Library

This book outlines the history of ancient Chinese food, starting from the prehistoric era of consuming hair and drinking blood to artificial fire, the emergence of agriculture and the invention of pottery cooking. It then describes the feasts of the historical era and the four major cuisines of the north and south. It examines the ancient concepts and methods of blending the five flavors, as well as the influence of foreign food culture traditions. There is also a general description of ancient dietary customs, ancient people's dietary functions and personnel, as well as dietary cultural etiquette and food and art traditions.

The prime minister system is an important part of the country's political system, and its formation and evolution are based on specific social and historical stages. Studying the evolution of the prime minister system is of great significance to understanding the historical development of ancient Chinese society. Based on the stage characteristics of the development of the prime minister system in ancient China, this book divides the prime minister system into four stages, which respectively represent the germination, establishment, development and decline of the prime minister system. In these four stages, this book selects some representatives of the prime ministers respectively, using their different roles in history to reflect the characteristics of the prime minister system in different periods.

This book takes "diversity as one" as its outline and the relationship between ethnic integration, national unity and ethnicity in ancient China as a clue to outline the formation and development of the Chinese nation. The ancient Central Plains tribal alliance merged with surrounding tribes to form the Huaxia tribe, which created the powerful Qin and Han dynasties and also created the Han nation itself. After the great ethnic integration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, more ethnic groups and larger-scale unity were formed in the Tang Dynasty, and the heyday of "Hu Yue Family" and "Tianxia Family" emerged. The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties were the growth period of a multi-ethnic unified country. The common struggle of people of all ethnic groups created our great motherland. This is the mainstream of ethnic relations in our country. The extremely tenacious vitality of the Chinese nation comes from its extremely strong cohesion. In Chinese history, regardless of the ups and downs and changes in the situation, the development of the Chinese nation has never been interrupted, and it stands strong and tall among the nations of the world.

Based on a wealth of historical documents, this book provides a relatively comprehensive introduction to the development and evolution of the ancient Chinese supervisory system from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as the establishment and responsibilities of supervisory agencies and supervisory officials in successive feudal dynasties. It reveals the development patterns and main features of the supervisory system in each historical period, and also provides a more vivid description of some typical supervision examples in history. This book is structured with time clues. The clues are clear and the language is fluent. It talks about history and discusses things, learns from the past and the present, and is highly informative and readable.

This book is the first popular book in China to systematically study the history of festival culture. The book introduces in detail the germination, finalization, development process and characteristics of traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival (New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, and Lantern Festival), Qingming, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese Valentine's Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Double Ninth Festival. It also conducts in-depth discussions on various activities, related anecdotes, and stories surrounding the festival. It is a masterpiece in the study of my country's festival culture. The book is fluent in writing, elegant in diction, rich in content and fully cited, and has high academic value. It has been reprinted three times in China and Taiwan and is deeply loved by readers.

Food is the most important thing for the people. Food cannot be separated from grain and oil, and grain and oil production cannot be separated from land. China is a large agricultural country with limited cultivated land. How to distribute cultivated land and who owns it has always been the most basic and important economic relationship issue. Before the land reform, the feudal land ownership system dominated China's rural areas. This system hindered the development of productivity and was the basic source of poverty and backwardness for farmers and the entire country. Therefore, the feudal land system must be abolished. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the vast rural areas of China launched a long, difficult and magnificent struggle to abolish the feudal land system. This book uses time as a clue to discuss the land reform movements during the two domestic revolutionary wars, the Anti-Japanese War, the Liberation War and after the founding of New China, showing the new changes that have taken place in all aspects of the countryside after the completion of the land reform.

The official history of "Historical Records" about Shang Yang's deeds was the first to use the term "reform". For a long time, "reform" has also been regarded as a synonym for "reform". People are generally accustomed to calling reforms that are large-scale and have great impact, especially reforms of the legal system and the political system, that are instigated and presided over by members of the dynasty's ruling clique as "reforms." "History of the Reform" briefly reviews and introduces the history of the Reform, hoping to enhance the understanding of the overall appearance of Chinese history and culture through the understanding and summary of the reforms of the past dynasties.

The government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was established in September 1937, and it took 12 years and four months until the Central People's Government issued an order to establish the Northwest Military and Political Commission on January 19, 1950. It is the core of the Chinese revolution, the guidance center and general rear area of ​​the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, the chief government of each base area, a reputable democratic government, and a clean government. Many policies of the CCP are tested and promoted here, and the party's principles and instructions are issued to various places from here. Here, Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China trained revolutionary cadres, promoted democratic politics and the construction of the legal system, liberated women, launched a large-scale production movement, streamlined troops and streamlined administration, developed culture and education, enriched mass cultural and artistic activities, and carried out foreign affairs activities, leading China to light and victory.

From 1927 to 1937, the Northern Expedition carried out by the Nanjing National Government led by Chiang Kai-shek to unify the country was called the "Northern Expedition", that is, the "Ten Years of Civil War." The Northern Expedition included the war to conquer the remnant forces of the Beiyang warlords, the wars against various factional military groups within the Kuomintang, and the wars to encircle and suppress the workers' and peasants' Red Army and the Red Revolutionary base areas led by the Communist Party of China. This book takes this as the main line, starting from the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, and details the launch of the Second Northern Expedition, the Chiang-Gui War, the Chiang-Feng War, the Chiang-Zhang-Gui War, the Chiang-Tang-Shi War, the Jiang Yan-Feng Gui Central Plains War, and the five Kuomintang and Communist "encirclement and suppression" and counter-"encirclement and suppression" wars. The Red Army's Long March was victorious, but Chiang Kai-shek's goal of annihilating the Red Army failed to be achieved. In 1937, the July 7th Incident broke out, and Japan launched a large-scale war of aggression against China. At the time of national survival, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated again, and the ten-year civil war finally ended.

Although bronze inscriptions are not golden words, through them we can understand the splendor and splendor of ancient Chinese civilization. Chinese characters, which have been passed down from ancient bronze inscriptions, carry dazzling achievements in civilization, and tens of millions of bronze inscriptions have presented the long-lost classical civilization to the world like a scroll. The initial carrier of Shang and Zhou bronze inscriptions was bronze. At the same time, paper carriers and electronic carriers of bronze inscriptions also emerged. Thousands of sails are competing with each other on various carriers, further pushing the study of bronze inscriptions from "unique knowledge" to "explicit knowledge". The periodization of bronze inscriptions is the basic prerequisite for converting Yi inscriptions into historical materials. There are two different methods to determine the age of bronze inscriptions: the standard instrument dating method and the calendar dating method. This is how the historical chain to which the bronze inscriptions belong is formed. To accurately understand the colorful historical information conveyed by Shang and Zhou bronze inscriptions, we must first have a correct interpretation of its language and characters, and only then can we grasp the key to the door to ancient history. When the door of history is opened, the civilizations of Shang and Zhou Dynasties will be presented wonderfully and will last forever.

Oracle bone inscriptions play an important role in the history of Chinese civilization and world civilization. It is of great significance to introduce the research history of oracle bone inscriptions and some knowledge about oracle bone inscriptions to more enthusiasts and general readers, and to promote ancient civilization. The author hopes that through this booklet, I can introduce to readers some knowledge of oracle bone science and the historical overview of academic research on oracle bone inscriptions since the 110th anniversary of the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions, and roughly show one aspect of ancient Chinese civilization.

Text on the back cover of Mortal's "History of the Silk Road" The Silk Road was the link connecting the ancient East and West and the nations along the route, and was the golden bridge built between them. Through it, Chinese silk, which was elegant, luxurious, highly practical and aesthetic, was exported to the West, causing a huge sensation and far-reaching influence. In the process of opening up and developing the Silk Road, the ancestors of the Han and Tang dynasties played a leading role and made indelible and outstanding contributions. Today in the 21st century, an Eurasian continental bridge, known as the new modern "Silk Road" but better than the ancient "Silk Road", is emerging and taking shape. Under this situation, when we study the "Silk Road", we must not only draw lessons from history and summarize the past; we must also connect it with the modern "Eurasian Continental Bridge" and conduct comparative studies to make the past serve the present.

At the beginning of the 7th century AD, the Arab Muhammad founded Islam in West Jazi on the Arabian Peninsula. With the support of believers, he established the world's first Arab Islamic regime in the city of Medina after more than ten years of hard work. In the history of our country, it is called Dashi. This unveiled the history of centuries of friendly exchanges between China and Arabia. This book briefly introduces the history of exchanges between Arabia and China from the 7th to the 19th century. It not only tells about Du Huan's trip to Arabia and Zheng He's exchanges with Arabia during his voyages to the West, but also introduces the ancient trade situation between China and Arabia and the exchanges between Chinese culture and Arab culture. The book especially focuses on the influence of Arab medicine on Chinese medicine. It can be said that this book provides basic information and knowledge for readers to understand the history of mutual learning and integration of Chinese and Arab cultures.

Legalism is one of the hundreds of schools of thought in the pre-Qin period. It is a school guided by the legal system. Its academic thoughts mainly include three aspects: law, technique and momentum. The founder of Legalism was Li Kui, and his book "The Book of Laws" has been the theoretical basis of later Legalism. After that, Wu Qi's practice of Legalist thought in Wei and Chu, Shen Buhe's development of Legalist "shu" thought, Shen Dao's development of Legalist "shi" thought, Shang Yang's two reforms in Qin, and Han Fei's comprehensive summary of Legalist theory, all of which continuously improved Legalist thought step by step. This book focuses on this to introduce readers to the development process of Legalist thought in the pre-Qin period, and at the same time provides an in-depth analysis of its far-reaching impact on society after Qin.

China's acrobatic art has a long historical tradition and is extremely rich and substantial in content. Traditional acrobatics with Chinese characteristics that emerged on the land of China, evolved over the course of history, are radiant treasures in the treasure house of culture and art in our country. This book uses time development as a clue to show us the development of Chinese acrobatics in various historical eras, including Qin and Han, Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. From it we can not only see the wisdom of our ancestors, but also their perseverance, optimism, courage and bold character.

This book uses concise and smooth text to introduce in detail the major events and changes related to the development of Buddhism in ancient Chinese history, the main Buddhist figures and their deeds and thoughts, the rise and fall of many Buddhist sects, the unique style of Chinese monks, etc., While also introducing Buddhist classics. The translation, imprinting and circulation of Buddhism, the origin and core content of the basic theories of Buddhism, the origin, composition and social functions of many Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and other objects of worship are also described in a simple and easy-to-understand way, in order to enable readers to fully understand the process and development trend of Buddhism in China.

The history of the canal, from 613 BC to modern times, has left a profound mark on the land of China. China's canals are one of the symbols of Chinese civilization, especially the North-South Grand Canal, which is a glorious embodiment of Chinese civilization. This book closely focuses on the main line of the canal. Through detailed historical materials and time as a clue, this book introduces the readers to the construction of canals in various dynasties from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, showing the world this great initiative of the Chinese nation.

Chongqing, this famous historical city, is located at the southern foot of Huaying Mountain in the southeastern part of the Sichuan Basin. It is the intersection of the Jialing River and the Yangtze River and is a water transport hub in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It connects Sanshu to the west, Hanmiang to the north, Yunnan and Guizhou to the south, and Jingxiang to the east. It not only controls the routes of western Sichuan, eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan, and southern Sichuan, but also controls the gateways of Yunnan, Guizhou, Kangxi, and Tibet. It has been a battleground for military strategists in the past dynasties and an important military town in the southwest. So many stories have happened in the city of Chongqing in the past hundred years. The forced opening up in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the formation of the economic status of "Shanghai in West China", the surging anti-foreign religious anger, the abnormal development of Chongqing's economy under Liu Xiang's rule, being the companion capital during the Anti-Japanese War, Chongqing negotiations after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, and the final liberation of the mountainous city... This series of important historical events have made Chongqing an important city that cannot be ignored in the modern history of China.

Local chronicles, also known as local chronicles, are a special culture cultivated by 5,000 years of Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, despite the vagaries of the world and the constant changes of dynasties, the work of compiling local chronicles has basically continued uninterrupted. It can be said that this has become a fine tradition of Chinese national culture. Among the rich ancient classics that have survived to this day, local chronicles account for one-tenth. Based on the introduction of relevant knowledge such as the name, type, nature and characteristics of local chronicles, this book follows the historical development trajectory from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Republic of China and tells the entire process of local chronicles from conception, birth, finalization, development to prosperity. It also introduces the social and economic value of local chronicles in the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even the role of these local chronicles in the construction of material and spiritual civilization. This book is rich in content and quotes a lot of local chronicles from past dynasties. It is a good introductory book for understanding the local chronicles of our country.

The Westernization Movement was a reform movement launched throughout the country by the Westernization faction within the Qing government in the mid-19th century to "learn from the barbarians and develop skills to control them." During this reform movement, the Westernizationists actively established schools, developed new industries, and learned advanced foreign technologies in an attempt to enhance national strength, maintain the rule of the Qing government, and lay a certain foundation for China's modernization. This book is divided into ten parts. It not only introduces the historical facts about the occurrence, development, and end of the Westernization Movement, but also provides a detailed description of the historical facts that happened at that time that people are interested in, such as the Great Debate between Court Officials and Xinjiang Officials, the Battle of the Astronomical and Arithmetic School, young children studying abroad, etc. The author restores these events that have a profound impact on later generations one by one, allowing readers to have a more comprehensive understanding of this reform movement in the late Qing Dynasty. It provides a more comprehensive version of this history for contemporary readers to have a deeper understanding of.

The compradors we are talking about here mainly refer to people who serve Western businessmen. They probably originated after the Western colonial forces came eastward in the mid-Ming Dynasty and engaged in commercial activities on the southeast coast of China. Compradors played a huge role in China's modern politics and economy. From an economic perspective, they not only help foreign investors collect economic information, solicit business, and even help foreign investors advance capital and manage Chinese employees. While they wholeheartedly help foreign investors earn large profits, they also quickly accumulate their own wealth. With the continuous improvement of economic status, compradors also began to have a say in politics. Some major political activities that occurred in China's modern history were inseparable from the active participation of compradors. This book uses time as a clue to outline in detail the development and evolution of compradors in China's modern history.

Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient my country. It has made a huge contribution to the development of world civilization. To this day, it still plays an indispensable role in spreading knowledge and promoting social progress. Taking time as the main line, this book describes the printing overview of the Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Xixia, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty. It shows us the different characteristics of the development of printing technology in different dynasties. It also details the control and utilization of the printing and publishing industry in each dynasty, the publishing system formulated by the central and local governments of each dynasty, official book engraving, private book engraving, private printing and publishing activities, as well as representative publications and major printers. This book is rich in pictures and texts, explains things in simple terms, and is highly readable. It is a good entry-level book for readers who want to understand the history of printing in ancient China.

Mr. Chen Sanjing, a researcher at the Institute of Modern History of Academia Sinica, described the academic exchanges between cross-strait history circles since the 1980s based on his own personal experience. The author served as the director of the Institute of Modern History of Academia Sinica for seven years. During this period, he had many exchanges and contacts with mainland scientific research institutions and universities, and also established close personal relationships with many mainland scholars. As a participant and witness of this period of history, the author has personally experienced from the early "difficulties and obstacles, it is really difficult to fly across the natural chasm" to the current "spring river with warm water, the boat has passed thousands of mountains". With emotion, he cannot help but be willing to "express the bitterness and taste of it", saying that he "aims to leave some auspicious pieces of evidence for this period of history." The author writes calmly and fluently, and the "story" behind the scenes is even more intriguing.

Anyang, Xi'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Beijing are famous capitals in Chinese history and are known as the seven ancient capitals. They are the backbone of Chinese civilization and the treasures and essence of Chinese national culture. Based on archaeological data and combined with documentary records, this book provides a comprehensive and systematic description of the architectural layout and inheritance and evolution of China's seven ancient capitals, the main building groups of the capitals, the social life of ancient capitals, as well as the politics, economy, culture, military, geography, history, evolution and other aspects related to the capitals, fully reflecting the overview of China's seven ancient capitals.

China and Japan are close neighbors separated by a strip of water and a navigable reed. Since ancient times, China and Japan have maintained a history of uninterrupted cultural exchanges. It can also be said that the "cultural bond" has held the two countries together for a long time. They have jointly created a glorious human civilization and made their respective contributions to the progress of the world. This book takes the Sino-Japanese relations in various historical periods as the background and comprehensively and systematically describes the history of cultural exchanges between China and Japan over thousands of years. In particular, it describes and analyzes the major events and their impacts of cultural exchanges in various periods, as well as the relevant activities and roles of important figures.

This book starts from the name of Macao, and introduces in detail the historical events that have occurred in Macao in the past century, Macao's economic development, Macao's cultural and social development, the historical origins of Macao and mainland China, Macao's return and other issues. From this we can see the ups and downs that Macau has experienced in the past century. This book can be used as a good introductory book to understand the history and current situation of Macao.

Christianity is one of the major religions in the world with a history of nearly 2,000 years and has been introduced to China for more than 1,300 years. Although Christianity has a long history in China and has gone through several different historical stages including the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and the 19th century to the present day, its vitality has been very fragile over a long historical period. Christianity was once glorious because it was favored by feudal rulers, but it also eclipsed or disappeared because it lost the favor of the current rulers or due to the change of dynasties. Only in the 19th century, under the protection of a series of unequal treaties signed between the Western imperialist powers and the Qing government, did it take root, blossom, and bear fruit in the land of China. From the perspective of the development process, the history of Christianity in China is like a river with a trickle at its source and an increasingly wider downstream. Its content becomes simpler as it gets older, richer as it gets closer, and more subtle and complex.

Shanghai, as the largest city in mainland China today; one of the four central municipalities; is the economic, financial, trade and shipping center of mainland China. Hundreds of years ago, it was just a small port close to land in the vast ocean. However, in modern times, especially in 1845, after about two years of negotiations between the British and the Qing government, the "Shanghai Land Charter" allowed the British to open up modern China on this small port. The first concession in mainland China was the British Concession in Shanghai. Later, France and the United States successively opened concessions in Shanghai. The opening of the British, French and American concessions was on the one hand the beginning of modern China's century-old history of humiliation. On the other hand, it also promoted the formation and development of Shanghai's urbanization. Developing modern Shanghai into the most distinctive city in modern China. This book briefly describes the history and development of Shanghai. It is rich in content and vivid and interesting in language. It is a good popular reading to understand the development situation of Shanghai.

The 1911 Revolution of 1911 was a major event in China's five thousand years of history and the beginning of the Chinese nation's reconstruction of a modern China. The Revolution of 1911 deliberately imitated the French Revolution 120 years ago, using violent means to shatter an old world and establish a new China. The Revolution of 1911 surpassed the French Revolution. It not only overthrew the monarchy and established a republic, but also avoided a bloody civil war. It reflected the unique wisdom of the Chinese people - to conquer the enemy without fighting.

Philosophy is an ancient topic. This book describes the emergence, development and evolution of Chinese philosophy in more detail, starting from the pre-Qin Dynasty to before the Opium War. Through the whole book, we can see a series of familiar figures such as Laozi, Confucius, Han Fei, Jia Yi, Wang Chong, Guo Xiang, Wang Yangming, Huang Zongxi, Dai Zhen, etc. Their thoughts, scholarship, and influence are all shown to us through the author's words. Our country is a country with a long history and rich culture and ideas. After thousands of years of development, Chinese philosophy has also formed its own characteristics. This is the contribution of Chinese philosophy to the thinking of all mankind.

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. It has continuously nurtured Chinese civilization for thousands of years. However, in history, due to flooding and frequent overflows, it has also caused disasters to people on both sides of the river. This book uses vivid and vivid language to systematically describe to readers the historical process of our ancestors' understanding, development and utilization of the Yellow River, the changes in the course of the Yellow River and the evolution history of soil erosion in the Yellow River Basin, as well as the important impact of the Yellow River on Chinese history.

This book elaborates on the origin and development of Chinese agriculture, the domestication, introduction and utilization of animals and plants, the innovation and evolution of traditional agricultural tools, and the traditional Chinese agricultural science system, revealing the rich connotations and great achievements of Chinese traditional agriculture and agricultural science and technology. This book uses rich historical materials and irrefutable facts to explain the extensive system of ancient Chinese agricultural diversification and the fine tradition of intensive farming fostered by this system. It is the deepest material foundation for the long-lasting prosperity of Chinese civilization and one of the most precious cultural heritages left by our ancestors to contemporary China and the world.

On the morning of August 29, 1842, outside Nanjing, on the British flagship "Gao Huali" moored on the river, a signing ceremony to end the Opium War was held. Qiying and Yilibu first signed and stamped the Treaty of Nanjing on behalf of the Qing government; then, Pu Dingcha signed his name on the treaty on behalf of Britain. Then, there was a cheer from the British people inside and outside the cabin. In Chinese history, this is a tragedy that has far-reaching impact and is extremely heavy. These pieces of paper signed with the names of the Chinese and British representatives announced the arrival of an era of profound suffering in China. From then on, China began to be forced into a series of unequal treaties, became the target of blackmail by foreign powers, and fell into the abyss of semi-colony.

There are two ethnic groups, Mongolian and Tibetan. One is distributed in northern China from the Horqin Grassland in the east to the Bortala grasslands and Gobi at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains in the west; the other is distributed in the snow-covered Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the northern foot of the Himalayas in southwest China. The two groups were originally geographically separated and separated by language and culture. However, due to the Mongolians going west and the Tibetans coming east more than 7 centuries ago, military commanders from one side and eminent monks from the other side gathered at the foot of the Qilian Mountains, which opened the prelude to the historical relationship and cultural exchanges between the two nations. From then on, the destinies of the two ethnic groups, Mongolia and Tibet, were closely linked, with constant exchanges between them during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. This book selects the unique perspective of Mongolian and Tibetan cultural exchanges. Based on an overview of the historical and cultural origins of the two ethnic groups, this book describes the military and political activities of the Mongolians in Tibet during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and the process of Tibetan Sakya and Gelug monks promoting Buddhism and spreading culture in Mongolian areas. At the same time, through the analysis and comparison of many cultural events, the exchange, absorption and complementarity between the two nations in philosophy, literature, folklore, and even medicine are described, thereby revealing the inevitable objective laws of cultural exchanges between different nations.

Literati throughout the ages have all attached great importance to study utensils. Among the many literary utensils, the most treasured by literati are pens, ink, paper, and inkstones. These four kinds of study utensils are elegantly called the "Four Treasures of the Study". The Four Treasures of the Study are not only precious cultural heritage in the history of the development of Chinese civilization, but also Chinese literati of all ages have used them to create splendid cultural products such as calligraphy, calligraphy and painting, and books and albums. Due to the development of the times, the Four Treasures of the Chinese Study have transformed from cultural items into collectibles, which is unmatched by any modern writing tools. Part of the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture can be vividly reproduced through the development process of the Four Treasures of the Study and the comments and appreciation of the Four Treasures of the Study by the wise sages of the past dynasties. From the perspective of collection, this book relies on a large number of unearthed cultural relics and historical documents to introduce readers to the history of the emergence, development and collection of the Four Treasures of the Study in a relatively detailed yet popular and vivid manner. Through the narration of this book, I believe readers will have a more comprehensive and thorough understanding of the Four Treasures of the Study, the essence of our country's tradition.

Higher education in modern China sprouted in the mid-to-late 19th century. The rulers at that time, while learning about the strength of ships and artillery from the Western powers, began to gradually accept the material civilization achievements of Western society. Since the 1960s, the Westernizationists first established a number of practical-centered junior colleges in several metropolitan areas. However, the imperial examination system in traditional education still occupied an absolute dominant position in society at that time. After the founding of the Republic of China, the development of modern university education was still very slow. After the May 4th Movement, with the spread of democracy and scientific ideas, especially the development of modern national industry and commerce, society's demand for new talents has greatly increased. China's higher education has also developed rapidly, laying a good foundation for the gradual development of universities in the future.

This year, we dedicate a new series of books to our readers: the Book and People Series. We hope that you can gain profound insights from relatively easy reading. What is introduced here is Ge Zhaoguang's "Walking through the Forest of Books and Broken Slips" (the other three books published at the same time are "East Wind and West Wind" by Ge Xiaojia and Luo Zhitian, "Between Reality and Virtuality" by Hu Baoguo, and "Portraits of Famous People from Qin and Han Dynasties" by Wang Zijin). This book contains "all articles related to books", so it is named "Walking through the Forest of Books". From the experience of "being entangled or dependent on each other" with books, the author summarizes three realms or methods of reading, namely "travel, hunting and detective". The author's reading is undoubtedly detective-style. The article often starts from a book, or discusses the current situation and shortcomings of related research fields, or explains his own understanding of historical concepts and methods, and even includes feelings about the personal experience and interests of the author of the book in question, as well as his concern for the changes of the times and social life. The author's "Zen Buddhism and Chinese Culture" in the 1980s and "History of Chinese Thought" at the turn of the century both influenced Xuelin. Although this book only has about 100,000 words, and each article is only four to five thousand words, it fully demonstrates the author's profound academic foundation and excellent ability to control words.

Guangzhou is a famous historical and cultural city in my country. Guangzhou has a long history, superior natural environment and geographical location, forming a unique local culture. Guangzhou has been the gateway to southern China and an important port for foreign trade since ancient times. It is also a city with a glorious revolutionary tradition. Many cultural and historical celebrities in modern times, such as Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Yat-sen, etc., Have left revolutionary footprints here. And this "History of Guangzhou" will show you the city's yesterday's glory one by one.

Looking at the history of China's economic development in the modern century, we can see that the shadow of inflation is always accompanied by the replacement of social systems, transformation of economic systems and major changes in economic policies, sometimes appearing and disappearing, rising and falling. With this theme as its theme, this book focuses on introducing all the inflation events that occurred in Chinese history from the late Qing Dynasty to the Kuomintang rule, analyzing the causes of their occurrence, and their impact on Chinese society, hoping to draw lessons from them and better serve the economic development of modern society.

The gestation and birth of China's modern shipping industry began after the Opium War. The invasion of foreign capitalist shipping power has seriously affected and restricted the development of China's shipping industry. It not only directly distorted the evolution process of the old wooden ship shipping industry, but also objectively stimulated the emergence of the new ship shipping industry. The intertwining of the semi-colonialization process and the modernization process constitutes the basic content of the vicissitudes of China's shipping history over the past century. In a certain sense, the history of China's modern shipping is a history of humiliation and disaster in which the national shipping industry was invaded, destroyed, bullied, and excluded by foreign powers. It is also a history of struggle and development in which it rose up under the heavy oppression of capitalism and domestic feudal forces and their agents to restore navigation rights in the rivers and seas and revitalize national shipping.

Before the Opium War, the three towns in Wuhan had already developed and prospered as feudal towns, especially Hankou, which became one of the four famous towns because of its developed commerce. After the Opium War, Hankou was opened to trade. Under the impact of capitalism and the Westernization movement's "rich country and strong army" construction, Wuhan prospered abnormally. On the one hand, the colonial expansion of Western powers brought serious disasters to the people; on the other hand, in order to narrow the gap between the East and the West, the people of Wuhan actively absorbed Western advanced civilization and at the same time actively resisted foreign aggression. The Shou Uprising in Wuchang became the starting point that changed the history of China; the warlords brought disaster to Hubei, and the revolutionary torrent was turbulent. During the White Terror of the National Government, the Communist Party of China led the workers' and peasants' movement; under the iron heel of the Japanese army, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party joined hands to resist Japan; during the storm of opposition to the rule of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang rule collapsed and the city of Wuhan was reborn. Wuhan's difficult and tortuous development trajectory over the past century is condensed in one book.

This book introduces in detail the history of ancient Chinese people's use of water to bring advantages and eliminate disadvantages. Prosperity mainly refers to building farmland water conservancy, digging canals, expanding waterways, and establishing urban water supply and drainage systems; eliminating disadvantages mainly refers to flood drainage and waterlogging prevention, especially preventing the overflow of major rivers such as the Yellow River and Yangtze River and the invasion of coastal tides. Since ancient times, the establishment of water conservancy and flood prevention and control have been major issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood. In the long history of 4,000 years, a number of people and events have emerged that are worthy of praise and praise. Zheng Guo, Li Bing, Ximen Bao, Guo Shoujing, etc. Are all well-deserved heroes among them. They have accumulated rich experience and lessons for our future generations in practice.

China is a country with ancient civilization. In the history of civilization that lasts for thousands of years, Chinese culture has always been among the most advanced in the world. Therefore, it has gradually formed the concept of calling itself the "Celestial Kingdom". However, since the mid-19th century, the course of world history has undergone dramatic changes. European and American countries started with the Industrial Revolution. Modern science and technology were rapidly transformed into productive forces. The emerging bourgeoisie also established a set of political systems and ideologies to safeguard their own interests. European and American countries rapidly developed into capitalist powers. It was against this background that China began its history of learning from the West, and the history of studying abroad also began. This book takes the study abroad in China's modern history as the main line, and outlines the trajectory of studying abroad in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China in concise and popular language.

The term etiquette and customs has been used many times as early as in the book "Zhou Li", often juxtaposing it with the political system. Since the pre-Qin era, etiquette and customs have been different from the entire "ritual". It has a certain scope, as stated in the "Book of Rites: Kingship" chapter: "Six etiquette: crown, fainting, funeral, sacrifice, hometown, and meeting." Modern folklore summarizes them as "life etiquette", that is, in several growth stages of each member of society, these etiquette forms play different roles from family to society, expressing the ethical interpersonal relationships between individuals, families, and society. This book uses time as a clue to tell the origin, development and evolution of the "six rites" and the etiquette and customs of birth, education, growth, old age and death in China from the pre-Qin Dynasty to modern times. It also introduces the specific implementation of various etiquette and customs in various periods from the royal family to the private sector, regions and ethnic groups. It also gives a concise introduction to the etiquette regulations and famous objects contained in ancient books, so that readers can fully understand the whole picture of Chinese etiquette and customs culture, and see the various forms of living beings in ancient society.

As the power of the monarch gradually strengthened, the scope of government administration over the people became wider and wider, the ranks of bureaucracy continued to expand, officials were assigned more and more detailed duties, and the monarch's management of officials became more and more strict, forming an increasingly complex official system. This book mainly introduces the official system of unified dynasties in the past dynasties. It is written in a systematic way and is divided into five aspects: the central decision-making system, the central government system, the local administrative system, the supervisory system and the military system. It aims to reflect the overall evolution of the ancient official system through the changes in each official system, and at the same time examine the relationship between the monarchy and the official system as well as the gains and losses of the official management system.

After the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The countryside went bankrupt and all industries withered. Bankrupt farmers and craftsmen had to leave their homes and go out to make a living. In addition, in order to develop colonies, the Western colonialists needed a large number of cheap labor and began to sell Chinese labor on the southeast coast of China. This formed the first large-scale immigration wave. A large number of Chinese came overseas and worked hard in foreign lands to make a living. The history of overseas Chinese over the past century is both a history of arduous entrepreneurial struggle and a history of sufferings stained with blood and tears. It contains not only their tears and blood, but also their hardships and hardships. It also contains their pure hearts and their common hatred for the enemy, and they fought together for the national calamity. After reading this, one cannot help but stand in awe of the patriotic overseas Chinese.

If we explore the origin of a print, what story will it tell today, and what evidence will it provide for the past? They tell stories about Westerners' tireless pursuit of Oriental wonders. Behind the old and yellow prints, there is a pair of blue eyes dancing around, revealing a strong sense of curiosity. China's traditional culture, social system, customs, dancing and solid art are all vividly described by their pen of exploration. The images and words were brought out of the country by foreigners hundreds of years ago. They speak of the changing times of empire and imperial power. Western printmaking spans about 300 years, which was the era when the West moved from the Middle Ages to the capitalist industrial revolution, the era when great powers colonized the world, and the era when China moved from a unified imperial society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. From the late Ming and early Qing dynasties to the heyday of Kangxi and Qianlong, Western painters showed great awe towards the imperial capital. The imperial city buildings are depicted as solemn, neat, grand and brilliant. With the advancement of history and the evolution of the Qing Dynasty's foreign policy, the painter's brush has also shifted from respectful to overlooking, ridiculing, and even indifference. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing imperial capital that appeared in Western prints showed a scene of decline and destruction. The city was devastated, the eyes of all living beings were bitter, and the great powers were arrogant. The streets are filled with foreign products, and the imperial authority in the Forbidden City is in disgrace. As you flip through the pages, you can't help but sigh at the decline of this image. Their prints are like opening an ancient website today, allowing us to understand long-lost moments. Perhaps this is the value these prints bring to readers.

The map is as light as a piece of paper and has a thin face, but its vision is broad and its perspective is high. Old city maps are a category among the cultural heritage of images. The old Beijing map is like a mirror placed on the ground, reflecting how Beijing was laid out and built in the imperial capital era, how the city's geography and landmarks affected people and events in history, and ultimately participated in the formation of Beijing's urban character and the customs and spirit of Beijingers. Most of the books about old Beijing focus on the period after the Republic of China, and most of them tell anecdotes about Hutongs. However, by that time, Beijing had lost its momentum as an imperial capital, and its cultural accumulation was relatively shallow. To respect the traditions of Beijing and praise the glory left by our ancestors, we must understand the ancient city in the imperial capital era. Some of the maps in the book were carved by Chinese, but most of them are from Western works. The time span begins in the 15th century and extends to the 1930s of the 20th century at the latest. Many maps have never been introduced in China, or although there are drawings, no one has done any research, analysis or deduction. Through the production of maps, the paths of circulation, and the living environment of people, especially the information on the maps, the author interprets the main line of humanity that continues in the capital.

This book is one of Mr. Lu Simian's four chronological histories. It is one of the most basic reference books for studying the history of the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and has become a classic work in the academic history of modern China. This book is divided into two parts. The first half is political history, arranged in the order of historical events; the second half is socioeconomic and cultural history, narrated by categories.

This book is the Song and Yuan parts of the "Popular Romance of Chinese Dynasties" series written by Cai Dongfan, a famous romance novelist and historian in the Republic of China (mainly about some historical events in the Han Dynasty). This series of books is both a historical masterpiece and a literary masterpiece. Reading "Popular Romance of Chinese Dynasties" can not only understand Chinese history, but also appreciate legendary stories. It can be said to be the best of both worlds. Its historical value is higher than its literary value. The greatest feature of this series is the author's strict pursuit of historical truth. Although this series of books by Cai Dongfan is written as a historical romance, "every word has its own origin" and strives to have its main plots based on historical records. Naturally, as a "romance", he also has fiction, especially dialogues between characters. However, the author was very cautious when writing, striving to fit the specific historical environment and the character of specific historical figures, and did not dare to make up any random things. Therefore, this series of books can be read as history. It is a masterpiece integrating literature and history.