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After the Battle of Shiromurajiang, Japan's vitality was severely damaged and it retreated to its homeland. In Japan, after the death of Emperor Tenchi, the Imshin Rebellion broke out, and Emperor Tenmu succeeded to the throne. After Tenmu came to power, he took full power and continued to push forward the Daika Reform until Emperor Bunmu and Emperor Genmei formulated the "Daibao Ryuto" and "Youro Ryuto" successively, fully establishing the results of the Daika Reform. In 710, Emperor Genmei moved the capital to Nara Castle, starting the Nara era; in 794, Emperor Tsunemu moved the capital to Heian-kyo, starting the Heian era. The emperor was in power during both the Nara and Heian periods. In 877, Fujiwara Momotsune forced Emperor Seiwa to abdicate and was succeeded by the 9-year-old Emperor Yosei, who served as regent as his uncle. In 887, Emperor Uta succeeded to the throne and announced that Fujiwara Motosune should be "cleared" for all matters, no matter how big or small. This began the famous "photography policy". In 1086, Emperor Shirakawa established the "institutional administration" in order to compete with the Fujiwara clan, which is known as the "institutional administration era" in history. In 1179, Taira Kiyomori led troops into Kyoto and imprisoned Emperor Shirakawa, imposing a dictatorship. In 1185, Minamoto Yoritomo raised an army to eliminate the Taira clan and took control of the central government. He was later appointed by the emperor as the "General for Conquering the Barbarians" and established the shogunate in Kamakura. From this time on, the nobility and the emperor were no longer the center of Japanese political power, and the samurai holding steel swords became the new masters of history.

In 1199, Minamoto Yoritomo died. After Minamoto Yoritomo's death, the shogunate power was controlled by his wife Hojo Masako and his father-in-law Hojo Tokimasa. Since then, the shogunate's power has become a mere decoration, and the real power has been led by the hereditary power of the Hojo clan. In 1219, Hojo Yoshitoki instigated Minamoto no Yori family's surviving son Minamoto no Akatsuki to assassinate Minamoto no Tomo, and then used this to kill Minamoto no Kōko. The Minamoto family was extinct. Hojo Masako became the supreme ruler, and supported Fujiwara Yorike, who was related to the Minamoto family, as the general. In 1221, Emperor Gotoba launched a war to overthrow the emperor, which was known as the "Jokyu Rebellion" in history, but it ended in failure. After the Chengjiu Rebellion, the public power began to decline, and the warrior class developed unprecedentedly. However, the stability of the Kamakura shogunate did not last long. The Yuan-Japanese War between China and Japan accelerated the decline and destruction of the Kamakura shogunate and deepened the rift between the public and samurai families. In 1318, Emperor Go-Daigo ascended the throne and was determined to restore the authority of the imperial family, deposed the imperial government, and began his own campaign. In 1331, Emperor Go-Daigo once again conspired to overthrow the emperor, but was defeated by the shogunate army. This was known as the "Motohiro Rebellion" in history. Emperor Go-Daigo was exiled, and the second overthrow movement failed. In 1333, wealthy families in various places began to fall. The shogunate sent Ashikaga Takashi (Ashikaga Takauji) to quell the rebellion. Ashikaga Takashi was already dissatisfied with the autocratic regime of the Hojo clan. He defected on the way and captured Kamakura. The last generation in power, Hojo Takatoki, committed suicide, and the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed. After Emperor Go-Daigo abdicated, he was defeated by Yoshino, and Japan entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties period.

Emperor Meiji, who regained control of the government, worked hard to govern and reform, determined to put Japan on the road to prosperity. In 1871, the Meiji government sent a large-scale mission headed by Right Minister Iwakura Tomomi to visit Europe and the United States to inspect the capitalist state system. The new government actively introduced various European and American systems and carried out many reforms in the economic system, national industry, national education, etc. These reforms are collectively known as the Meiji Restoration. But like all reforms, the Meiji Restoration faced many obstacles from the beginning. Because of reform measures such as the abolition of feudal lords and the establishment of counties, the military system, and the abolition of sword orders, strong dissatisfaction arose among the former samurai class, and rebellions continued in various places. In 1877, the Satsuma Domain led by Saigo Takamori rebelled. This war, known as the Southwest War, lasted for half a year and was the last civil war in Japanese history. With the defeat of the Satsuma Army in the Southwest War, the feudal militaristic state controlled and dominated by the emperor was established, marking the end of Japan's capitalist revolution. After pacifying the southwest, Japan established a parliament in accordance with the model of Western powers, revised its constitution, and conducted diplomacy with Western countries.

A comprehensive work on the study of Japanese history in modern China. There are a total of forty volumes and twelve chapters. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan's national power grew stronger and its ambitions grew. The author Huang Zunxian was China's first counselor in Japan. He felt that Chinese scholar-bureaucrats had a narrow vision and were ignorant of foreign affairs, so he worked hard to write a book, discussing the process of Japan's reform and its pros and cons, and inferring it to our country. Among them, the records of the Meiji Restoration are particularly detailed. For the Qing government, which was in the same predicament as Japan before the Meiji Restoration, this was a theory and experience that was in urgent need of reference. Unfortunately, after the book was published in 1887, it mainly attracted the attention of the Japanese. It was not until the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War that its value became widely known to the Chinese people, and it became famous all over the country.

This book is a monograph on the monetary history of the Roman Empire. The whole book is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the currency issuance, minting system and coin characteristics of the Roman Empire in various historical periods from 29 BC to 498 AD in chronological order. The second part discusses the metal resources, mints, coin production system and other issues of Roman Empire coinage according to the theme.

The author of this book uses rich historical materials and vivid writing to tell the dark historical story of Norfolk Island, Australia. The story begins with Captain James Cook's discovery and colonization of the island, and ends with the murder of Janelle Button in the 21st century. It will include four parts: 1) the history of the British Empire's establishment of a penal colony on Norfolk Island; 2) the "Bounty" rebellion and the settlement of Pitcairn Island by the descendants of the rebels and their migration to Norfolk Island; 3) the establishment of the Anglican Melanesian Mission and its evangelism and other absurd behaviors based on Norfolk Island; 4) the 2002 murder of Janelle Barton attracted world attention and revealed the unique social and historical environment of Norfolk Island. Through the above four stories, MacLean used a large number of historical facts, diaries, and archives to reveal a dark, bloody, and cruel colonial history that was covered up and the evil and chaos it brought, and spliced ​​the fragments originally scattered in the vast sea of ​​historical materials, archives, letters, and diaries into a complete and shocking story.

"The Third Reich: Nightmare Down (Revised Edition)" tells the story: "If the German people lose this war, then it will prove that they have failed me!" This is what Hitler said before he died. There was no trace of self-blame in his words. In his opinion, the war failed because the people were disloyal to him. After 12 years, the Third Reich fell, and the nightmare of genocide and war ended in tragedy. Although the career of Hitler and his followers only lasted for more than ten years, it has become a pillar of shame that will stand forever, warning the world of how cruel human beings once were.

"The Great Travelers of the 19th Century" mainly tells the exploration and examination of the West and Central Asia, the interior of Africa, global navigation, and the Arctic and Antarctic regions by famous European travelers and navigators in the 19th century. Different from the era of "Geographic Discovery", travelers and navigators turned their attention more to the exploration of the human history and culture of the places they visited. Travelers were also linguists, writers, religious historians and geographers. Their expedition records make human history more vivid and full, and their adventure experiences also inspire people to continue exploring the unknown world.

After World War 1, Germany was in crisis. The financial system has completely collapsed, and racial, political, religious and other disputes have plagued the people. The people feel at a loss what to do. Many people turn to ancient myths and superstitions to relieve their uneasiness. All this created opportunities for the emergence of the Third Reich. Among them, the Beer Hall Riot is a typical example. Although it failed, the "ghost" of the Nazis was implanted in the hearts of the German people...

The "Third Reich" series is a large-scale graphic and text epic work edited by the American Time Life Book Publishing Company (Time Life Editorial Department). There are 21 episodes in the whole series. Each episode brings you first-hand private accounts, never-before-published photographs, eyewitness memoirs and newly declassified official archives. They are like a slowly unfolding giant picture scroll, taking readers back to the bloody dark age, making people feel like they are in the noisy and fanatical Berlin, the rubble-strewn Warsaw, the burning Stalingrad, the dusty North Africa, the chilling concentration camps, secret meetings of the SS, Hitler's office, his study, and bedroom, and even grasp the dynamics of his thoughts. Each book has a central theme, and the entire series together constitutes a complete and detailed "history of the Third Reich" to date. "Third Reich: The New Order (Revised Edition)" is one of the volumes: In order to seize power, Hitler worked hard on propaganda. German cities, no matter how big or small, were occupied by Nazis. The Nazis ignored the government and laws and continued to provoke fights between parties and people. Germany was shrouded in terror. Political terror was on the one hand, and on the other hand, Nazi Germany's war machine was running at high speed. While they were mass-producing weapons, they were also inducing young people to become murderous tools. For the sake of war, the Nazis used all means at their disposal.

Adolf Hitler, an Austrian tramp and a corporal during World War I, finally pushed Germany to the point of no return through militarism. The occurrence of all this is not an accidental phenomenon, it has its profound historical background. After World War I, Germany was devastated, the unemployed population expanded rapidly, and a kind of restlessness spread among the people, which created unique conditions for Hitler to seize power; and the mutual criticism between the major political parties gave the Nazis an opportunity, so Hitler moved his lips and used an iron hand to ascend to the throne of power step by step.

The Balkan Peninsula has always been a battleground for military strategists, and World War II was no exception. Starting in 1939, Hitler quickly occupied many countries in Eastern, Western and Northern Europe in a blitzkrieg style. While bombing Britain indiscriminately, Hitler planned to continue to expand the territory of the Third Reich and realize his dream of dominating Europe. At this time, the Soviet Union became his enemy on the road to dominance. Before attacking the Soviet Union, Hitler must ensure that the Balkans became his energy base and troop gathering place for the invasion of the Soviet Union. While wooing, tempting and threatening the Balkan countries, Hitler did not hesitate to carry out armed invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece that refused to surrender.

In the early days, the SS looked more like a propaganda squad that doubled as bodyguards. As the Nazi power rose, under the control of Heinrich Himmler, it cleverly exploited power struggles within the party (eliminating the SA and Röhm, squeezing out Göring) and gradually penetrated other state apparatuses, including the police and the army. Hitler's inscription on it was: "SS, your honor is loyalty." It eventually became Hitler's personal tool, a so-called elite organization that claimed to be crazy about executing genocidal policies. The heinous crimes of Nazi Germany are inextricably linked to the SS.

After the end of World War I, Germany became a defeated nation and was disarmed. However, in just 20 years, Germany rose again and became a powerful military force in Europe. This is almost unimaginable when you consider that it also experienced historically severe inflation and social unrest during this period. "Third Reich: Iron Fist (Revised)" believes that the injustice of the Versailles Peace Treaty signed after the end of World War I was the root cause that led Germany to quickly arm itself in pursuit of revenge. On the other hand, the German Wehrmacht, represented by General Sickert, made great efforts to reorganize its military and prepare its troops. By vigorously strengthening the leadership skills of its soldiers, it prepared talents for a rapidly expanding army in the future. In the end, it embarked on the road of no return through militarism.

There is only one dynasty that has expanded into a world hegemon spanning five continents and four oceans by relying on marriages and weddings. This is the Habsburg dynasty that has spanned Europe for a thousand years. "Laying a foundation" through marriage: In 1273, Rudolf I of Habsburg married eight of his children to major European nobles, quickly rising to become a powerful and important prince in the Holy Roman Empire. "Dominating Europe" through marriage: When Charles, Duke of Burgundy, died in battle in 1477, Maximilian took the opportunity to marry Charles' only daughter, Mary, and inherited the Duchy of Burgundy in its entirety, extending his power to eastern France and the Netherlands. The Habsburg dynasty became the most powerful dynasty in Europe. "Conquering the world" by marriage: In 1496, Prince Philip of Habsburg married Spanish princess Juana. As a result, the Kingdom of Spain became extinct, and the Habsburg family inherited the huge Kingdom of Spain and became the "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets."

The content of this book spans four hundred years of history from the time when the Tokugawa shogunate was entrusted by the emperor to rule at Fushimi Castle to the Japanese New Year celebrations in 2000. It is divided into five parts: "Japan in the Traditional Era", "Japan in the Revolutionary Era", "Japan in the New Century", "Japan in the War" and "Contemporary Japan". From changes in the political situation to the rise of the business class, from the proletarian workers' movement to changes in gender concepts and family marriage customs, from colonization and war to occupation and democratization... The whole book uses a narrative that combines "big events" and "small stories" to provide an informative and informative Based on historical materials, data and charts, using an objective and neutral attitude towards history, and a panoramic line drawing writing technique, it depicts a multi-dimensional, group-portrait historical narrative for us, showing the setbacks and endeavors, failures and rises of Japanese society in the modernization transformation period.

Spanning nearly a thousand years, it presents a panoramic view of ancient Greek history. The Outline of Greek History is Diodorus' lifelong achievement and is a relatively complete history book in existence.

"A History of Europe" is the representative work of British historian Norman Davis. It designs a time and space coordinate system for European history, presenting a rare overall historical impression. It combines traditional narrative methods with close-ups, and accommodates various strange things and ideas that are often ignored by serious historians. It has become a valuable and convincing European general history work in recent years. "History of Europe: Classical Era (Prehistory - AD 337)" is the history of this land before "Europe" officially appeared. Europe is not an independent "continent", but a "peninsula". Landforms, climate, geology and fauna combine to create a benign environment that is fundamental to understanding European history. The history of ancient Greece spans more than 1,000 years. In its heyday, the Greeks made amazing achievements explosively in various fields. The rise of Rome, known for its cohesion, heralded the conquest of "coastline civilization" by a new type of land power. Rome, which absorbed Greek culture, became a cultural hybrid that dominated the political and cultural life of the Roman Empire for hundreds of years until the emergence of a new cultural foundation - Christianity.

After Japan announced its unconditional surrender in 1945, almost the whole country was in ruins, people's livelihood was in decline, and production capacity returned to the level of 1931. On this basis, after more than 20 years of struggle, Japan has become the world's second largest economic power, creating the "Japanese Miracle" that is envied and imitated by many catching-up countries. At the same time as the economy took off, Japan's politics, business, education, culture and other aspects have also undergone earth-shaking changes, becoming a new country that is completely different from the old Japanese Empire. This book describes important historical figures and major historical events in Japan from 1945 to 1973, and vividly records the difficult process of Japan's national rebirth in 28 years. This book is the last part of the "Japanese Trilogy". Together with "The Enlightenment of a Nation" and "The Crossroads of a Country", it forms a long volume of modern Japanese history, reflecting Japan's 120-year history from 1853 to 1973. It describes the complete process of Japan's modernization in a vivid, objective and rational way: founding - catching up - rise - crossroads - destruction - rebirth, which helps readers gain a deeper understanding of Japan's history.

"A History of Europe" is the representative work of British historian Norman Davis. It designs a time and space coordinate system for European history, presenting a rare overall historical impression. It combines traditional narrative methods with close-ups, and accommodates various strange things and ideas that are often ignored by serious historians. It has become a valuable and convincing European general history work in recent years. It started with the Renaissance and ended with World War I. The Renaissance shattered the spiritual power of medieval civilization and initiated the process of Europe's transformation into modernity. After the Reformation, the coordination between reason and faith did not appear, and politics entered an era of enlightened autocracy. But enlightened despotism turned out to be a dismal failure. The "Old Regime" founded by King Louis XIV of France, a representative of the enlightened absolutist monarch, ended in a revolution that plunged an entire generation into chaos, war, and disturbing innovation movements. As the revolution subsided, modernization began to take effect, and Europe entered the 19th century with great success. Steam locomotives, gas plants and generators became widely popular. In the 20th century, in a rapidly changing world, people began to realize their own fragility and longed to return to piety and practice. Christian culture was recovering, and missionaries and engineers traveled to every corner of the world...

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

History is the result of human activities. The bloodshed, rise and fall, magnificence and pathos all enrich the five thousand years of world civilization history. Today's world is the continuation and development of the past world; history records the past of mankind and shows the future of the world. At present, with my country's accession to the WTO and the subsequent changes in people's conceptual understanding, it is increasingly urgent and important for the world to understand China and for China to understand the world.

At its peak in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was an empire spanning three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its every move has a profound impact on the Eurasian continent. However, it gradually declined and became the "sick man of Europe" that was oppressed and exploited by Europe, and finally collapsed after the First World War. This book mainly tells the long history of the Ottoman Turkish Empire from the founding of the country at the end of the 13th century to the great speech of Mustafa Kemal, the father of Turkey, in 1927. It describes the historical development of the Ottoman Empire in 16 chapters. This book is vivid in style and informative in content. It is the first general history of the Ottomans in the English-speaking world that uses a large number of original Ottoman Turkish materials. Different from past works by Western scholars, it attempts to narrate this six-century history from a more neutral perspective. It is very popular in Turkey and has been highly recommended by Nobel Prize winner Orhan Pamuk.

This book introduces the whole story of the Trojan War in detail. The Goddess of Discord made a scene at a wedding banquet in the divine world, triggering the Golden Apple Trial. Prince Paris, the Trojan prince, took away Queen Helen of Sparta, triggering a war between the Greek coalition and Troy. Because the Trojan city was strong and easy to defend but difficult to attack, the Greek coalition forces and the Trojan warriors faced off for 10 years. Major generals from both sides, including Achilles and Hector, died in battle. The gods intervened in the war many times, and even triggered a melee between humans and gods. Finally, Odysseus in the Greek coalition offered the Trojan horse trick, and the Trojans fell into the trap. The Greek coalition forces cooperated inside and outside to defeat Troy.

Seventeenth century, forties. Ten years in the thousands of years of human history. It has been a decade of great changes in the world, Europe, and China. A decade that shaped the world today. The content of this book centers on the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644) and extends forward and backward, telling the rise and fall of European countries during the same period. Let us read about these people and things in Europe with ease and humor.

"A Brief History of the World" is a unique history of the world written by the British historian Herbert George Wells. With an extremely broad vision and a brisk and concise style, it sorts out the history of mankind since the origin of biology. The content of this book traces back to the beginning of human civilization, the origin of life, and the evolution of species, to the end of World War I and the reconstruction of world politics and economy. The book has unique descriptions of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and Rome, the European Renaissance, the Reformation, the British Industrial Revolution, the American War of Independence, the French Revolution, etc.; It also touches on Eastern culture, including Confucianism and Taoism.

Unique and unparalleled among the kings of England, Richard I played an active and leading role in many great achievements in world history. No monarch had ever faced the formidable challenges he faced in the Third Crusade. For centuries, Richard was regarded as one of the greatest kings for his crusading exploits. However, historians in modern times have begun to criticize Richard harshly, believing that he neglected to manage domestic affairs and regarded him as a reckless ruler and an unfit husband. In this authoritative work, Professor John Gillingham examines in detail the reasons for the mixed reviews of Richard and discusses Richard's governance of the country, proposing compelling new perspectives. The book also comes with an updated reference list for the reader's convenience.

After unification in 1871, the German Empire became a great power with rapidly rising power. However, at the same time, the security environment it faced was very complex and fragile. While it was advancing materially, it was becoming increasingly impatient and shallow spiritually. With the help of a large amount of detailed materials, this book combs Germany's foreign, political and military policies from unification to World War I, and discusses how the success or failure of grand strategy determined the fate of the German Empire, thus answering the question "Why did Wilhelm's Germany go to war?" The author points out that with the further development of its strength, Germany's grand strategy is degenerating or even disintegrating, and it is increasingly unable to cope with the changing and complex situation. In January 2017, the English version of this book was published by MIT Press, which attracted the attention of the international academic community.

The Golden Horde (also known as the Kipchak Khanate) is one of the four great khanates in Mongolia. It was established by Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi and his son Batu through an expedition to the southern Russian grasslands. The areas it rules mainly include Central Asia, the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River, the Don River Basin, the Caucasus, Crimea and other regions. It lasted for nearly three hundred years and had a crucial impact on the historical development of the region, especially the Rus region located in the northern part of its territory. "The Rise and Fall of the Golden Horde" was written by the famous Soviet historians Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovsky. It has long been one of the most important books on the history of the Golden Horde and the first monograph in the related field to be translated into Chinese. This comprehensive study is divided into three parts, which respectively discuss the rise of the Golden Horde, the evolution of the relationship between the Golden Horde and the Rus principalities, and the decline of the Golden Horde. The author makes use of a large number of Persian and Arabic historical materials, ancient Russian chronicle materials, the edicts of the Golden Horde Khan and the results of archaeological excavations in Central Asia. It can be regarded as a masterpiece of research results on the Golden Horde Khanate by the historical circles of Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union.

A. A. Vasilev is recognized by the international historical community as one of the scholars of Byzantine history and culture in the 20th century. His "History of the Byzantine Empire" is a classic masterpiece written based on a large number of original Byzantine documents and making full use of previous research results. The author breaks away from the political and military tradition of studying Byzantium in the past, puts Byzantine's cultural achievements on an equal footing with politics, and comprehensively explains Byzantine's achievements in literature, archaeology, art, architecture, etc., Which can be called an encyclopedia about the Byzantine Empire. The book also involves the history of interactions between Byzantium and various surrounding ethnic groups, and discusses the process of the integration of many civilizational elements in the region.

This book is mainly a translation and compilation of original historical materials from ancient and medieval Europe, supplemented by a small number of research papers and book reviews. The translation principle is to translate from the original Latin and Greek documents. The theme of this issue is legal documents. Each translation includes a professional introduction, translation and original text. The research papers are on the modern history of Greece, two articles. Book reviews are short reviews of Chinese professional works in the field of ancient and medieval studies. They mainly objectively introduce the content of the books, as well as academic comments. On the one hand, this book provides first-hand documents for domestic academic circles and promotes domestic academic circles' research in related fields; on the other hand, it sorts out the research trends and directions of domestic academic circles and understands important academic achievements at home and abroad.

This is a history of world economy, diplomacy, and cultural exchanges connected by gold. The book takes the history of gold as the main line and reproduces the process of mankind's fanatical pursuit of gold. From the gold myths of ancient Greece and Rome to the gold treasures of Europe and Africa in the Middle Ages, from the gold rush in the Americas and Australia to the gold standard and the Bretton Woods system before and after the two world wars, it reproduces the evolution of gold from a simple metal to a symbol of wealth and power, reflecting the flow of world wealth and changes in power centers as well as economic, diplomatic, and cultural exchanges among various regions of the world. It is an interesting and profound masterpiece.

In 1453, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II led his army to capture Constantinople. The thousand-year-old Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed and Europe was shocked. Over the next half century, the Ottomans continued to expand. By the beginning of the 16th century, although its expansion had achieved certain achievements, the Ottomans were still a medium-sized country mainly composed of the Balkans and Anatolia until it ushered in the ninth sultan: Selim I (1470-1520). Selim was the grandson of Muhammad II. As the non-eldest son, he had no chance of becoming the Sultan. However, due to his brother's rebellion with his father, he took the opportunity to become sultan through a coup. Selim, who ascended to the throne, launched three eastern expeditions. At the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim defeated Ismaili, the founding monarch of the Safavid dynasty of Persia, which was gaining momentum, suppressing the Safavids' rising momentum, and also kicked off the ongoing struggle between Sunnis and Shias within Islam. In the Battle of Dabiq Grassland, Selim defeated the Mamluk dynasty's army in Egypt in one day. The Mamluk Sultan was killed in action, and famous cities such as Aleppo, Damascus and Jerusalem fell into Selim's hands one after another. At the Battle of Raidaniya, Selim defeated the Mamluk army again in less than an hour. Soon, Selim was proclaimed Caliph in Cairo, the Mamluk capital, establishing his supreme status in the Islamic world. In less than four years, under the leadership of Selim, the Ottoman Empire emerged as a world empire spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa. Selim not only reshaped the political ecology of the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East, but the empire that flourished under his leadership also radiated influence around the world. The empire's monopoly on trade routes between the East and the West led Columbus and others to venture across the Atlantic and eventually discover the New World. The Europeans who colonized America also dealt with the Indians in the same way they dealt with the Ottomans in the Old World, thus triggering a series of conflicts in the New World. At the same time, the expansion of the empire also brought a huge sense of oppression to Europe. Some Europeans attributed Europe's disadvantage compared to the Ottomans to moral decay, and mainstream beliefs were challenged. Therefore, we cannot fully understand the world of the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern Age if we ignore the role of the Ottoman Empire. This book is not only a biography about Selim, full of stories of power struggles such as fratricide, father-son antagonism, and son-in-law fighting, as well as Selim's heroic military exploits; it is also an innovative work that breaks away from Eurocentrism and centers on the Ottoman Empire, depicting global history from 1470 to 1520. It emphasizes the role of the Ottoman Empire behind major events such as the Great Navigation and the Reformation, and completes our cognitive picture of the origins of the modern world. The "Shadow of Uthman" and the "Shadow of Allah" are forever cast on the world.

"The Itch of Destiny: How Mosquitoes Shaped Human History" provides a dramatic new perspective on human history and tells the story of the mosquito's dominance in human history. You will embark on a journey of suffering from mosquitoes in chronological order. Mosquitoes have determined the fate of nations, determined the outcome of key wars, and influenced religious and economic developments because of their ability to transmit highly virulent and highly evolved diseases. Mosquitoes saved the Romans from Hannibal and Europe from the Mongols, caused mosquito-borne diseases that helped Haiti gain independence and fueled the growth of Christianity. In order to combat diseases caused by mosquitoes, people discovered the wonderful effects of coffee and tea, which in turn promoted the development of the coffee and tea industry. In order to resist the deadly bites of mosquitoes, humans have begun continuous exploration of medical treatment, hygiene, and technology. Mosquitoes caused changes in our DNA sequences, and malaria defense mechanisms evolved over generations. The emergence of CRISPR gene editing technology may allow humans to avoid the itch of fate. But even in the face of modern science and medicine, mosquitoes are still dangerous animals facing humans. As global natural climate warming accelerates, mosquitoes have opened up new fronts, entering areas that were once untroubled by mosquito-borne infectious diseases. We have to admit that pesky mosquitoes are of profound significance to the development of human civilization. They allow us to see how yesterday's world has changed and shaped mankind today.

"A Brief History of the World" is a unique world history, covering major historical events from the beginning of human civilization to the Second World War. He has unique insights and discussions on ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the European Renaissance, the British Industrial Revolution, the Reformation, the French Revolution, the American Revolution, etc. In addition, the book also touches on Eastern culture, including Confucianism and Taoism.

Describes another "Norman Conquest" that took place in Italy during the Middle Ages. In the 11th century, the Normans living in France came to southern Italy by chance. They were originally mercenaries, but gradually became an important political force. They continued to grow in the complex political situation of southern Italy, and finally unified southern Italy and Sicily, and established the Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily, it was once a powerful country in the Mediterranean region. It profoundly affected the political situation in Italy and even sent troops to fight overseas. The kingdom prospered in an atmosphere of tolerance. However, the Norman dynasty only lasted for about 60 years, and finally perished in tragic circumstances. The Norman Conquest was probably one of the most important military and cultural events in English history. With the arrival of the Normans in England, England, an ancient and new country, took on new vitality. Whether it was language, architecture, military or law, there were sweeping changes within England. So how did the Normans change all that? Why is this change so radical? Mark Morris combs through the historical events before and after the Norman Conquest in extremely detailed strokes, and outlines a new picture of the Norman Conquest. After comparing various evidences, he uses vivid and fluent language to tell readers how England has been integrated into European cultural traditions, and how this has affected the historical process of England.

When Gideon died, the world was in chaos. Gideon married several times and left behind a large family when he died. As soon as the father was buried, the sons began to quarrel over who should succeed their father. One of them, Abimelech, was particularly ambitious. He dreamed of becoming the king of all the Jews, and thought he was qualified to do so. However, it is difficult for such a young man to be appreciated by those who are familiar with him. So Abimelech left home and went to his mother's hometown, the village of Shechem. There he plotted to seize the throne but had no funds. The people of Shechem knew that if he succeeded in seizing the throne, they would be profitable, so they lent him money. He used the money to hire professional assassins and instigated them to murder his own brothers. In just one night, almost all of Abimelech's brothers were killed, and only the youngest, Jotham, escaped.

From "Lutetia" in the Roman era to "Grand Paris" in the 21st century, as the capital city, the history of Paris is closely related to the history of France. During the long Middle Ages, Paris witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties. During the magnificent Revolution, Paris was always at the center of the whirlpool, controlling the direction of France. At the turn of the romantic and legendary century, Paris also left a mark as an important cultural and artistic center. This book is a general history of Paris that is both comprehensive and interesting. The construction of the city, the struggle of the people, the derivation of culture... Colin Jones presents the historical process of Paris for more than a thousand years in a vivid and humorous way, and outlines charming pictures of urban life.

This book is Kapuchinsky's private report across Russia. He interviewed ordinary people and captured the conflicts and emotions that filled the land as the Soviet Union was about to disintegrate, as well as people's fears and hopes for the future. The 20th century began with the revolution in Soviet Russia and ended with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. There are a lot of books about the Soviet Union, but this documentary literature is the work of Kapuchinsky who devoted all his efforts and efforts, providing readers with an all-round and multi-perspective analysis of Russia's past. The author adopts a prose style, does not stick to the form, and selects representative close-ups to allow readers to deeply understand the essence of the Soviet Union in the details. This not only reflects the author's academic level and writing skills, but also avoids boring and lengthy anecdotes. From every detail of the journey in the Soviet Union to the people there; from the destruction of St. Peter's Cathedral to the Great Purge and the Great Famine; from the poor life of ordinary people to the extravagant decadence of the privileged class; from the bits and pieces of marginal urban and rural towns to the competition at the core of power in the capital Moscow. This documentary literature witnesses conflict, suffering, and hope.

"Five Thousand Years of the World" is a popular history book without the scholarly atmosphere of a serious historical work, and it got rid of the intolerance of nationalism and even Eurocentrism earlier than many works of that era. The book focuses on the heritage of human culture, including ideas, culture, religion and other heritages, which are truly valuable things in the course of human civilization. This book discusses the history of the world spanning five continents from the formation of the earth, the origin of living things and human beings to the modern day World War I. Wells summarized the purpose of this book as "to show in a straightforward manner to men of average intelligence the inevitable development of political, social, and economic organization into a world federation if civilization is to continue."

This book is arranged in chronological order, using a chronology of major events in China on the left and a chronology of major foreign events on the right to compare and arrange the development process of Chinese and foreign history. The intuitive image helps readers: (1) understand and master Chinese and foreign historical events that happened in the same time period, especially for students to make it easier to remember; (2) In the comparison of development in the same period, it is possible to discover when Chinese civilization is ahead of world civilization and when it lags behind other civilizations, and ponder the fate of national development.

Over the past decade or so, capitalist globalization has been accompanied by a re-emphasis on civilizational identity, once again highlighting enduring civilizational and historical issues. The book "World Order and Civilization Hierarchy" traces its roots and studies these issues. It reveals how the world order dominated by European and American countries was formed in the past five hundred years, and how "Western" civilization elevated its political organization and knowledge form to universal standards. The spatiotemporal hierarchy set by these standards places stateless societies such as Africa and Oceania (and other indigenous peoples) as "outside", defines Asian societies as "semi-civilized", and capitalist societies in Europe and North America as civilized. As the editor-in-chief of this book points out in the preface, this set of civilizational standards evolved into the self-understanding of people around the world in the 20th century. Nowadays, the hegemony of European and American countries has begun to face challenges, and their status as civilizational hegemony has been questioned again. Along with this, people are calling for a future world order.

The eleven papers included in this book mainly come from the Chinese-English bilingual international conference held at the University of Victoria in Canada in 2014. The theme is "Zheng He's voyages to the West and the relationship between China and the Indian Ocean world since ancient times." Participants of this conference include more than 50 scholars from Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Australia. It is the largest Zheng He research conference held outside Asia. Zheng He's seven voyages to the West in the early Ming Dynasty are well-known major historical events in the field of Chinese history research. However, whether in the field of traditional world history or the emerging global history, this unprecedented feat in the history of human navigation has not received due attention. Not only do mainstream Western scholars lack understanding of Zheng He's voyages to the West, but the theoretical methods they used are also difficult to fully explain this non-Western historical event. The main purpose of this book is to break through this academic dilemma and advocate a multicultural global history through the study of Zheng He from multiple perspectives.

"A Brief History of Humanity" is one of the classic works by the famous science popularization master Fang Long. It tells the entire process of human beings from desolation to civilization. The origin of mankind, the origin of ancient civilizations, hieroglyphics, the medieval world, the Renaissance, the rise of religion and war, and the revolutions of great powers such as Britain, the United States, France, and Russia. It can be said that this is a book that comprehensively popularizes the history, geography, literature, and art accumulated by human civilization over thousands of years. In addition to showing the major events in the development of human civilization, it also shows the sparkling wisdom and limitations of human beings in a specific era, allowing us to fully understand the history of mankind. Fang Long, a master of "humanism", uses humorous writing style, novel viewpoints and easy-to-understand narrative methods to turn the long history of mankind into pillow reading that everyone can understand. History does not have to be heavy and boring, but can be a more exciting story than a novel; history is not a dead past, but a living past. The housekeeper dragon talks about human history and foresees the future.