Novels like The First Strange Tale of the Countryside
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as The First Strange Tale of the Countryside, best match first.
- 101 Spirit-Seeking Case Files 1: The Road to the Yellow Springs 访灵笔录1：黄泉路 [Mystery] [Supernatural] [A Powerful Duo] [Lighthearted] [Episodic Stories] [Ghostly Tales] [Ensemble Cast Hunting Ghosts] "The road to the Yellow Springs stretches for thousands of miles. The living and the dead are separated, with only fate to reunite them in another life." Quan Ning got into a car accident on a mountain road. As he lay on the brink of death, a man claiming to be a ghost judge from the underworld offered him a chance to live. "I'll lend you ten years. Interest is three percent 83Reads8.6Score—14d adds
- 102 The Green Satchel Corpse Robe (Complete Collection, Volumes 1–3) 青囊尸衣（1-3册合集） In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), beneath the unsteady glow of an oil lamp, a white-bearded old man handed a cloth bundle to the jailer and whispered, “This can bring the dead back to life.” In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), three days before Zhu Yuanzhang ordered his death, Liu Bowen faked his own death. Afterward, he hid in Wolong Valley and devoted all he had learned in his lifetime to completing The Corpse-Cloth Scripture. In 1975, within a single month, Zhu Hansheng, a barefoot do 18.1kReads9.4Score3.2k14d adds
- 103 The Dead Man's Makeup 死人妆 The old folks often say, “Men shouldn’t be born on the first day of the lunar month, and women shouldn’t be born on the fifteenth.” I was born on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, with the fate of an iron broom and a destructive bone marrow. The living despise me, and I bring death to my whole family, yet demons and ghosts have their eyes on me! Because of him, I also broke a taboo and became a woman of yin fate... To save me, my mother-in-law taught me the art of applying makeup to th 2.5kReads9.1Score33014d adds
- 104 Hiring a Handsome Guy to Guard the House 雇个帅哥来镇宅 [Horror, one heroine] What do you do when you’re nearly broke? With no other options, Shang Yi reluctantly took a night-shift job, and it completely upended his worldview! The elevator, hallways, underground parking garage, bathrooms… Those places were already enough to give him a headache. But what troubled him even more was the attention he got from beautiful women… Strange incidents kept happening in the residential complex, yet the residents went on living there as if nothing were wrong. The 54Reads—Score—14d adds
- 105 Record of the Spirit Seekers 2: Farewell to the Mortal World 访灵笔录2：入世辞 [Mystery + supernatural + powerful partners + lively humor + episodic stories + ghostly tales + an ensemble cast hunting ghosts] “Nothing brings greater joy than meeting a new friend; nothing brings greater sorrow than parting from a loved one.” A chance encounter with a beauty on Ghost Wasteland Mountain turns out to be a deadly ghost's attempt to claim a soul! Karmic ties from a past life and entanglements in this one: whose mistake is it, and whose fate? Quan Ning and Yin Cangyi are accidenta 40Reads7.9Score—14d adds
- 106 Eerie Revival: I’m Covered in Taboos and Slaughter My Way Through the Haunted Realm 诡异复苏：我满身禁忌杀穿诡域 “Since Heaven took pity on me and let me be reborn, I’ll fight my way through this terminally ill world in this life!” The occult returns. Monsters and demons roam, mountains of corpses and seas of blood spread, and screams fill the land. Only Divine Mark Masters are a light in this diseased world. Anyone with a pattern on their body has a chance of becoming a Divine Mark Master. One person has leukemia and transforms into a white-winged angel who metes out judgment in every direction. Another h 5.6kReads7.9Score81814d adds
- 107 The Loop 循环 From losing everything to striking it rich overnight, Wang Hao wins at the gambling table for five days straight. But there are no free lunches, and in the end, his greed will make him pay a terrible price! In a single night, Wang Hao vanishes without a trace. Awei, Wang Hao's friend, reports him missing to the police, then secretly investigates his whereabouts. Unexpectedly, one eerie incident after another follows! Someone who died more than twenty years ago reappears! As he digs deeper, he di 255Reads8.3Score1714d adds
- 108 Reincarnation's Eerie Station 轮回诡站 A cursed ticket leading to one horrifying incident site after another... A city shrouded in dense fog, obsessed with eradicating the very existence of "horror"... Passengers who vanish one after another, or are cursed for all eternity... Inside a dilapidated train, an amnesiac burdened by three curses awakens in the dim light, as a voice calling out "curse" sounds in his ears... "Welcome to Reincarnation Station! Passengers aboard the train, please pay attention... The next stop is... Corpse Pai 170kReads8.8Score18.2k14d adds
- 109 Underworld Agent 地府经纪人 I was hit by a basketball at school and fell into a lake, but I survived and became an official employee of the Underworld. I also gained a Ghost Hunter System that helps the Underworld recruit talented ghosts, setting me on the path to turning my life around. 56Reads6.8Score414d adds
- 110 Terror in the Haunted Dorm 诡寝惊魂 I got a job as a dorm supervisor in a university women’s residence, but the girls there were a little too friendly… Crying in the middle of the night, dorm rooms catching fire, rooms that don’t exist. Hidden in the deepest corners of memory is a bizarre and fantastical world… The night is deep, the dream unfinished. A mountain spirit blows out the lamp. Where can a lonely soul return? 10.4kReads8.5Score1.1k14d adds
- 111 The Haunted Grave 诡坟 I think I've been possessed! Right before the college entrance exam, I suddenly came down with a high fever that wouldn't break. I missed the exam and had to spend half a year recovering at home. During those six months, I found a job as a cemetery groundskeeper. My coworker, Old Zhang, saw how frail I was and how weak my yang energy seemed, and insisted on finding me someone to protect me. But he didn't tell me that my protector would be a female ghost!! Not only does she want to marry me, she 108Reads7.0Score514d adds
- 112 Tales of the Haunted Mountain Village 山村诡事录 Where the woods are dense, ghosts abound; where the mountains are high, monsters are sure to lurk. After getting drunk, Chen Jianjun of Kaoshan Village encounters a beautiful woman in the mountains. Alone together, the pair spend several days in an intimate embrace. When he returns home, he goes mad for a day and then dies. On the day of his burial, Chen Jianjun suddenly comes back to life... To save his family, Chen Xiaojun becomes the apprentice of Yi, a lame man who was once sent to a work ca 4.5kReads9.2Score40714d adds
- 113 Horror's Edge: 100 Absolutely Terrifying Ghost Stories 恐怖边界：100个绝对惊悚的鬼谈 [Standalone Stories + Supernatural Horror + Folk Customs + Feng Shui and Mysticism + Mild Frights + Shocking Twists] Horror tales beyond anything you could imagine. Each story is like a dark door swinging open, drawing you into moments that will make your skin crawl. Listen. A faint whisper, an indescribable shadow creeping closer. Danger by the river, terror in the cemetery, ghost babies in the maternity ward, evil headhunting magic, apparitions at the hot springs, a bloodstained umbrella... On 2.4kReads8.7Score18614d adds
- 114 I Live in Fengmen Village 我住在封门村 My hometown shares its name with the legendary number-one haunted village in China: Fengmen Village. What’s more, our village also has a grandmaster’s chair. Whoever sits in it is doomed to die! It was 1997, and I had been accepted into the high school in town. Once summer vacation was over, I would finally be able to leave the place where I’d spent sixteen years. But what I never expected was for one terrifying incident after another to strike the village! Rats that ate human flesh, five-colore 717Reads6.1Score4814d adds
- 115 Incense Ashes: I'm a Yin-Yang Medium 香灰：我是阴阳女先生 If someone asks to borrow money from you in a dream, promise me you won’t lend it. Because what you’re lending isn’t money, it’s your life. … Grandma called me a debt-collecting demon, and Mom called me a bringer of bad luck. All because, when I was born, a fire broke out at home for no apparent reason, and the villagers rushed over to help put it out. But no matter what they did, they couldn’t extinguish the flames. The fire only slowly died down after half the village had burned to the ground. 6.9kReads9.1Score82514d adds
- 116 Midnight Terror: Human Nature Stories That Will Haunt You 午夜惊魂：让人细思极恐的人性故事 At midnight, let's listen together to the little stories that circulate all around us. Maybe they're true. Maybe you've heard them too, or even experienced them yourself. Those moments that grow more terrifying the more you think about them go perfectly with the pitch-black night beyond the window. Red brick walls are common in many places. But we've never stopped to wonder: why are those bricks so red, so vivid? Rideshares at night aren't necessarily safe. Passengers have their concerns, and dr 537Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 117 It's All the Haunted House's Fault 都是凶宅惹的祸 I'm a mystery writer. In search of inspiration, I moved into a house rumored to be haunted. Every night, a horribly disfigured face appeared in the window, and outside, the rotten corpse of a woman hung from a tree. I realized then that this really was a haunted house! Gradually, my family began acting strangely, and we even found a mummified corpse sealed inside the wall for years! As I investigated further, I came across something even more terrifying… 62Reads8.7Score814d adds
- 118 The Soul Ferry Lantern 渡魂灯 [Supernatural + mildly scary + episodic stories, a fast-paced ghost-hunting romp with all kinds of tricks!] Fire runs in my veins, and I'm cursed to bring bad luck. When I was fifteen, my father kicked me out. To survive, I climbed into a stone tomb. The strange knocking at the door of the funeral home at midnight, The body that mysteriously vanished after a fatal car crash, A headless old man, a talking human skin, and haunted schools and skyscrapers... I guide five-element spirits onward and f 17.7kReads9.2Score1.6k14d adds
- 119 The Female Medium of Guandong 关东女先生 [The animated drama based on the novel is now a huge hit] A suspenseful supernatural tale rooted in Northeast Chinese folklore! The first season of the animated drama adapted from the original novel is now available on Hongguo, Tomato, and Douyin! When the rules of the Northeast are broken, a hundred ghosts roam the night, and the yin energy can no longer be contained. My name is Ren Xue. I'm a director who makes supernatural dramas. Fate brought me back to Changbai Mountain, where I became a G 558Reads—Score11714d adds
- 120 The Underworld Calls Me Little Sir 地府叫我小先生 [Supernatural + mystery + power progression] Getting hit by a basketball and falling into a lake was bad enough. Even worse, I got killed by a basketball!! The Black and White Impermanence told me I still had seventy years left to live. To make it up to me, they offered me a job in the underworld. So I became an HR officer on the underworld’s permanent staff and even got a ghost recruitment System! As long as I help the underworld recruit talented ghosts, I can earn all kinds of abilities: talis 399Reads—Score—14d adds
- 121 I'm a Haunted House Sleep Tester 我在凶宅当试睡员 I worked for a real estate company, but later I was transferred to another department. I never expected to encounter something terrifying on my very first day... 5.5kReads8.8Score58314d adds
- 122 The Living Must Keep Away 活人回避 Originally titled Living People, Keep Away. An antique set me on a desperate path. From then on, just to stay alive, I became a yin walker who dealt with the dead and the walking corpses. Three years searching for dragon veins, ten years locating acupoints, roaming between yin and yang, dealing in ghosts and spirits. I kept walking, struggling my way to where I am today. 2.7kReads8.9Score33114d adds
- 123 Folk Tales: One Chapter, One Horror Story 民间怪谈一章一个恐怖故事 [Anthology of stories] [Folklore horror] [Supernatural horror] [Village legends] [Chinese-style horror] [Old-time storytelling] There is no overarching plot. Each chapter is a standalone horror story adapted from folk tales, with eerie, unsettling plots that grow more terrifying the more you think about them. Note: This story discourages superstition and encourages belief in science. It is entirely fictional, so just enjoy it as a bit of fun. 25.6kReads7.5Score1.1k14d adds
- 124 There Are Ghosts in These Words 话里有诡 They say everyone has a few little secrets they can't bring themselves to talk about these days. But if you really want to hear something out of the ordinary, go find Old Bu. Old Bu runs a little tavern set inside an abandoned train carriage. From the day it opened, he laid down one rule: One interesting story in exchange for a night's worth of drinks. Sounds like a good deal, doesn't it? Too bad he doesn't give you much to drink, and the stories just keep getting stranger. An intelligent wristb 10Reads7.6Score614d adds
- 125 The Last Paper Effigy Maker 最后一个扎纸人 The art of paper effigies can bridge the worlds of yin and yang, perform rites for the dead, and summon the King of Hell. Cut yellow paper, weave bamboo strips: paper horses travel a thousand miles, and paper figures summon spirits. With one stroke to paint their eyes, the King of Hell appears, striking terror into all directions and sending ten thousand ghosts into hiding! By the time the art of paper effigies reaches Chen Mo, he is its last practitioner. He assumes this ancient, mysterious cra 16.7kReads8.5Score1.7k14d adds
- 126 Horror Descends: The Ghost Gate 恐怖降临【鬼门】 Horror + supernatural + suspense + survival + infinite worlds + twists A world of horror descends, and countless Gates of the Dead suddenly appear. Those selected must enter the gates and make a desperate escape. Some gates are formed from horror novels. Some are formed from horror movies. Some are formed from tales of evil spirits. Some are formed from bizarre imaginings. Entering a Gate of the Dead means your life has started counting down. Who can make it out alive? “If you're curious abo 1.8kReads6.3Score12614d adds
- 127 The Terrifying Online Celebrity 恐怖女网红 Ning Ruoyu is bullied and framed by the people closest to her. To stay alive, she has no choice but to catch ghosts for money. She never expected to become an online sensation with tens of millions of followers... During the new-book period, there will be one update a day until the story reaches 30,000 words, posted at noon. After that, there will be two updates 3.2kReads9.1Score37014d adds
- 128 My Lady Doesn't Believe in the Supernatural 我家夫人不信邪 I believe in metaphysics, but she doesn’t. We got married just to prove each other wrong. I wanted to hang a portrait of the Three Pure Ones, but she refused, so after a huge argument, I decided to write down all the true events that have happened over the years: my dad got into trouble after eating a snake, my grandma suddenly started eating pork knuckle and cursing, Gao Dabao lost a hand in an elevator accident, Feng Ershuang was grabbed by a ghost, and their cousin mysteriously went mad and d 91Reads—Score—14d adds
- 129 The Six-Fingered Exorcist 六指诡医 Born with six fingers on his left hand, he was called a jinx by his family. His father died the day he was born, and misfortune followed him everywhere as he grew up. He endured discrimination and contempt. When he turned eighteen and suffered his third half-cycle tribulation, even his beloved grandparents died. From then on, the protagonist was forced to wander. While struggling to stay alive, he investigated the truth behind the mysteries. Caught in an endless struggle between life and death, 4.5kReads9.2Score82414d adds
- 130 The Last Soul-Quelling Master 最后一个镇魂师 I grew up at my grandfather's house in the countryside. He was the most respected suona player in our village. One day, Li Dashan, a fellow villager, beat his pregnant wife to death and came to ask my grandfather for help. My grandfather tried everything he could, but still couldn't calm the resentment of Li Dashan's wife. In the end, he had no choice but to play a suona dirge to forcibly pacify her soul. On the night of the Lantern Festival, Li Dashan and his family turned into vengeful ghosts 116Reads8.5Score1014d adds
- 131 Followed by Ghosts 与鬼随行 Immersive, terrifying, and packed with suspenseful mystery and deduction. I have a strange world, and I want to take you there! After the college entrance exams, I took a fatal blow meant for my friend and lost my sight. By chance, I ended up at a bizarre vocational college. My classmates are dying one after another under strange circumstances, and there seems to be a much bigger secret behind it all. This world seems so strange... so strange... I have to solve the mind-bending challenges one by 3kReads—Score30314d adds
- 132 Dark Face Reading 黑相术 After I lost my sight, a matchmaker set me up on a date, and I met a girl. She wasn’t human… One night, as we slept, I touched her tail. 24kReads8.9Score2.9k14d adds
- 133 The Sound of Nightmares: 60 Horror Stories That Wake You from Your Dreams 噩梦之声：60个做梦吓醒的恐怖故事 [Standalone Ghost Stories + Supernatural Horror + Not for the Faint of Heart + Rural Tales] When night falls, terrifying ghostly figures emerge. Step into all kinds of bizarre and unbelievable tales, and spend your nights screaming! Haunted houses, ghostly shadows outside the window, a deadly lipstick, someone beneath the mattress, an umbrella that hunts people... Every corner conceals inexplicable phenomena and secrets that will fill you with dread! Every page will make your hair stand on end, 2.1kReads8.9Score18114d adds
- 134 Becoming the Most Popular One in a Horror Game 在惊悚游戏里成为最强万人迷 (Content warnings at the end of the blurb. This story rejects writing advice.) [Infinite-Flow + Wish Fulfillment + Passionate Team Ensemble + Light Mystery and Combat + Horror Escape] [Top-Tier Talent, Brains and Brawn, a Cold-Humored, Protective Female Lead, and Teammates Who Each Shine in Their Own Way] At first, the twisted viewers thought that some poor woman in a hospital gown was going to die horribly on the very first night of the first round. That was until they saw her with their own ey 107.8kReads9.4Score11.4k14d adds
- 135 I Have 36,524 Folk Horror Stories 我有36524个民间恐怖故事 [Standalone stories] [Supernatural suspense] [Folk horror] [Mountain spirits and monsters] [Adapted from real cases] [Rural legends] There is no main storyline. Each chapter is a self-contained story adapted from folk rumors, with eerie, gripping plots. Note: This story discourages superstition and encourages belief in science. It is entirely fictional, so just enjoy it as entertainment. 4.2kReads8.8Score21714d adds
- 136 The Netherworld Inn 阴间客栈 My name is Qin Yu. While on a business trip, I checked into a uniquely styled inn called the Yin Room Inn. It even offered “special services” in the middle of the night. Little did I know it was an inn from the underworld. I began having nightmare after nightmare, and my friends kept getting into trouble... 2.9kReads9.0Score16814d adds
- 137 The Years I Spent as a Funeral Mourner 我当哭丧人的那些年 Some people must be mourned loudly when they are laid to rest. Otherwise, according to old folk customs, it is considered an act of filial impiety. After I was born, everyone in my family except my grandfather died because of me. My grandfather fell gravely ill, and to earn money for his treatment, I had no choice but to join Zhang the Elder, a man from my village, as a professional funeral mourner. From then on, I set out on a path of mourning with no return! 126Reads8.5Score—14d adds
- 138 First Day of School: The Teacher Dies Before My Eyes 开学：老师死在面前 [Supernatural + Horror + Ensemble Cast + Smart Characters + Infinite Flow + Decisive and Ruthless + Teamwork] On the first day of school, the moment Class 4's homeroom teacher, Mr. Bai, mysteriously committed suicide in the classroom, everyone's worldview was completely overturned by what they saw. A bleeding blackboard, blood-red words appearing out of nowhere: it was as if a novel had become reality. Everyone in the class would be forced to take on all kinds of deadly missions. They could neit 28.5kReads8.9Score2.7k14d adds
- 139 Tales of the Supernatural 民间怪谈录 [Rural Horror Stories + Anthology + Folk Horror Tales + Chinese Supernatural] Supernatural happenings are most likely to occur in mountain villages, and the stories we've heard may well have really happened. In the eerie night wind, Granny Hao, the midwife who receives the dead, is like a messenger from the underworld, guiding the spirits of helpless mothers and children home. Locust trees commune with spirits, and poplars attract yin energy. Beneath the village's ancient trees lie secrets that 810Reads8.9Score6014d adds
- 140 The Heavenly Coffin 天棺 Because of a joke, my grandmother’s spirit refused to leave after her death and insisted on taking me with her to the grave. Otherwise, my whole family would die. To save my family, I went into the grave with my grandmother... 21.8kReads9.0Score1.9k14d adds
- 141 The Midnight Gravekeeper 午夜守墓人 A desolate mountain. An ancient tomb. A woman in white. A blood-red moon at midnight. A corpse monk on the move. I’m a high school senior. With the college entrance exam just around the corner, I suddenly came down with a fever that wouldn’t break and missed the test. After recovering at home for more than half a year, I found a job guarding the gate at a cemetery. Seeing how frail I was and how weak my yang energy was, Old Zhang, the gravedigger, found me a protector. But she wasn’t human. She 5.6kReads8.5Score30414d adds
- 142 I Drive a Taxi, but I Don’t Pick Up Passengers, Only Female Ghosts and Models 我开出租不拉客，只拉女鬼和模特 Pan Mudan kept her lips pressed tightly together, not daring to make a sound in case her husband heard... I used to be a company driver at a steel mill. Then the company laid people off. I spent eight thousand yuan on an almost-decommissioned commercial vehicle and started driving a taxi. My friends all said I'd struck gold! Even without the air conditioning on in summer, the car was chilly inside! 6.4kReads8.9Score57714d adds
- 143 The Midnight Ghost Market: Living People Keep Out 午夜鬼市，活人回避 [Mystery + supernatural + ghost market + narrow escape from death] My name is Tang Chao. I’m a broke young man scraping by in the antiques business, with hundreds of thousands in debt hanging over me. An ordinary porcelain-buying deal led me to pick up a strange Jun ware bowl at an unexpectedly low price. I thought I’d found a bargain. Little did I know, it was the beginning of my nightmare... On a bus, I met a burly man calling himself Jue Mingzi, who warned me that “a calamity is sure to befal 3.6kReads9.1Score20814d adds
- 144 The One Who Borrows Lives from the Underworld 阴间借命人 [Standalone Stories + Supernatural Horror + Suspense + Folk Customs + Playful Tone + Ensemble Cast + Nonstop Ghost-Hunting Thrills!] Ever since I borrowed a life from the underworld, I’ve known no peace. My name is Quan Ning. I’m a lawyer, and one day I was in a car accident on a mountain road. As I lay dying, I saw a ghostly judge from the underworld come to claim my soul. I struck a deal with him and borrowed a sliver of hope for survival. The price of this life I borrowed was becoming 2.5kReads9.1Score23614d adds
- 145 Yin-Yang Eye Realtor: Selling Haunted Houses in Chongqing 阴阳眼中介：我在重庆卖凶宅 A novel inspired by local Chongqing legends and historical anecdotes. This story is entirely fictional. As a child, the protagonist gained the ability to see yin and yang from a Qing dynasty skeleton. His family’s ancestral ledger is filled with secrets of old Chongqing. The folklore is meticulously researched, with traceable details ranging from place names and historical anecdotes to traditional remedies and feng shui formations. Each haunted house seems like a self-contained case, but in trut 194Reads8.3Score—14d adds
- 146 The Paper Effigy Shop: Everyone Around Me Is a Big Shot 扎纸铺，我身边都是大佬 In our ancient land of China, many professions have their own rules and taboos. The older and more mysterious the craft, the more this is true. For example, when “asking the rice,” you must never ask how someone died; a coffin maker must never make their own coffin; a paper effigy maker must never draw eyes on a paper figure; and a spirit medium must never conduct a ceremony without all the members of their altar present... If any of these rules and taboos are broken, something terrifying will h 22.6kReads9.3Score2k14d adds
- 147 The Fragrance of the Coffin's Beauty 棺香美人 When I was born, the river swelled and washed a coffin right into my home. Fifteen years later, the coffin opened, and inside was a woman... Feng shui, fate and destiny... There are endless folk legends to tell, and more bizarre wonders than words can describe. 32.2kReads9.4Score76114d adds
- 148 Ghost Sightings at the Nightclub 夜场见鬼录 A Long is a DJ at a bar with a legendary “Stage of Death.” Many people have died there under mysterious circumstances. The cause of death could never be determined, and some bodies were never even found! The strange incidents stopped only after the bar was shut down. As the legend of the deaths gradually faded from memory, someone opened the stage once more! After that, disaster struck again and again! A terrifying ghostly figure appears in the girls’ dormitory, a faceless baby clings to a chand 242Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 149 Northeastern China's Forbidden Secrets 东北禁忌手札 [Extreme horror + a folk-horror story set in the countryside] In a remote mountain village, deep within the forest, countless taboos remain unknown to outsiders. The people here follow ancient rules of life and death: pregnant women must never encounter a coffin, and anyone who dies of old age at a hundred years old is destined to become an evil spirit. But in a single day, the old Yu family breaks both taboos, drawing every kind of demon and ghost to their door! At midnight, someone hears the s 912Reads8.8Score10814d adds
- 150 Tales of the Strange in Western Hunan 湘西异闻录 [A friendly warning: This book has no System. It's funny and terrifying, with suspense and clever twists throughout, plus plenty of passion and brains. The more you read, the better it gets.] When I was four, I was kidnapped and taken to a cursed village to be sacrificed alive. A fox spirit risked her life to save me, and secretly pledged herself to me for life. To marry my fox bride, I venture deep into the Miao Valley, tread the Nether River Gorge, and walk the boundary between Yin and Yang. I 6kReads9.1Score57914d adds
