Cleopatra: the Roman Civil War and the Fall of the Ptolemaic Dynasty

Cleopatra, also known as Cleopatra. Cleopatra's father, Ptolemy XII, appointed his eldest son, Ptolemy XIII, to rule Egypt with her. But the two fell out due to factionalism and struggles for power. Cleopatra was expelled from Alexandria and gathered an army along the border between Egypt and Syria, preparing to invade Egypt. At this time, Caesar pursued Pompey to Egypt. Ptolemy XIII killed Pompey and presented his head to Caesar to please Caesar, with the purpose of using Caesar to get rid of Cleopatra. Cleopatra ordered her subordinates to dress up as a merchant and wrap herself in a large blanket. When the merchant came to Caesar's residence to ask for an audience, she came out of the blanket. At that time, Cleopatra was in her prime and stunningly beautiful. She used her beauty and wisdom to charm Caesar. Caesar ordered the execution of Cleopatra's father's will, and Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII ruled together. In 31 BC, the armies of Antony and Octavian fought at Cape Actium. The battle was in full swing, Antony's fleet was frustrated, and Kleopatra suddenly withdrew from the battlefield and sailed back to Egypt. Antony then gave chase, leaving his fighting force to be destroyed. In 30 BC, Octavian attacked Egypt and surrounded Alexandria. Seeing that the situation was over, Antony committed suicide with his sword, and Cleopatra committed suicide.