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Memorial essays are a large collection of ancient Chinese articles and have important research value. This book aims to examine the origin, generation and development of memorials in ancient China, and to clearly define the concept, research scope and stylistic characteristics of the genre. Focusing on the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it conducts a stylistic analysis of memorials and related styles as well as the main categories of memorials. This book believes that memorials are petitions or discussion documents submitted to the monarch by central officials and local governors sent by the central government from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in ancient Chinese society when they exercised their participation in and discussion of political power. Memorials are the product of ancient Chinese bureaucratic political system and ritual and music culture. Its intrinsic attribute is "the status of monarch and minister" and its external characteristic is "imperial nature". Ancient Chinese memorials were conceived in the pre-Qin period and formally came into being in the Qin Dynasty. During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, the compilation of memorial collections and the study of memorial style contributed to the formation of the concept of memorial genre. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the study of zouyi style gradually became more and more in-depth. When Yao Nai's "Ancient Wen Ci Lei Tu" was published, the name "zouyi" was finally established. The stylistic analysis part of this book compares memorials with related styles such as imperial edicts, petitions, and lianzhu to examine the stylistic functions and characteristics of memorials. It also analyzes the main titles of memorials such as "Zhang", "Table", "Zou", "Yi", "Shu", "Qi", "Countermeasures" and "Fengshi", etc., And examines its stylistic format, stylistic function, stylistic characteristics and development changes. The innovation of this book is to make a more detailed analysis of the name and reality of the memorials from the perspective of stylistic generation, and to make a more detailed stylistic analysis of the main titles of the memorials.

The former Qin destroyed the former Yan and the latter, and then successively destroyed the former Liang and Dai, and unified the north. In the Battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty was defeated miserably. Murong Chui took the opportunity to leave Fu Jian for an excuse, stayed in Guandong, raised troops to restore the country, and established his capital in Zhongshan, which was known as Later Yan in history. After the Battle of Shenhebei, Murong Chui died of illness, Tuoba Wei marched southward to the Central Plains, and Murong Bao abandoned Zhongshan and retreated to Longcheng. Hou Yan passed through Murong Bao and Murong Sheng in Longcheng, and finally died at the hands of Murong Xi. This book is divided into six parts: general history, classics, biography, textual research, charts, and chronology of major events, trying to give a comprehensive introduction to the history of Later Yan.

This book takes mythology as a research perspective and takes the "Shiji", the source of Chinese official history, as a whole research object to explore why there are a lot of myths in the official history and what Sima Qian's intention was in writing the history book in this way. The writing of "Historical Records" reflects the long-standing mythological narrative context in ancient classics and continues the tradition of witchcraft history in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The Western Han Dynasty was at a time when "witchcraft" and "history" were gradually alternating, so it had a rational, rigorous, and systematic historical expression that was recognized by later generations. However, at the same time, the book also left a large number of myths, legends, dreams, spells, divination and other "indecent teachings" about the legacy of witchcraft. The two are not inconsistent with each other. This is the deep reason and cultural background for the use of myths as historical materials in "Historical Records". The Western Han Dynasty coincided with the establishment of a unified empire. Sima Shigong's use of myths not only continued the cultural context, but also had the intention of using it for the present. Therefore, there are two levels of interpretation of mythological narratives in "Historical Records": one is the subconscious level, which is the unconscious inheritance and development of mythological thinking; the other is the ideological level, which is based on the subconscious level, using the deep-rooted influence of mythical thinking on religious culture, academic thought and folk beliefs to organize and transform the myths and legends handed down from previous generations, so as to "set up Shinto teachings" and complete new historical expressions. In this era background and cultural atmosphere, the use of a large number of mythological materials in the official history "Historical Records" appeared.

This book selects and compiles 22 papers that the author has engaged in research on Ming history since 1983. It is divided into three parts: the first part is system and culture, including 11 papers; the second part is archives and documents, including 7 papers; the third part is academic and memory, including 3 reminiscence articles and 1 review article. The research covers a wide range of areas and is rich in content, covering many fields such as Ming Dynasty politics, economy, law, military, finance, culture, religion, society, Sino-foreign relations, archival documents, etc. It is an academic exploration of the overall thinking and detailed narrative of the study of Ming history, the study of the historical development process of the Ming Dynasty, the theoretical discussion of the country and society in the Ming Dynasty, and the excavation, organization and utilization of Ming Dynasty archival documents.

Former Yan was a local government established by Murong Xianbei with the Northeast as its political center. It began in the sixth year of Taikang (285), the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty, and ended in the fifth year of Taihe (370), the deposed Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Murong Xian established Qian Yan, Murong Wei claimed to be King of Yan, and Murong Jun proclaimed himself emperor. The country was destroyed during the period of Murong Wei. It lasted for 4 generations and lasted for 85 years. This book organizes the historical events of the former Yan Dynasty into general history, classics, biographies, diagrams, textual research, and chronology of major events, etc., And shows the historical process of the former Yan rulers and their auxiliary political groups who worked hard to make the local government established by Murong Xianbei go from a corner of the northeast to the Central Plains, and became one of the sixteen countries established by the "Five Hus" during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The capital structure from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty was in an important period of change, transformation and finalization of the ancient Chinese capital structure. Mainly based on archaeological survey and excavation data, this book introduces and discusses the planning concepts and layout of formal capitals such as Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, Lin'an Prefecture in the Southern Song Dynasty, Shangjing in the Liao Dynasty, Shangjing in the Jin Dynasty, Zhongdu in the Jin Dynasty, Shangdu in the Yuan Dynasty, Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, Nanjing City in the Ming Dynasty, and Beijing City in the Ming Dynasty. This book believes that each capital is the materialized form of its planning concept. Therefore, this book presents the specific structure of each capital's layout in a relatively complete manner, making it a platform for comprehensive, in-depth, and connotative research on each capital. On this basis, it analyzes its characteristics and layout art, analyzes the inheritance and evolution relationship between the layouts of various capitals, summarizes the commonalities of the layout of the capitals in this period, and explores the development and change rules of the layout of the capitals in this period.

Yuan Shikai was an important figure in the history of modern China. He had a significant impact on the development and progress of society in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and influenced the process of modern Chinese history. He is worthy of extensive and in-depth study by the academic community. However, the current academic research on Yuan Shikai is still insufficient. It is limited to the research perspectives of political history and revolutionary history, and ignores Yuan Shikai's control and grasp of the economic situation. This book collects the author's more than 20 years of research on Yuan Shikai and Beiyang history, which can provide researchers with a more multi-dimensional perspective to observe Yuan Shikai. The book is divided into seven parts, respectively discussing the theory, methods and research status of Yuan Shikai's research, the study of Yuan Shikai and social changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the study of Yuan Shikai and China's military modernization, the study of Yuan Shikai and China's educational modernization, etc. It conducts a comprehensive and in-depth study of Yuan Shikai. In the current research on Yuan Shikai, he is the leader and unique. This work is based on historical archival documents, with a balanced argument and comprehensive analysis, and represents the current cutting-edge level of Yuan Shikai's research.

The conflict between Manchu and Han was one of the core contents and fundamental features of the political history of the Qing Dynasty. This book is based on the advanced relevant achievements in the academic field. From the overall perspective of the Qing Dynasty, it combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, focusing on the upper class of the ruling class, and based on the measurement data of the four central agencies of the Cabinet, the Ministry, the Military Aircraft Department, the General Administration and the local governors. It is the first time to systematically imitate the Jiashen Yishu. In the nearly thirty years since the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the relationship between the Manchu-Han conflict and many political and political changes such as the Sino-Japanese War, the Sino-Japanese War, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Gengzi Incident, Southeast Mutual Protection, the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, and the Revolution of 1911 has highlighted the complexity, tortuousness, and rich layers of the political history of the late Qing Dynasty, and has made some achievements.

This book is part of the author's study and research on Chinese historical geography and Qin history and culture. The main content is divided into four parts: (1) Research on the history and culture of the Qin State, including 9 papers, which mainly studies the regional development of the Qin State and its cultural spirit, the development of the Qin State's industry and commerce, the Qin State's Eastern Expedition, and the political characteristics of the Qin Zhao Dynasty. (2) Research on "Shui Jing Zhu", including 4 papers and notes, mainly discussing issues such as the writing of "Shui Jing Zhu" and the significance of the temples and regional descriptions contained in "Shui Jing Zhu". (3) Research on historical towns and settlements, including 12 papers, mainly discussing the concept of unifying Wancheng, the Ming Dynasty's capital building, and the urban geography and culture of the Loess Plateau in the Qing Dynasty; (4) Research on other issues in historical geography, including 4 papers and interviews and questions, mainly discussing Yansui Town, Shaanxi Weaving Bureau, Money Making Bureau, and the history of Ming Dynasty The main ideas and practices of Nianhai's historical geography, as well as the basic views on historical military geography and its research: The above parts record the author's study and research on historical geography and Qin history and culture, and reflect the author's basic attitude, path and partial thinking in learning and engaging in related academic research.

Analyze the political game between the Song and Jin Dynasties and restore the officialdom ecology in troubled times. The defeat of Jingkang, which occurred in the late Northern Song Dynasty, was a major tragedy in Chinese history that destroyed the country, destroyed the family, and left the people in dire straits. Based on historical data analysis and scenario restoration, this book reproduces the complete details of the Battle of Taiyuan in the Song and Jin Dynasties, and presents the entire process of the game between the Song and Jin Dynasties and the defeat of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty. The author describes in detail the march route and siege tactics adopted by the Jin Army, the defense strategies of Taiyuan soldiers and civilians, the chaotic political situation of the Northern Song Dynasty, the military laws to be defended from it, and the many military actions of the first-class generals in the Northern Song Dynasty. It not only reproduces the beacon fire weapons on the battlefield, but also provides a thought-provoking and rich historical interpretation of why the Northern Song Dynasty failed.

This book is a historical academic work that specializes in studying the numerous crimes committed by the "Bo" 8604 unit of the Japanese invaders stationed in Guangzhou in various bacterial operations in the southern provinces of China. The content covers a large number of historical facts such as the research on various bacteria and the implementation of various bacterial operations by the "Bo" 8604 unit in the seven years from its establishment to its disbandment. It also covers the academic research on the "Bo" 8604 unit by the Chinese and Japanese academic circles in more than half a century after the Second World War. This book is the first academic work dedicated to studying the criminal norms of bacteriological warfare carried out by the "Bo" 8604 unit. It has serious content, rigorous logic, complete structure, and more substantial and reliable historical materials. Much of the content in the book is the first disclosure of new crimes committed by the "Bo" 8604 unit in carrying out bacteriological warfare. It is of indispensable academic significance for studying the bacteriological warfare carried out by the Japanese invaders in the southern provinces of China.

This book conducts a systematic study of the early history of the Qin people from Dongyi, especially since they migrated westward to Yong, the capital of Degong. Using new historical documents and archaeological materials and multidisciplinary methods, we will focus on the origin and clan origin of Ying Qin, the exploration of the deeds of the founder of Ying Qin and the feudal state with the surname Ying, the five westward migrations and Ying Qin's settlement in Xicui, Zhongyi's return to Zhou and the rise of the Qin people, Feizi's enfeoffment to Qin and the founding of the Xianggong, Wen Gong's entry into the Pass and the rise of the Qin people, and other historical mysteries and major issues. Multi-directional excavation, multi-angle analysis and multi-level exploration have sorted out the development clues of the Qin people from the Dongyi tribe to the Ying surname feudal state and then to the formation and rise of the Qin people to found the country. It has revealed the tortuous, arduous and magnificent rise trajectory and evolution process of the Qin people, and initially constructed the time and space coordinates and logical framework of the early historical development of the Qin people.

The rise of the Taiping Army was rooted in the corruption of officials in the Qing government, who forced the people to rebel. But not long ago, civil unrest also broke out in the areas ruled by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. This phenomenon has profound implications. Previous studies on the Taiping Rebellion focused more on the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty and less (or not at all) on the people's resistance to the Taiping Rebellion, which raises the intriguing question of "resisting the rebels." For even a "revolutionary" regime, to maintain long-term peace and stability, the direction and direction of the people's hearts and minds are also top-level issues. Through the study and judgment of more than 170 typical cases, this book gives a panoramic view of the interaction and influence between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom regime and the people. Based on specialized research on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's political history and military history, it constructs an important aspect of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's social history (the history of popular resistance) and objectively summarizes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's historical experience and historical lessons.

Yunnan bacteriological warfare was carried out under the unified command of the Japanese base camp, with Unit 9420 of the Japanese Southern Army Bacteriological Warfare Unit as the main force, supplemented by other bacteriological warfare units. To study bacterial warfare in Yunnan, we must first explore the history of Unit 9420 of the Japanese invaders. The bacteriological warfare carried out by the Japanese invaders in Yunnan included attacks on humans and animals. The attacks on humans were mainly two forms of warfare: cholera bacteriological warfare and plague bacteriological warfare. This is the foothold and focus of this study. This book is the latest, most systematic and detailed study of the Japanese invasion of China Unit 9420 and the germ warfare in Yunnan so far in China. The author firmly believes that the relevant files on germ warfare disclosed by Japan in the future will prove the value of this research. Not only that, the author also hopes that this work can give new research connotation to the bacterial warfare of the Japanese invaders in Yunnan, and in this way promote the research of the 9420th Unit of the Japanese invaders and the bacterial warfare in Yunnan at home and abroad.

Starting from the mentality, based on collected works and historical materials, and combining individuals, times, society, and culture, it is the focus and rationale of the author's research to explore the interactions, activities, thoughts, and creative achievements of scholars. The first part of the manuscript is about the study of scholar associations during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the second part is about the study of the mentality and ideological culture of ancient scholars.

Did the Yuan Dynasty die from inflation? From the rise of Genghis Khan to the decline and fall of the Yuan Dynasty, this is a history of the rise and decline of the Yuan Dynasty with finance as the line. A new work by the well-known historical writer Guo Jianlong! This book begins with the financial impact of Genghis Khan's Western expeditions. Genghis Khan adopted various measures such as the military plunder system, the Darucha Chi system, and the surrender system. He used the commercial spirit to establish a larger global political power and laid important economic, cultural, and political foundations for the Yuan Dynasty, the most commercial dynasty in ancient Chinese history. During the Kublai Khan period, serious financial risks and institutional malpractices arose due to the massive conquests. Subsequent emperors rotated like a revolving lantern, paving the way for the outcome of the Yuan Dynasty. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were hesitant between the Mongolian and Han cultures, and the financial and political imbalance between the north and the south made the Yuan Dynasty's life hang on a thread. Open this book to unearth the mystery of the short life of the Yuan Dynasty from multiple dimensions and get a glimpse of the financial undercurrent of the historical evolution of ancient China.

This series of books records the history from myths and legends: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou - to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It uses a combination of hand-painted style and historical pictures, and selects nearly a thousand color pictures and photos of precious cultural relics. After rigorous research, it uses realistic techniques to express historical events and character costumes, allowing children to be immersed in the scenes, conveying correct historical knowledge, and enriching children's aesthetic experience. This book uses experience and language that children can understand to describe the people, events, times, places, and things that have had a profound impact on Chinese history. It makes the originally abstract and difficult concepts or complex backgrounds lively and interesting, and establishes a clear concept of China's official history for children.

This series of books records the history from myths and legends: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou - to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It uses a combination of hand-painted style and historical pictures, and selects nearly a thousand color pictures and photos of precious cultural relics. After rigorous research, it uses realistic techniques to express historical events and character costumes, allowing children to be immersed in the scenes, conveying correct historical knowledge, and enriching children's aesthetic experience. This book uses experience and language that children can understand to describe the people, events, times, places, and things that have had a profound impact on Chinese history. It makes the originally abstract and difficult concepts or complex backgrounds lively and interesting, and establishes a clear concept of China's official history for children.

This series of books records the history from myths and legends: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou - to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It uses a combination of hand-painted style and historical pictures, and selects nearly a thousand color pictures and photos of precious cultural relics. After rigorous research, it uses realistic techniques to express historical events and character costumes, allowing children to be immersed in the scenes, conveying correct historical knowledge, and enriching children's aesthetic experience. This book uses experience and language that children can understand to describe the people, events, times, places, and things that have had a profound impact on Chinese history. It makes the originally abstract and difficult concepts or complex backgrounds lively and interesting, and establishes a clear concept of China's official history for children.

This series of books records the history from myths and legends: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou - to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It uses a combination of hand-painted style and historical pictures, and selects nearly a thousand color pictures and photos of precious cultural relics. After rigorous research, it uses realistic techniques to express historical events and character costumes, allowing children to be immersed in the scenes, conveying correct historical knowledge, and enriching children's aesthetic experience. This book uses experience and language that children can understand to describe the people, events, times, places, and things that have had a profound impact on Chinese history. It makes the originally abstract and difficult concepts or complex backgrounds lively and interesting, and establishes a clear concept of China's official history for children.

This series of books records the history from myths and legends: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou - to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It uses a combination of hand-painted style and historical pictures, and selects nearly a thousand color pictures and photos of precious cultural relics. After rigorous research, it uses realistic techniques to express historical events and character costumes, allowing children to be immersed in the scenes, conveying correct historical knowledge, and enriching children's aesthetic experience. This book uses experience and language that children can understand to describe the people, events, times, places, and things that have had a profound impact on Chinese history. It makes the originally abstract and difficult concepts or complex backgrounds lively and interesting, and establishes a clear concept of China's official history for children.

77 days before the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang launched a northern expedition to the remaining forces of the Yuan Dynasty, and Prince Zhu Biao stayed in Yingtianfu, Nanjing, the capital. Little did they know that in Nanjing at this time, undercurrents were surging. With the severe drought as the background and the arrest of Li Shanchang's nephew Li Bin for corruption as the trigger, a secret war began surrounding Zhu Yuanzhang, Li Shanchang, Hu Weiyong, and Liu Bowen. Various parties launched an arduous and complicated wrestling on this matter. When three major problems such as driving away the barbarians, eliminating natural disasters, and clearing up the rule of law suddenly hit them, the four people each showed their uprightness, strategy, and ferocity. A small incident suddenly became the biggest case in the early days of the Ming Dynasty. Who is confusing everything? What secrets are hidden behind this corruption case? Why did Liu Bowen resign and go home 11 days after the case ended? Did Hu Weiyong and Li Shanchang really die because of the "Hu Weiyong Case"? All the secrets are within these 77 days!

The Chinese have always talked about the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period, but what did these hegemons bring to the Chinese people? This question has never been answered. Qi Huangong's history of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period is undoubtedly a vivid lesson - this is an era of great powers competing for hegemony, and its political landscape is the same as today. All great powers are working tirelessly for hegemony. Which one of economy, military, culture, morality and system is the key to the rise of a great power? Overlord Qi Huan will explain the meaning of "overlord" and teach us an interesting lesson. This book describes the life of Duke Huan of Qi, the first overlord of the Spring and Autumn Period. It tells how he won the throne, used Guan Zhong in an important position, worked hard to govern, respected the king and rejected the barbarians, and united the nine princes, making Qi a dominant country, which greatly changed the structure of China at that time and had a profound impact on later generations.

This book mainly discusses the early history of the "Guge Kingdom" established in western Tibet. The whole book uses historical methods and combines the relevant results of archaeology, religion, and ethnology. Based on the accurate and rich historical facts of the Guge Kingdom from the 10th to the 13th century, the book analyzes the basic issues in the history of the political and religious relations of the Guge Kingdom during this period from the perspective of political culture and political system. Taking the interaction patterns of various major events in the political and religious life of the Guge Kingdom from the 10th to 13th centuries as clues, this paper examines the era characteristics, specific trends and key links of the political and religious relations in the Guge Kingdom at each stage, and reveals the specific evolution of the power relationship between secular political forces and religious sectarian forces in Tibetan society from the 10th to 13th centuries.

Figures of the Yuan Dynasty have always attracted academic attention, and the scholars examined in this book are representatives of this group. Wei Su (1303~1372), whose courtesy name was Taipu and whose nickname was Yunlin, was from Linchuan, Jiangxi. He is famous for his literature, but he was controversial among later generations because of his official position in the Yuan and Ming dynasties. This book discusses Wei Su's family background, life, social interactions, and cultural achievements in detail, aiming to enhance our understanding of the politics, culture, and ethnic integration of the Yuan Dynasty from a case perspective.

"Qing History Series" is sponsored by the Qing History Research Office of the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It is a collection of academic papers on Qing history research at home and abroad. It was founded in 1979. This collection has wide influence at home and abroad, and is highly valued by the academic community. Its important features are concentrated research, rigorous academic style, and grasp of academic frontiers. The articles included in the book include both research articles on the critical history of the Qing Dynasty and research articles on the academic history of the Qing Dynasty. It includes both erudite Hongci research on the traditional culture of the Qing Dynasty and articles on the exchange of local Chinese and Western cultures in the Qing Dynasty.

The history of the world economy in the 20th century is a history of crisis transfer. In the 1920s and 1930s, China could have stayed away from the global economic depression, but the storm of crisis still blew in through the window of Japan. Overcapacity, financial constraints, failed currency reform, international balance of payments imbalances... Japan's economic problems need to be passed on to the outside world, and China has become the last resort to absorb international excess production capacity. Even cement, a bulky commodity that is not suitable for international trade, has suffered high levels of dumping. Japanese companies do not hesitate to "go bankrupt for the country" and use weapons such as exchange depreciation, shipping subsidies, and agreed tariffs to try to strangle Chinese national cement companies such as Qixin and Huashang with low-priced cement. This book is an economic history monograph with the theme of commodity dumping. It shows a battle to defend the national economy jointly staged by national cement companies, the Nanjing National Government, and various social groups under desperate circumstances.

"Qing History Series" is sponsored by the Qing History Research Office of the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It is a collection of academic papers on Qing history research at home and abroad. It was founded in 1979. This collection has wide influence at home and abroad, and is highly valued by the academic community. Its important features are concentrated research, rigorous academic style, and grasp of academic frontiers. The articles included in the book include both research articles on the critical history of the Qing Dynasty and research articles on the academic history of the Qing Dynasty. It includes both erudite Hongci research on the traditional culture of the Qing Dynasty and articles on the exchange of local Chinese and Western cultures in the Qing Dynasty.

What is the media cultural significance of the rise of speech communication in the late Qing Dynasty? What social message is revealed? These have always been areas rarely touched upon by communication historians. This book focuses on the preaching and speech activities in the late Qing Dynasty, and takes the social changes in the late Qing Dynasty as the background to explore the reasons for the rise of speech communication and the characteristics of the times contained in this media phenomenon itself. On the basis of systematically sorting out the content, appearance, characteristics and development rules of preaching and speech communication in the Qing Dynasty, through the appearance of drastic changes in these two forms of speech communication in the late Qing Dynasty, we will reveal the changes in social structure and interpersonal relationships during this period, and then explore the interactive mechanism between the evolution of communication media and the reconstruction of social structure and social relationships.

This book closely follows "business roads", "merchants' gangs" and "commodities", and uses roads, inns, ancestral halls, pot houses, guild halls and other Shaanxi-Sichuan-Tibetan trade relics to listen to the different understandings of the Shaanxi-Sichuan-Tibetan trade from the government, academia and the public. Combined with literature, it examines the tea, salt, cloth, medicinal materials, tobacco, wine, and leather goods on the Shaanxi-Sichuan-Tibetan trade road. The actual business conditions of the , timber, and pawn industries reveal the profound meaning and influence of Shaanxi merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties and their southwest trade, explain their major inspiration and experience for the joint development of contemporary southwest and northwest economies, give contemporary Shaanxi merchants new development ideas, and assist the implementation of the national "One Belt and One Road" and the high-quality economic development of Shaanxi Province.

This book introduces the life-long activities of two foreign advisers to Li Hongzhang, an important minister of the late Qing Dynasty and the leader of the Westernization movement: Gustav Detring and Constantin von Hanneken, both of whom lived in China. As ambitious young people, under the circumstances of the self-improvement movement launched by the late Qing government, the two not only participated in China's military, economic, diplomatic, educational and other reforms at the right time, but also created a personal career in China. Through the special experiences of two people in China, this book presents the overall situation of foreign expatriates in China and analyzes their role in China's modernization.

In 1980, the History Department of Nankai University founded "Nankai History", which is quite prestigious in the academic world. Later ceased publication. This reissue focuses on ancient Chinese history, modern Chinese history, and world history, supplemented by archeology and cultural relics research. It mainly publishes original and cutting-edge papers, as well as book reviews and notes on reading history. This journal emphasizes "Nankai history" as its main feature, highlights the research style of "practical learning", and uses a research method that combines social history and intellectual history to drive changes in research fields and topics, which has distinctive Nankai characteristics.

This book is divided into five parts. The introduction sorts out the current status of research on the Wuyue Kingdom and Wuyue Qian family in the past twenty years; the military section discusses the importance of Huzhou, Suzhou, and Fuzhou to Wuyue Kingdom's land territory during the Five Dynasties of Wuyue Kingdom, as well as Wuyue Kingdom's defense strategy for the three states; the literature section chronologically analyzes the poems and essays of Qian Liu, King Wusu of Wuyue Kingdom, and the Zhongxun King of Wuyue Qian Family in Wuyue Kingdom and Two Song Dynasties. It sorted out the writings of the branch, and examined the inscriptions of the Wuyue Qian family handed down and unearthed during the Wuyue Kingdom and the Two Song Dynasties; the character editor first connected the lineage of the Wuyue Qian family in the Wuyue Kingdom and the Wuyue Qian family in the two Song Dynasties in reliable historical materials, and then chronicled the life historical materials of Qian Weiyan, a descendant of the Wuyue Qian family and the privy envoy of the Northern Song Dynasty; and finally attached a catalog of treatises on the study of the Wuyue Kingdom and the Wuyue Qian family over the past century.

"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories about the Republic of China period (1912-1949). It is now a CSSCI source publication. This volume is the 36th in total, with a total of 19 articles divided into five columns: politics, economy, culture, and reviews of people and achievements.

Ruling the world with documents is a prominent feature of the ancient Chinese state bureaucracy, and the differences in information communication and processing mechanisms in different periods also reveal their different era personalities and power operation methods. The clerical administration of the Song Dynasty relied on diversified information communication and a developed clerical system, and the depth it could achieve was far beyond that of previous generations. This book combs through the multiple channels of information communication that coexisted and competed with each other in the Song Dynasty. It analyzes the power operation mechanism under the political structure of the scholar-bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty starting from the daily administrative documents of the emperor and ministers such as imperial approval, provincial letters, and approval petitions, as well as the refutation system for decision-making behaviors.

The maintenance of a country depends on the extraction of resources. The methods of resource extraction correspond to different national governance models. Traditional China had a vast territory with various regional differences. Constrained by the backward transportation, rudimentary technical means and information capabilities at that time, how did the rulers draw resources across the country? This book starts with a number of variables that affect the country's resource extraction model, such as importance, scarcity, transaction costs, social effects, the country's bargaining power and multi-subjectivity. Combined with the characteristics of mining costs increasing over time, it discusses the Qing Dynasty's mineral resource extraction situation through rich and detailed historical materials. While revealing the Qing Dynasty's mining policy model and its inherent flaws, it also discusses several important principles and aspects of national governance at that time. Based on the above empirical facts, this book further connects the Ming and Qing dynasties' acquisition patterns of important materials such as salt, silk, porcelain, and horses. Combined with the general background of national transformation from the 15th to the 18th century, this book reveals the logic and dilemma of national governance in the Qing Dynasty by elucidating concepts such as "central comprehensive decision-making mechanism," "suspicious decision-making," "administrative information creation," and "case-based principles."

This book examines the evolution of U. S. Policy toward the puppet Manchukuo from the September 18th Incident to the Pearl Harbor incident. The book uses archival materials from China, the United States, Japan, and other parties as well as previous writings to examine a series of major historical facts about the exchanges between the United States and the Puppet Manchukuo one by one, clarifying many details of the exchanges between the two parties, in order to restore the true historical picture as much as possible, and place it in the overall investigation of the United States' Far East strategy.

Taoism was an important social and cultural phenomenon in the history of the Tang Dynasty, which had a profound impact on people's daily life. Therefore, in order to have a good understanding and grasp of the history of the Tang Dynasty, we should have a deep understanding of the role of Taoism in social life at that time. This book selects and analyzes Taoism among gods and Tang Dynasty society, Taoism and women in the Tang Dynasty, the religious and secular life of Taoist priests, Taoist magic and folk customs, Taoist gods and folk beliefs, Taoist imprints in seasonal customs, and the interaction and integration between Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. It attempts to see Taoism in the Tang Dynasty from the perspective of social and cultural history, and to give a more objective explanation of the importance of Taoism in the social life of the Tang Dynasty.

This book is a collection of the results of the "Second Youth Forum on the History of the Republic of China". It is divided into three parts: "History of the Early Republic of China", "Wartime China" and "Academic and Society". It involves the official almanac of the Republic of China, the image of the May Fourth martyrs, the Anti-Japanese War, cities and small towns, etc. The "Youth Forum on the History of the Republic of China" advocates the study of "the history of the Republic of China", covering all aspects of the Republic of China period. The forum not only encourages young scholars to research and think about major issues related to the trend of China's modern history and the destiny of the country, but also focuses on selecting papers that are intended to open up new fields and study issues that have not been paid enough attention by previous generations. It also advocates young scholars to introduce new perspectives and new methods to inject new thinking and vitality into the discipline of the history of the Republic of China.

This book studies the land tax system during the Tang and Song Dynasties along three levels: the evolution of the system structure, the adjustment of the system implementation mechanism, and the impact of system changes. Among them, the evolution of institutional structure discusses the land tax and additional tax in the Tang and Song Dynasties from two perspectives: vertical and horizontal. The system implementation mechanism reveals the adjustment of land tax collection and management. The impact of system changes mainly analyzes the impact of changes in the land tax system on national finance, agricultural economy and farmers' lives. In the research process, we first focus on the study of the process of changes in the land tax system, and strive to grasp and capture the key policies, systems and nodes that lead to system changes. Secondly, we focus on the relationship between the land tax system and other systems in the process of continuous reconstruction and reshaping, showing the multiple dynamics of institutional change.

In the changing situation of the Anti-Japanese War, East China was in a complex state where frontal battlefields and battlefields behind enemy lines coexisted, and the Wang puppet regime, the Kuomintang regime, and the CCP's anti-Japanese base area regimes coexisted. This book uses a large number of first-hand archives from both sides of the Taiwan Strait to demonstrate the rise, development and persistence of the Chinese Communist Party's anti-Japanese forces behind enemy lines in East China from all aspects of military history, political history and socio-economic history, as well as the rise of the Kuomintang's guerrilla warfare in the early stages of the comprehensive resistance war and the smuggling, exhaustion and fragmentation in the middle and later stages of the war.

This book is the daily income and expenditure account book of a middle-class warehouse manager in Suzhou, Anhui Province, and the author's detailed research and analysis of the account book. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the account owner's daily income and expenditure and several important social and economic activities between 1936 and 1942, including family illness, death, funerals, sacrificial activities, going to the countryside to collect rent, book purchasing and reading, social etiquette, wartime contingency and love. National donations, etc., From which we can see through the cultural character of the owner of the account book, which is a mixture of old and new and a blend of East and West. His style of behavior not only reflects high economic rationality, but also has a profound imprint of traditional Chinese culture; it can also be seen that the relationship between urban and rural areas in modern China has a distinct dualistic characteristic.

The great unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended China's nearly four hundred years of division, but achieving true integration in terms of culture and psychological identity is a more arduous historical task. The research approach of this book spans literature and history, and puts forward the concept of "Zhongzhou scholar-officials", revealing the initiative that the north once had in the development of Chinese culture after the Tang Dynasty, and basically clarifying the basic changes in the cultural lineage between the northern and southern Han Dynasty from the mid-Jin Dynasty to the mid-Yuan Dynasty. This clue analyzes the thinking, debate, exchange and integration of the northern and southern scholar elites around "literary" and "Tao", and reveals from one side how the Yuan Dynasty realized the transformation of the national identity of the scholar elites in more than half a century after completing political unification.

This book is a large work, covering the author's thoughts on the political history along the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty for at least ten years. The book focuses on the inside and outside of the Great Wall, describing the political and military structure of the Ming Dynasty in a clear and detailed manner. The author puts forward a number of novel concepts and viewpoints in the book, such as the "introverted dynastic state" in the early Hongwu period, the "differential order territory" of the dynastic state in the Hongwu period, the "domestic-oriented" orientation and the "shrinking dynastic state" in the Renxuan period, etc. From the perspective of the entire history and the comparison between China and the West, the geopolitics of the Ming Dynasty has a very grand pattern and perspective. This book contains extremely detailed historical materials. Taking "Records of the Ming Dynasty" as an example, it has basically digested and absorbed all the information on related topics.

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Yuan Dynasty and the Ilkhanate under Mongolian rule had close relations and frequent exchanges. During this period, Chinese civilization had a strong influence on Iran. This book focuses on the immigrant groups from China who moved westward to Iran during the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, as well as the envoys between the Yuan Dynasty and the Ilkhanate, and examines their contributions to the spread of Chinese civilization to the west. This book also focuses on the spread of Chinese material culture in Iran, revealing that the influence of Chinese civilization is more reflected in the level of material civilization, and that "Made in China" contributed greatly to improving the quality of life of people in the ancient world.

In March 2016, the Institute of International Strategic Studies at Peking University and the Sasakawa Peace Foundation of Japan jointly launched the research project "Historical Understanding and the Future of Sino-Japanese Relations-Strategic Dialogue between Chinese and Japanese Intellectuals", striving to jointly examine the history of Sino-Japanese relations through Chinese and Japanese scholars and discuss the future of Sino-Japanese relations. A certain consensus was reached on the causes and background of the Sino-Japanese War from 1931 to 1945, as well as the development of Sino-Japanese relations after the war. Then, based on the consensus of both sides on historical understanding, the practical problems faced by the two countries were sorted out, and future Sino-Japanese cooperative relations were discussed. This book is a compilation of the research results of the first phase of the project, including seven articles written by Chinese scholars and eight articles written by Japanese scholars.

In 1980, the History Department of Nankai University founded "Nankai History", which is quite prestigious in the academic world. Later ceased publication. This reissue focuses on ancient Chinese history, modern Chinese history, and world history, supplemented by archeology and cultural relics research. It mainly publishes original and cutting-edge papers, as well as book reviews and notes on reading history. This journal emphasizes "Nankai history" as its main feature, highlights the research style of "practical learning", and uses a research method that combines social history and intellectual history to drive changes in research fields and topics, which has distinctive Nankai characteristics.

The formation and development of the "Silver Age" in Chinese history lasted for more than eight centuries. Each stage has attracted many discussions, especially the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The silvering of currency in the Ming Dynasty triggered the transformation of monetary institutions, forms, and systems. It not only shook and ended the dominant position of national coinage and laid the foundation for circulation in the following five centuries, but also changed the way fiscal operations were conducted and shaped an alternative relationship between the state and the market. This book adopts a comprehensive monetary history framework to analyze the historical foundation, institutional causes, development process, and pattern establishment of monetary silvering in the Ming Dynasty. It strives to reveal the changes in banknotes, money, and silver and the twists and turns of the "Silver Age" from a long-term perspective.

This book attempts to focus on Dongguan and explore the inner connection between the activities of compiling books and compiling history during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the cultural construction of the imperial country. As the core institution of the national cultural undertakings of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dongguan had a greater influence on later generations in three ways: first, the relevant school officials participated in the Baihu Temple Conference and wrote the "White Tiger Theory of Tongde", completing the theoretical construction of the official ideology of the imperial country; second, correcting the text of the scriptures and promulgating them to the world; third, gathering Confucian scholars to compile the history of the country. The text of scriptures and their interpretation, as well as the writing of the history of this dynasty, began to rise from individual behavior to the collective administrative operation of the country. This change weakened the personal authority of scribes and historians and helped to construct the legal "political system" of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Dongguan is actually an integrated platform for the country to deal with many aspects of knowledge, education, and ideological issues. The evolution of academics in the Eastern Han Dynasty is basically consistent with the process of cultural integration in imperial countries at that time.

"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories about the Republic of China period (1912-1949). It is now a CSSCI source publication. The "Anti-Japanese War", "Economy and Society", "Nanjing University History Research", "Urban History Research", "Special Research", "Academic Review", "Book Review" and "Historical Data Window" in this volume (the 34th volume) are more distinctive. The relevant papers can be used as reference for academic circles, and other articles are also of considerable academic value.