Novels like Huangpu’s Loyal Souls: From Shanghai to Northern Burma
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as Huangpu’s Loyal Souls: From Shanghai to Northern Burma, best match first.
- 51 War of Resistance: I Just Want to Survive 抗战：我只想活下去 No System, not reborn. This is not the legend of a hero, but the story of someone who only wants to survive, making it through the flames and blood of World War II. The War of Resistance: I Just Want to Survive 115Reads7.1Score—14d adds
- 52 War of Resistance: From Manchuria to the South Seas Expedition 抗战：从关东到远征南洋 [Independent development + storage space + System + expeditionary force] Du Zhongyi finds himself in the War of Resistance era. As the saying goes, the greater your abilities, the heavier your responsibilities. Unable to bear seeing his fellow countrymen reduced to second-class citizens, he takes up a position in the mountains, raises a banner, and starts recruiting troops… 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 53 War of Resistance: The Flames of War in the Northeast, with a Full German-Equipped Division from the Start 抗战：烽火东北，开局满编德械师 [Starting on September 18]+ [Northeast resistance against Japan]+ [German-equipped division]+ [Independent development]+ [System]+ [No female lead] Zhao Shouyue preordered an immersive anti-Japanese war game, never imagining that it would get him selected by the future of China for the “Guardians of the Nation” program and force him into a three-year closed beta! After three years of life at a military academy during the beta, he graduated top overall. Then he entered the War of Resistance in a 123Reads—Score—14d adds
- 54 The Invincible Shop System: Slaughtering Japanese Soldiers in the War of Resistance 无敌商店系统之抗战屠杀鬼子兵 When did we begin fighting the Japanese? [Tactics and Strategy] [Endless Thrills] [Historical Main Plot] [Independent Development] [Romance with the Female Lead] [I Have 99 Lives] In the bloody Battle of Shanghai, the soldiers of the 18th Army fought to the death and refused to retreat. From the start, I transmigrated to Luodian, Shanghai, a battlefield known as the meat grinder. Every minute and every second, countless Nationalist soldiers die. I have 99 lives, but what about those soldiers...? 345Reads—Score14014d adds
- 55 War of Resistance: The All-Around Soldier King Vows to Slay Over a Million Japanese Invaders 抗战：全能兵王，誓杀鬼子过百万 Warrior king Yang Ming dies while saving someone and transmigrates to the War of Resistance era. Starting out as a militiaman, he steadily builds up his strength. With the System at his side, he kills Japanese invaders, roots out collaborators and punishes evil, turning the tide when all seems lost. 845Reads7.2Score10714d adds
- 56 War of Resistance: I Have a God-Tier Weapons System 抗战：我有一个神级军火系统 Zhao Zijing, a veteran discharged from the military, was visiting the site of the Battle of Shanghai when he unexpectedly transmigrated to the battlefield in a parallel timeline. He became a platoon leader in the Training Regiment. At the same time, the influence of the dimensional rift gave Zhao Zijing a golden finger: the God-Tier Weapons System. He bought weapons and equipment for his soldiers in the System's shop, then led them into battle against the Japanese. To his surprise, they tore thr 356Reads7.4Score14914d adds
- 57 One Shot, One Headshot? I Refuse to Join Up and Fight the Japanese Alone 一枪爆头？拒绝招揽，我独自抗日 Gao Feng transmigrates to the War of Resistance era. The original owner of his body died of fright when a shell exploded on the battlefield he had accidentally entered while searching for his father and younger sister, who had been abducted by the Japanese. Gao Feng becomes the new occupant of his body. At the moment he transmigrates, he awakens a System. Completing its missions earns him System rewards. The rewards come in every shape and form. There’s nothing the System doesn’t have, only thin 10.3kReads7.8Score67314d adds
- 58 The National Defense Army's God of War in 1937 国防军神在1937 Xie Peng, a postdoctoral researcher at the National Defense University, woke up as a junior adjutant in Jinshanwei in 1937. With just 25 days until the Japanese army landed and massacred the locals, he had only four hundred poorly equipped soldiers. While everyone else fled, he led the people in digging traps, planting mines, and making explosives. The System simulated every bloody battle in his mind: eight thousand enemies killed in the first battle, nine thousand in the second, and in the thir 659Reads—Score—14d adds
- 59 War of Resistance: From Nobody to Founding General! 抗战：从小人物到开国将军！ In early 1932, Luo Feng transmigrates to the Greater Khingan Mountains of the northeastern provinces in a parallel world. From the start, Japanese invaders kill his parents, and his elder brother dies in battle. It's hell mode right out of the gate! How can an ordinary man survive in a country torn apart by war? Should he hide in the vast mountains, keep company wit 213Reads6.2Score—14d adds
- 60 The Anti-Japanese Campaign: A Sand Table Decides the Fate of the World 抗日征程：沙盘定乾坤 After transmigrating as a platoon leader on the Songhu battlefield, Gu Xiuyuan awakens a battlefield simulation System amid the fire and blood. In the three-dimensional sand table in his mind, he can see the deadly firing arcs of Japanese machine-gun nests, the tides of the Suzhou River three hours in the future, the desperate struggle in Nanjing, and the supply gaps around Taierzhuang. He can spot artillery blind spots and calculate casualty ratios. At critical moments, dramatic upgrades provi 1.3kReads7.3Score6314d adds
- 61 Iron-Blooded Shanxi Warlords, Not an Inch of Land Surrendered 铁血晋系，寸土不让 [War of Resistance] + [Republican Era] + [Industrial Development] + [Arms Industry] + [No System] Not a mindless power fantasy A recent college graduate wakes up in the body of Yan Baichuan in 1933. The War of Resistance? I, Yan Baichuan, am here to lend a hand! You say my Jin-Sui Army is backward? I want German, American, and French weapons, all of them! You say I'm stingy? These weapons are so expensive, we'll copy them ourselves at the Taiyuan Arsenal! You say I can't command? I'll show the J 788Reads—Score—14d adds
- 62 Regimental Commander: I Landed on the Anti-Japanese Battlefield in a Cannon Fodder Regiment 团长：来到抗日战场却身在炮灰团 What elite troops? I am the elite troops! This isn’t a System novel. If you don’t like it, think twice before reading. It’s a story about hard work. [Hardcore War of Resistance]+ [A wealth of historical facts]+ [Tough, patriotic men]+ [Wartime espionage behind enemy lines]+ [Important illustrations, so don’t argue with me] College student Su Yang unexpectedly transmigrated to a battlefield during the War of Resistance Against Japan. After enduring one hardship after another, he finally met Regim 2.4kReads8.7Score11114d adds
- 63 The Gunfire of Pingxi 平西枪声在 [No System]+ [Not a mindless wish-fulfillment story]+ [Slow pace]+ [No System] I open my eyes and find myself a translator. I seize the chance to clear my name right away. Hell, who’d want to be a translator and get shot? I start out as a guerrilla leader and take part in the War of Resistance Against Japan, the War of Liberation, the War to Resist America, and the self-defense counterattack. 372Reads6.3Score—14d adds
- 64 Bright Sword: Starting with the Western Route Army 亮剑：从西路军开始 From the bloody western expedition along the Hexi Corridor, to the flames of resistance against Japan in the Taihang Mountains, and then to the lightning strike on Chengdu during the Liberation War that brought Hu Zongnan to heel... The wartime journey of a renowned general... 549Reads7.8Score—14d adds
- 65 The War of Resistance Begins in Hebei in the Year of Rising Up 抗战从河北崛起年开始 6.3kReads7.3Score34614d adds
- 66 Warlord: The Road to a Strong Army 军阀：强军之路 Zhou He, born in 2000, transmigrates to a parallel world in the early twentieth century. What should he do? Faced with a world and history so similar to his own, will he help bring about the founding of the nation, or… 20Reads—Score—14d adds
- 67 War of Resistance: The Northeast’s Most Ruthless Man! 抗战：东北第一狠人！ A young man from the new era transmigrates to another world at a time when Fengtian is in crisis. Feng Yong awakens the King's System and leads the Fengtian Army to sweep across the land. Every inch of land is soaked in blood, and a hundred thousand young men take up arms! Men, the time has come to ride forth with blades drawn and trample Fusang underfoot. Follow me and wipe out the invaders! —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 68 The Invincible Artilleryman in the War of Resistance 抗战之无敌炮兵 An artillery battalion taking part in military exercises in the northwest suddenly transmigrates to 1933. Forced to face reality, they follow Battalion Commander Chu Tianming, developing technology and forging a powerful army as they act out one thrilling tale of resistance against the Japanese after another. 11Reads7.2Score—14d adds
- 69 War of Resistance: Liberating Ping'an City from the Start! 抗战：开局光复平安城！ A routine military training exercise reborn Zhou Weimin in a parallel world populated by shows like "Drawing Sword", "Snow Leopard", and "My Chief and My Regiment". He still finds himself in the role of a puppet soldier. As a hot-blooded patriot, how can he accept that? He has to fight the Japanese. He has to fight them! First, he takes Ping'an City and builds his own army, growing stronger as he wages war across the country. Before he knows it, Zhou Weimin has become a figure with the power 18Reads6.5Score—14d adds
- 70 The Most Reliable Red Army Commander in the War of Resistance 抗战之我是红军最稳战将 Amid the flames of the War of Resistance, countless heroes gave their lives and shed their blood for the independence and dignity of their nation. Unwilling to see his people bullied, Zhang Songxi resolutely joined the military. After attending the first class at Huangpu Military Academy, he went on to establish the Longnan Base, serve as commander of the Eighth Route Army's Henan Central Corps and commander of the Henan Central Field Army, and do everything in his power to fight the Japanese in 103Reads8.4Score—14d adds
- 71 War of Resistance: One Penny to Instantly Kill, Commander-in-Chief of the Sichuan Army! 抗战：一分钱秒杀，川军总司令！ Li Feng transmigrates to the War of Resistance era and becomes a member of a Sichuan Army unit. He has a one-cent instant-purchase System that refreshes six items every day. Day One’s instant-purchase items: 1. Max-level physical enhancement. 2. Max-level battlefield skills. 3. Max-level command abilities for the army, navy, and air force. 4. A full battlefield map with a holographic view. 5. System storage. 6. Fifty crates of grenades. … Day Two’s instant-purchase items: 1. Three hundred Zhong 13.9kReads7.8Score1.2k14d adds
- 72 Transmigrating to the War of Resistance: Taking My Little Sister to Kill the Japanese 穿越抗战：带着妹妹杀鬼子 [Transmigration + Spatial powers + Invincible] Wen Gu, the King of the Apocalypse, transmigrates to the War of Resistance era with his younger sister Wen Xin. The two inherit their original hosts' memories and become part of this turbulent age. They are immensely powerful and exceptionally capable. Wherever Japanese soldiers commit atrocities, the siblings are there to fight back. Yangqu, Shanghai, Beiping, Tianjin, Fengtian, Bingcheng... Japanese headquarters, armories, and countless other plac 32Reads9.2Score—14d adds
- 73 Warlord of the Republican Era: More Children, More Blessings, So I Choose to Take Concubines 民国军阀：多子多福，我选择纳妾 Farming + more children, more blessings + the daily life of a warlord Reborn in 1920, Lu Jia becomes the only son of Governor Lu Yongxiang. It is a turbulent age, with warlords running rampant, battles breaking out everywhere, and the people living in misery. As someone from the future, Lu Jia knows full well that his new father’s future is far from promising. In these wartime years, if his father dies, he’ll be finished too. Just as Lu Jia is growing worried, the more children, more blessings S 1Reads7.5Score—14d adds
- 74 I Brought a Spatial Ring: Transmigrating to 1939 我带着空间戒指：穿越到1939 Web novelist Gu Wenxuan dies suddenly while staying up late to write. He takes a Space Ring he happened to acquire and transmigrates to Beiping in 1939, during the Republic of China era. The unfortunate part is that he has transmigrated into the body of a captain of a traitor’s secret-police squad. Now that he’s transmigrated, is he really supposed to become a traitor? Of course he won’t. But plenty of people from the Military Statistics Bureau want him to become a double agent. Now that Gu 22Reads8.4Score—14d adds
- 75 The Resistance War: Marching Out of Yimeng 抗战之兵出沂蒙 When he opens his eyes, he finds himself in an unfamiliar mountain god temple. When he closes them, a torrent of powerful consciousness floods his mind. Zhang Long has arrived in the Yimeng Mountains during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Since he's here, he'll make the best of it. What man could refuse the iron and blood of fighting the Japanese invaders? And so, another guerrilla force fighting the Japanese appears in the Yimeng Mountains, slipping in and out like ghosts… 12.3kReads8.3Score82914d adds
- 76 Warlord: The Young Marshal of Fengtian 军阀：奉天少帅 When Zhang Fan woke up, he found himself in another world. It was highly similar to the one he had lived in before, with the same historical course and cultural heritage. It also shared the same tragic, blood-soaked history. Watch as Zhang Fan, the warlord family's second son, defies fate and changes his destiny. 8Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 77 The Whampoa Campaign 黄埔征程 Cheng Yuanzhi, the son of a wealthy merchant, refused to accept the marriage his family had arranged for him. He stole the family's treasured copy of The Art of War and ran away from home, heading south to apply to Huangpu Military Academy and begin his military career! 72Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 78 War of Resistance: I Have a Perfect Accuracy Skill 抗战之我有百发百中技能 (Multiple female leads) If that bothers you, don't read. The story strives to portray the resistance behind enemy lines as it really was, including the customs and culture of that era. College student Wang Shouren goes on a trip to Ranzhuang and accidentally finds himself in that turbulent era. He saves himself, and many others as well. A serious disclaimer: There are no ridiculous scenes where someone hits a person with a single shot from 800 meters away. 626Reads7.1Score5714d adds
- 79 I Really Did Come to Fight the Japanese 我真是来抗日的 I am Song Wennuan, a positive-minded young man from 21st-century Earth. After an accident, my soul transmigrated into Blue Star, a world much like the Republican era. I became a descendant of a warlord from Gansu and awakened a warehouse System. So I’m going to make my mark on the battlefields of the war against Japan... 1.4kReads7.5Score10114d adds
- 80 Iron-Blooded Soul of Lu: Saving the Nation in the War of Resistance! 铁血鲁魂：抗战救国！ In the spring of 1939, Chinese resistance forces in Shandong set an ambush at Menglianggu, luring the Japanese in by feigning weakness. They sacrificed more than two thousand men to wipe out two Japanese regiments and capture both regimental flags. Interrogations revealed that new recruits made up a large proportion of the Japanese forces and that their combat strength was declining. The troops also launched coordinated raids behind enemy lines, working with the Railway Guerrillas to destroy rai 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 81 The Rise of the Sichuan Army in the War of Resistance 抗战川军崛起 Peng Gang, a seasoned bureaucrat, transmigrates. He becomes the only son of a minor warlord in Sichuan. With an all-out war on the horizon, what will Peng Gang do? When you're short on resources, use flanking maneuvers and encirclements. When you're flush, unleash a barrage of bombs. Watch Peng Gang take you through a well-equipped war... 1.5kReads9.2Score10014d adds
- 82 Transmigrating on the Eve of the Red Army's Long March 穿越红军长征在即 My new work is out! You can read it on Tomato Novel. I hope you enjoy it. Your support inspires me to write, and I’ll do my best to tell every story well! 458Reads7.9Score10214d adds
- 83 Republican Era: Seizing Power and Building from the Ground Up, Forging the Spirit of the Sichuan Army in Blood 民国：夺权独自发展，血铸川军魂 Pay tribute to the heroes who came before us. Never forget our national humiliation! When Luo Cheng’s soul traveled to a parallel world, he became the son of a minor warlord in Sichuan Province. From the start, he’s ordered to suppress the rebel army? He’s so scared he nearly surrenders on the spot! But since he’s here, he might as well make the best of it! In later generations, the Sichuan Army marched out of the province to fight the Japanese invaders. Every household hung white mourning cloth 24Reads8.9Score—14d adds
- 84 The Invincible Reward System for Killing Japanese Invaders 抗日杀鬼子之无敌奖励系统 Decisive and ruthless + independent development + strategy and tactics + endless feel-good action + never goes on hiatus. Who says we have no clothes? I’ll share my robe with you. Banners flutter, horses whinny. Brave men, brave men, the time to serve our country is now... Brothers, we leave no one behind and give up on no one. Come on, I’ll take you home. Come back, souls... We’re home... An invincible reward System: kill the Japanese invaders and earn rewards. From now on, wherever the Japane 15.5kReads7.3Score1.1k14d adds
- 85 Iron-Blooded Sharp Shooter: Starting with the Rearguard on the Long March 铁血尖兵：从长征断后开始 For three years, eat no fish from the Xiang River; for ten years, drink no water from the Xiang River. After the bloody battle at the Xiang River, the Red Army broke through the encirclement and began the Long March. But the 34th Division, serving as the rearguard, was left alone east of the Xiang River to cover the Red Army's retreat. The entire division fought to the last man! This was a heroic unit, a legendary unit. Its fighting spirit must never die. A unit with such a history should not di 32Reads8.8Score—14d adds
- 86 Not a Single Japanese Soldier Gets Away 一个鬼子都不许留 I woke up to find myself a “Japanese devil” on the battlefield of the War of Resistance. The transmigration of Fu Shuiheng, a military-industrial PhD, is a cold joke: dressed in a Japanese uniform, lying on the scorched earth of Shanxi in 1937. From using broken Japanese to save himself to trembling as he pulls the trigger for the first time; from being dismissed as a “madman with an education” to personally forming the “Blade” squad, a unit that strikes fear into the enemy, he throws himself in 16Reads—Score—14d adds
- 87 Reborn: Starting at Huangpu 重生从黄埔开始 [No System + No Cheats + Realistic + Transmigration + Farming + Saving the Nation] On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. The revolutionaries overthrew the Qing government, only for the Beiyang warlords to steal the fruits of the revolution. From then on, China was plunged into warlord conflict, and the people suffered terribly. Having learned painful lessons, the Father of the Republic founded the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou in 1924. A generation of great commanders then 1.3kReads8.2Score18414d adds
- 88 The All-Around Tough Guy of the War of Resistance 抗战之全能悍将 Special forces soldier He Yuan dies alongside his enemy during a cross-border mission, only to be reborn in the War of Resistance Against Japan as Li Yunlong's guard. And he has a classmate named Zhou Weiguo... 209Reads6.3Score3014d adds
- 89 War of Resistance: I Told You to Train Recruits, and You Turned Them All into Soldier Kings 抗战：让你练新兵，你全练成兵王 On the battlefield in 1938. Lin Feng: “Brothers! Put the word ‘professional’ on the screen!” Comrade: “Platoon leader, what's a screen?” Japanese soldier: “Bakayaro! Why does that enemy commander never fight by the rules? And what are those weird things he keeps saying that we can't understand?” Special forces king Lin Feng transmigrates to the War of Resistance. He not only turns warfare into an art, but also completely breaks the enemy's composure! One second, he's joking around with his comra 34Reads8.1Score—14d adds
- 90 The Soul of Sichuan, Blood Soaking the Land 川魂血沃山河 River Soul is an iron-blooded epic of resistance, built on the foundation of real battle history and brought to life by the spirit of soldiers. It does not glorify heroism. Instead, it calmly records how the remnants of a Sichuan army, reduced from 1,700 men to 200, were forged into the Eighth Route Army's sharpest blade in the Taihang Mountains. Every battle has a casualty list, and every sacrifice has a name on record. With the most restrained prose, the author writes of the most searing blood 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 91 The Invincible God of War in the War Against Japan 抗日之无敌战神 [War of Resistance espionage + transmigrate + System + high-octane action + light comedy] Wang Yifan unexpectedly reborn into a world engulfed in war and awakens the Divine Weapon System. From the start, he is rewarded with a versatile Hanyang rifle, making him an invincible god of war. With nothing but a Hanyang rifle, he chases an entire North China division of Japanese troops over the mountains, his fearless courage shining through... 243Reads6.9Score—14d adds
- 92 War of Resistance: What Independent Regiment? This Is a German-Equipped Army Corps! 抗战：什么独立团，德械兵团啊！ [System + Large-Scale Military Campaigns + Mushroom Clouds + Landings + Rabbit vs. Bald Eagle Showdown + Completing the Begonia Leaf] A Huangpu graduate. Li Zhi, a transmigrator who has just graduated from France’s Saint-Cyr Military Academy, receives the “Strongest Battle Merit System”! Earn rich rewards by achieving all kinds of military feats! Starting with the Battle of Xinkou, he builds the strongest independent army! Later, Li Zhi acquires several nicknames. To his Eighth Route Army comrad 1.1kReads6.8Score10414d adds
- 93 Veterans’ Oral History of the War of Resistance (Complete in Three Volumes) 老兵口述抗战史 （全三册） Over more than a decade, the author Li Yaosha sought out and interviewed veterans and survivors who had taken part in the Suizao, Hundred Regiments, and Shanggao campaigns. The first book vividly recreates the scenes of these three major battles and reveals many truths that have rarely been told. The second book covers several influential defensive battles on the main front, including the Battle of Shizhu, the Defense of Changde, the Defense of Hengyang, and the Defense of Guilin. Though all wer 55Reads9.4Score—14d adds
- 94 War of Resistance: Run! Or You'll End Up in Gongdelin 抗战：快跑！再不跑就进功德林了 The President of Eagle Sauce once said that he was the general who killed the most enemies in World War II. The leader of Prussia once said that if he served Prussia, Europe would belong to them! The Big Forest of the Bear Country once said that without him, they would have gained far more after the war than they did. The Dog Emperor of Japan once said that without him, Great Japan would surely have dominated East Asia. But Chen Shuo said, "I'm just Gangzi, aren't I? You all praise me to the sk 501Reads5.9Score10514d adds
- 95 War of Resistance: The Storm of Reviving China 抗战之振兴中华风云 Reborn in China during the War of Resistance Against Japan With a System that's practically useless Transmigrated to the front lines of the war between the Nationalists and Communists He becomes a hero to both sides In this life, he will live up to his lofty ambitions Watch as he tramples the cherry blossoms beneath his horse Watch as he reclaims every inch of lost territory Watch as he tends sheep in the North Sea Watch as he revitalizes China in this life Watch as he comes to rule the world An 71Reads7.1Score—14d adds
- 96 War of Resistance: The Invincible General 抗战之战将无敌 Chen Fan, a special forces soldier in the Southwest Theater Command of the Chinese military, accidentally transmigrates to the Battle of Shanghai during the War of Resistance Against Japan while on a mission. Driven by his determination to defend his country, Chen Fan begins distinguishing himself in the army. Step by step, he becomes a sharp blade on the anti-Japanese battlefield, leading his troops to repeatedly strike at the Japanese invaders' arrogance. The bloody battlefield tempers the sol 4.9kReads8.3Score33514d adds
- 97 War of Resistance: The Counterattack Begins at Beidaying 抗战：从北大营反击开始 My new work is here! You can find it on Tomato Novel. I hope you'll enjoy it. Your support keeps me writing, and I'll do my best to tell every story well! 118Reads8.1Score—14d adds
- 98 A New Life in 1927 新生一九二七 Some say that the decade from the establishment of the Nationalist Government in 1927 to the full-scale outbreak of the War of Resistance in 1937 was China's golden opportunity to restore its fortunes. Sadly, the country was exhausted by civil war and missed its best chance. So, if you could return to 1927, could you turn the tide and claim victory against all odds? Yang Jiefang, whose grandfather fought in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and whose father fought in the self-defense 11Reads7.2Score—14d adds
- 99 Preparing for the War of Resistance Since World War I 从一战开始准备抗战 Xiao He, a Chinese student in Berlin, happens upon a jade ring engraved with ancient runes on the street and accidentally transmigrates into the body of an unlucky overseas student with the same name. Having just graduated from the University of Munich, he has barely set foot on his long-missed homeland when a warlord at the port forcibly drafts him and throws him back onto a ship, claiming he is sending them abroad to make their fortunes. In truth, it's no different from selling people into ind 129Reads7.5Score12114d adds
- 100 War of Resistance: Huo Yufeng's Iron-Blooded Military Spirit 抗日：霍御风之铁血军魂 This book tells the story of Huo Yufeng, a Nationalist Army officer fighting the Japanese on the front lines. He begins as a battalion commander in a German-equipped division on the Shanghai battlefield and fights all the way to victory in the War of Resistance. Though the protagonist has a special aura around him, he is still an ordinary man, gradually growing from a Nationalist Army battalion commander into a battle-hardened general who dominates North China. All readers are welcome to check i 1.7kReads6.5Score10114d adds
