I inexplicably received three wishes from a mysterious person. With those three wishes, I thought I’d finally make it big. Who could have guessed disaster would strike? I had no choice but to put on human skin and face this inexplicable calamity. 28Reads—Score—14d adds
- 156 Shadows of Painted Skin: Tales of Urban Transformation 画皮之影：都市异化录 - Chen Mo's urban predicament: At thirty, he lives in a cramped rental apartment and works a repetitive, tedious customer service job. His mother is seriously ill and needs expensive medical treatment, and his girlfriend has broken up with him because she sees no future together. Every day, he is buried under bills, packed subway crowds, and his coworkers' indifference, and he has begun to feel a profound sense of emptiness about being alive. - He accidentally learns of the legend of the “Black 5Reads—Score—14d adds
- 157 Skin Puppet: I Bought the School Beauty’s Dad’s Skin Online 皮物傀儡：网购校花他老豆的皮囊 [Skin-suit story + Puppets + Campus belle + No saintly protagonist + Villain's tale + Steal other people's skin-suits and take over their lives!] In Tianhai City, Longhai Noble Academy has never admitted ordinary students. This year, however, it made an exception for Qin Yuan. Secretly delighted, Qin Yuan thought this was his chance to soar to success. Little did he know, it was all part of the campus belle's scheme! Two years ago, the campus belle's father was diagnosed with blood cancer. A blo 8Reads—Score—14d adds
- 158 Are You Crazy? The Whole Sect Is Begging Me to Be Their Furnace! 疯了吧！全宗门跪求我当炉鼎了 “Senior Sister, you promised you’d become my cultivation cauldron after breaking through to the Core Formation stage.” “Junior Sister, what did you tell Senior Brother back then?” “You disobedient disciple, just how many people did you promise? You’re supposed to be Master’s cultivation cauldron!” Lin Lingcao never expected that everyone would want her to be their cultivation cauldron… That’s no tonic… [Gender Swap] [Witch] [Dual Cultivation] [Everyone’s Favorite] —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 159 Skin-Suit Battle Through the Heavens: I Put on Yun Yun’s Skin and Married Xiao Yan 皮物斗破：穿上云韵嫁给萧炎 Skin-Shifting in Battle Through the Heavens: Wearing Yun Yun’s Skin to Marry Xiao Yan —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 160 Possessed a Thousand and One Times 附身一千零一遍 I died, or maybe I didn’t quite die. Staring at the full-length mirror in front of him and seeing no reflection, Mo Yang fell into deep thought. All he’d done was buy a book from a beggar and practice a health regimen, then get struck by lightning on a stormy night and lose his body? At midnight, Mo Yang wandered along a deserted street, trying to find someone to talk to. It was a lovely dream, but reality was cruel: everyone acted as if they were blind and couldn’t see him. As a rookie ghost, I 7Reads—Score114d adds
- 161 Slaying Demons in the City: I Turned into a Beautiful Girl from the Start? 我在都市斩妖：开局变身美少女？ [Lighthearted]+ [Fiery]+ [Invincible]+ [A little transformation]+ [Slightly dark] I’m a world-saving hero. So what if I transform into a beautiful girl? Zhang Yan obtains a mysterious System that lets him draw different character cards. He uses them to play different roles in this world and fight demons and monsters. And so, in the eyes of the world, a mysterious organization gradually comes into view… —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 162 I Have a Universe Sandbox 我有一个宇宙沙盒 (World creation + semi-behind-the-scenes + ensemble cast + no players + epic civilization + boundless imagination) That day, the whole world was stunned: a second Earth had appeared! At the same time, Jiang Feng was frowning at a sandbox. “Whoa, your solar system is real!?” Soon afterward, a third Earth appeared, then a fourth... Martial arts become the Heavenly Dao; my heart takes the place of Heaven's heart. Wizards establish a magic web, refining the false into the real. The divine path delud —Reads—Score114d adds
- 163 I Became a Female Sword Immortal, and I'm a Little Too Invincible! 变身女剑仙的我，有亿点无敌！ [Gender Swap] + [Chuunibyou] + [Greatsword] + [Power Fantasy] + [Comedy] (The new book just got its first rating. The score will go up later.) Su Muge, a chuunibyou, has believed since childhood that the cultivation world must truly exist. So, after spending two and a half years researching cultivation novels, he finally transmigrates into the body of a female sword cultivator... After transmigrating, Su Muge obtains the golden finger called the [Book of Reincarnation]. [Book of Reincarnati 5.8kReads—Score82914d adds
- 164 The Anomalous Objects Containment and Exchange Club 异常事物收容交流会 In the wake of that unavoidable disaster, a new file has been created… That’s right, you saw correctly. The familiar book with the same title and the same cover has returned once again, just as expected. [Gender Swap]+ [Gender Swap]+ [Gender Swap]+More Gender Swap!!! I don’t want to write about anything else. I just want to write some completely unhinged Gender Swap short stories. (Body swaps, possession, bodysuits, magic, all kinds of things. There’s nothing you can think of that the author has 584Reads—Score—14d adds
- 165 Sewing My Fiancée’s Bodysuit, I Transform into a Poisonous Oracle and Wipe Out Her Clan 缝合未婚妻皮套，变身毒奶灭全族 [Costume Persona + Patchwork + Power Fantasy + Decisive and Ruthless + Fast-Paced] Preface: The content is extremely realistic. Readers with low tolerance should proceed with caution. Song Jing, a technical expert at the Jiangnan Leather Factory, was reborn and unexpectedly gained the golden finger [Flayer]. Thanks to his expertise and exquisite craftsmanship, Song Jing could use the Flayer talent to strip skin from humans and sew it together with the gifted organs of spirits and monsters, creat 741Reads—Score10314d adds
- 166 After I Accidentally Turned the School Beauty into a Human-Skin Suit 当我不小心把校花变成了人皮后 Night falls, and Su Yan inherits an item left behind by a senior in his club: a dagger set with the eye of some strange creature. It has the power to turn people into human skins. After putting on his first human skin in the misty rain, Su Yan begins to slowly transform into the person the skin once belonged to. From man to woman, from human to... A domineering fiancé says, “You’re my fiancée. We’ll share a bed in life and the same grave in death. You’ll never escape me!” A dying woman s 3.9kReads6.7Score29014d adds
- 167 I Made Fantasy Real and Ushered in an Age of the Supernatural 幻想具现，我开启了超凡时代 [Alternate World!] [Villain] [The Protagonist Turns Dark] Xu Fengshuang acquires the Wish-Fulfilling System, which lets him bring his fantasies to life through Influence Points and set out on a path to the extraordinary. Vengeful ghosts, jealous eyes lurking in the cracks... one bizarre incident after another! Daoist incantations, Buddhist golden bodies, the righteous spirit of scholars... one path of cultivation after another! Superpowers run rampant, magic and technology merge, machines bring 974Reads8.1Score—14d adds
- 168 Wearing a Vicious Ghost's Painted Skin, I Subdue Evil Gods with My Peerless Beauty 穿上厉诡画皮，以绝色之姿镇邪神 [Apocalypse, human skin, the mysterious, high-level martial arts, supernatural abilities, sealed artifacts, male-to-female transformation, survival, suspense, no CP, monster hunting and leveling up] Spiritual qi revives, exotic beasts rise, and the bizarre runs rampant. My B-rank (fifth-tier) father died holding off the enemy to protect our shelter, but my mother, younger sister, and I were abandoned and exiled to the wasteland. My father’s former disciples now covet his legacy. By chance, I ac 6.3kReads—Score77014d adds
- 169 Skinning 化皮 The main story is told from the perspective of someone who isn’t a good person. It isn’t a clear-cut case of good versus evil, and the plot may involve things like robbing criminals. If that bothers you, don’t read. Both leads are sexually inexperienced, and the romance is a minor part of the story. If that bothers you, don’t read. Two faces. Two lives. “Hey, why do you do this kind of work?” “Because I want revenge.” “You’ve heard of Nightmare, the one who’s made a name for herself in the scene 43Reads—Score—14d adds
- 170 The Vampire Girl 变身吸血鬼少女 Gender-bending, corruption, servants, control, realms, cultivation, protagonist suffering The Phoenix Dynasty had once unified the realm, yet demons and monsters still roamed unchecked. But fate seemed to favor the brave and steadfast. At just that moment, a prodigy burst onto the scene. Guided by the old man deep within his soul, he quickly grew powerful and discovered many precious opportunities. Before long, at only eighteen, he became the top martial arts graduate and a young general. He led 32Reads—Score—14d adds
- 171 Time Loop: I Can Possess Countless People 时间轮回，我可以附身无数人 After Fang Yun became the cutest little girl in the universe, he followed through on his old ambition: collect little girls, become a little girl, and protect them. First world: Martial arts world. (The protagonist can’t win and runs away.) Second world: Frozen apocalypse. (Ensemble cast.) Third world: Immortal cultivation world plus technology. (A man posing as a woman, a woman posing as a man, and the story of two siblings.) Time strings tremble, the universe stirs. The wheel of time turns thr 115Reads—Score—14d adds
- 172 Divine Card-Drawing System! From the Start, I Stole the Campus Belle’s Body 神级抽卡系统！开局夺走校花身体 [Possession + mind control + villain + card draws] At the Qi Refining Academy, Leng Ku had been stuck at the first layer of the Qi Refining Realm for years. He was cast out of his sect! His junior sister took revenge on him! He was thrown out of the Leng family! His own younger sister schemed against him! Even his cold and beautiful school celebrity girlfriend pulled out a dagger and plunged it into his heart! Cornered, Leng Ku awakened a divine-grade card-drawing System! With divine cards in ha 427Reads—Score—14d adds
- 173 Becoming Part of Their Everyday Lives 成为她们的日常生活 Gender swap + bodysuits + transformation + perfect impersonation + daily life A bodysuit device turns students into beautiful mature women. Their friends initially resist, but eventually they, too, fall for it... Housewives, teachers, classmates... ...Being a beautiful woman is much more fun than being a guy... 226Reads—Score—14d adds
- 174 Urban Cultivation: I Use Skin Vessels to Replace Beautiful Girls 都市修仙：我靠皮物入替美少女 [Madness]+ [New Setting]+ [Skin Suit]+ [Body Swap]+ [Daily Life]+ [Cultivation] [Ding! Strong will to survive detected. Skin Suit System activated!] Jiang Cheng jolts awake in a brutal urban Cultivation world, only to discover that he's a powerless mortal whom anyone can bully. But his golden finger is stranger and more powerful than any cultivation technique! [Skin Suit System: Can turn female targets in a ‘weakened’ state into wearable ‘skin suits’.] [Once worn, the Host perfectly inherits the 2kReads—Score13014d adds
- 175 Global Mutation: I Can Coexist with Monsters 全球异变：我可以和魔物共生 A massive earthquake strikes without warning. Monsters appear, and the protagonist, Shu Bei, and his classmates flee to a dormitory warehouse. Why has his classmate, Zai Zai, suddenly turned into a spider woman? And why did she kill her lover, Young Master Xiao? The spider woman pierced Shu Bei's chest. He was clearly about to die, so how did he end up merging with her? Chen Zeng escaped with Shu Bei's shoes. What fate awaits him? Before Young Master Xiao died, he said he would return. In what f 471Reads—Score—14d adds
- 176 The Apocalypse Arrives, and I Can Strip Away Stunning Skins 末日降临，我能剥取绝美皮囊 [Skin-stealing + Apocalypse + revenge + not a do-gooder + talent theft + replacement + decisive and ruthless + transformation + invincible] Reborn in the Apocalypse, Lin Mo returns with the bizarre talent of a “skinning knife.” In his previous life, his girlfriend's family tricked him out of all his supplies and shoved him into a horde of zombies, where he died horribly. In this life, he looks at his girlfriend's family, all gathered together, and smiles. “That's a great talent you have. Too bad 4.7kReads8.0Score28314d adds
- 177 The Secretary in Disguise 变装女秘书 Women are passionate about pursuing beauty. As their financial independence has grown, they've paid more attention to how they dress and present themselves, while spending more and more on looking beautiful. Rising market demand has fueled the industry's growth and intensified competition. Ingrit Women's Wear has forged a distinctive path by capitalizing on its own strengths, becoming a model for the industry. 710Reads—Score—14d adds
- 178 The Chinese Zodiac: I Transform into a Sexy Beauty from the Start 十二生肖：我开局变身性感美女 [Wild Imagination + Superpowers + School Beauty + Everyday Life + Battles + Not a Mindless Power Fantasy] While being hounded for repayment, street thug Sheng Hui accidentally awakens the power of the Rooster Stone, one of the Twelve Zodiac Stones. He transforms into a stunning beauty and manages to defuse the crisis. At the same time, however, he has to accept a special assignment to repay his debts: infiltrate a university as a student and investigate the fabled Twelve Zodiac Stones. Thus begi 114Reads—Score—14d adds
- 179 I Turned into a Beautiful Girl and Started Delivering Food! 我变成了美少女去送外卖！ I Turned into a Beautiful Girl and Started Delivering Takeout! 37Reads—Score114d adds
- 180 Skinning 掠皮 An ordinary high school student’s body is taken over and shared by a thousand-year-old vengeful ghost, forcing him onto a path of revenge alongside the ghost. After enduring a long journey of trials, what choice will he make when faced with this scarred and ravaged world? 18Reads—Score114d adds
- 181 The Mystery of the Skin Corpse: A Supernatural Horror 皮尸疑云之灵异惊现 He Liyue is an archaeology student at Jing University and a popular livestreamer, seemingly gifted with a special sensitivity to the supernatural. During a livestream appraising antiques, she clashes with Ren Ren, a top-tier star. She identifies his grandmother as possibly a corpse preserved in hide, but no one believes her, and they hurl insults at her. Just then, a strange aura emanates from Ren Ren’s grandmother, and an ominous chill hangs in the air around her. Ren Ren, a scion of one of the 34Reads—Score—14d adds
- 182 The Haunted Amusement Park: From the Start, I Possessed the Ghost Bride 诡异乐园：开局夺舍诡新娘 Reborn into this ordinary world, Chen Sen has lived here for 23 years. All he can do is calmly accept the fact. Using the methods available to an adult, Chen Sen gets into a top-tier university. That’s his limit, and he’s satisfied. There’s no magic, no supernatural powers, no golden finger, no spiritual qi revival, and no old man dropping from the sky to pass on cultivation techniques. Aside from the growing number of urban legends in recent years, this is undoubtedly just an ordinary, unremark 113Reads6.3Score—14d adds
- 183 I Reached the Summit with My Secret Identity 我靠马甲登顶了 (Secret identity, no female lead) Because of a series of strange happenings around him, Dong Zeyu prayed devoutly to his own god every day. In the end, his god found him too noisy and tricked him into going undercover in the enemy’s camp. First mission: unlock superpowers in an ordinary, everyday world of science. “Ordinary? Then why are there aliens?” Second mission: promote the path to godhood in ancient times. “Why are ancient times and cyberpunk on the same continent? This world’s styles don 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 184 I'm a Hidden Boss Possessing Other People 附身他人的我是隐藏boss The protagonist, Shen Fu, is accidentally born into another world. Dark energy descends, and the world is plunged into catastrophe. He spends his days having fun, eventually becoming the leader of a faction. He battles the undead and vies for supremacy against the beastfolk. Follow him as he gradually builds an empire of clones. 9Reads—Score—14d adds
- 185 A Century of Captivity: Sewing Human Skin Into a Wedding Dress, Turning a Man Into a Wife 囚虐百年：缝人皮嫁衣，性转人妻 [Skin-Stitched Garments + Gender Transformation + Male-to-Female Romance + Slow Burn + One Female Lead + One Male Lead] Bai Xiuzhu had been imprisoned in the Burial God Grotto for a hundred years, but managed to preserve his chastity. A century ago, he entered a forbidden zone and was cruelly imprisoned by a white-haired divine man. He endured humiliation and hardship, but never submitted to his captor’s lecherous tyranny. When the white-haired man made the outrageous demand that they become sam 160Reads—Score—14d adds
- 186 A Companion for Tonight 今夕之伴 (Cross-dressing) + (Husband-to-wife transformation) + (Hardcore logic) + (Gender transformation) Body snatching + cross-dressing man + political realism + power struggles + genuine emotions The protagonist of this book, Shen Xingchen, has the name of a domineering CEO and the fortune of a feel-good novel’s protagonist, but he’s a hapless guy whose life is held back by personal entanglements. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 187 Doomsday: I Transmigrate into a Bed and Upgrade Mecha Girls! 末日：穿越成床，改造机娘！ [Become a Bed + Modify Mecha Girls + Build a Faction + Unlimited Supplies + All-Female Cast + Neutral Faction + Multiple Heroines + Ruthless Protagonist + Superpowers + No Bleeding-Heart Heroics + Alternate World] Good news: Lin Qiu transmigrated. Bad news: he transmigrated into a bed. Lin Qiu cursed and grumbled, letting loose a stream of complaints. He had come from Earth and transmigrated to another apocalyptic world. The apocalypse here had lasted five years. The zombies had long since been 138Reads—Score—14d adds
- 188 Time-Ruin Wanderer: From the Start, I Possessed the Campus Beauty 时墟旅人：开局夺舍校花 [Body Snatching + Not Invincible] My name is Wang Wuming. Wondering why I’m called that? I don’t know either. Maybe the author was too lazy to come up with a name. I was a college student working and studying in a big city. My mother died young, and my father was bedridden, so we could only get by on my younger sister’s scholarship. I thought I’d just keep living like that, but today, while I was working at a hotel, the manager gave me a job cleaning a room. 43Reads—Score114d adds
- 189 I Turned into a Snake Girl and Was Forced to Have the Hero’s Children 变身蛇人娘，被迫和勇者繁衍后代 [Transformation + gender-bending romance + no System + snake-woman heroine + evil god] The good news: Xia Chuan You transmigrated. The bad news: She transformed, and turned into a snake woman. The even worse news: Ankas, the kingdom’s strongest hero, had already come to kill her. “Hero, can we make peace?” Looking at the trembling snake woman before him, Ankas smiled faintly. “Miss Snake Woman, as compensation, surely it would be acceptable for you to have children with me?” 56Reads—Score114d adds
- 190 I Suffocated the School Belle, but Turned Her into a Skin Suit 我把校花憋死了，但是做成皮物 I suffocated the campus belle, then turned her into a skin object —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 191 I Found Half of the School Belle, and Got a New Skin Suit 捡到半具校花，我有了新皮物 I found half of the campus belle’s body, and now I have a new skin object 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 192 I Dressed as a Woman to Give House Calls as a Masseuse, but the CEO Snatched Me Up as His Boyfriend?! 穿女装做上门按摩师，竟被霸总拐做男朋友？！ I Dressed as a Woman to Give House Calls as a Massage Therapist, but the CEO Kidnapped Me and Made Me His Boyfriend?! 38Reads—Score—14d adds
- 193 Practicing the Skinning Dao in My White-Stocking Doomsday 修习人皮道我的白丝末世 After awakening a seemingly useless ability, I accidentally obtained a mysterious cultivation technique: the Human-Skin Way. Anything can be turned into a skin: witches, goddesses, fairies... Even animals and insects can become my skin! 1.2kReads—Score10614d adds
- 194 That's Not Your Body, It's Mine! 你的身体不那是我的！ (Possession, control, body swapping) After being bullied, I picked up a legendary piece of gear. What’s yours is mine, and what’s mine is still mine. Your gender, your body, your life: if it’s yours, it’s mine. But what’s mine is still mine! 1.8kReads—Score9214d adds
- 195 The Apocalypse Begins, and I Become All Kinds of Women 开局末世，成为各类女性 Possession + Gender swap + Apocalypse + Skin-suits + Daily life + Body swap Without warning, the world was plunged into an apocalypse when zombies erupted everywhere. People banded together for warmth and hope, establishing bases to fight the undead. But that's not the most important thing. What's important is that the protagonist is “kind.” He dies from the start. The story includes other tales: possession is in Volume One, skin-suits in Volume Two, and body swaps in Volume Three. Feel free to 82Reads—Score—14d adds
- 196 The School Beauty’s Body Is My Home 校花身体是我家 (Possession + parasitism + campus belle + ghost infant + dark wish fulfillment) When the convenience store's fluorescent lights meet the dark patterns on the campus belle's skirt, a deal with their bodies as stakes is already inevitable. He is a night-shift clerk struggling to make ends meet; she is a prodigy who holds her family's secrets close. In the warehouse, dancing candlelight licks at the yellow talismans, igniting the fuse for a soul-swapping ritual. As his consciousness plunges into th 97Reads6.7Score214d adds
- 197 Supremacy Through Devouring 吞噬为尊 [Revenge] [Invincible] [Multiple Heroines] [Decisive and Ruthless] [No System] Liu Qing, a sect prodigy, is surrounded and attacked by his fellow disciples, then betrayed by his former lover. With nowhere else to turn, he flees into a forbidden land, where he stumbles upon the cultivation technique passed down by an ancient Evil Venerable. He also receives the full tutelage of a mighty expert. Scions of noble families, sect prodigies, princesses and princes, Immortal Emperors and Immortal Venera 433Reads—Score10014d adds
- 198 The Campus Belle Got a Succubus Tattoo and Became My Personal Puppet 校花纹魅魔，变身专属傀儡 My new story is here! You can read it on Tomato Novel. I hope you’ll enjoy it. Your support motivates me to write, and I’ll do my best to tell every story well! 1kReads—Score10514d adds
- 199 Bound to a System, I Randomly Wake Up as a Girl Somewhere New Every Day 绑定系统后每天随机位置变成女生 Ding! Congratulations, you've obtained the Life Experience System. Bind it and you'll receive 90 million in cash... Bind it. Bind it now. Hurry! Binding in progress... And a luxury mansion. Also, after binding, a random part of your body will turn into a girl's every day... What? System, I'll give you the money and house back. Let me unbind! Ding! Binding in progress. The process cannot be canceled... Gu Yan was close to tears: My body is going to turn into a girl's! 1.1kReads6.5Score11614d adds
- 200 Possessed by a Super System 超级系统附身 [AI System Possession + Lighthearted Comedy + Mining and Leveling Up + Strange World + King of Wild Ideas] When you're tired, sleepy, or bored, this book is the wife by your bedside. You'll love her and hate her, but you just can't leave her! 25Reads—Score114d adds
