Novels like Qin, the Heavenly Emperor
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as Qin, the Heavenly Emperor, best match first.
- 51 My Sect Only Accepts Villains 我的宗门，只收反派 Chen Mo was a troubled-youth behavior correction counselor before he transmigrated. Afterward, he became the last sect leader of the Taixu Demon Sect, with one year to raise the sect's reputation from -9999 to 0. Otherwise, the Heavenly Dao Stele would declare it an "evil sect," and the righteous and demonic factions would join forces to hunt them down. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 52 I Got a Divine Doctor System, but I Transmigrated 获得神医系统，我却穿越了 Other people cultivate immortality by absorbing the spiritual energy of heaven and earth and comprehending the supreme Dao. Qin Jian cultivates by analyzing the components of spiritual energy, conducting clinical trials, and writing A Handbook of Common Diseases and Treatments for Cultivators. With the Divine Physician System at his side, he sees “medical illiterates” everywhere in the cultivation world. Elixirs with excessive impurities? I'll purify them! A cultivation technique that damages th 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 53 The Great Way of the Golden Core 金丹大道 Jiang Chen is the only all-around martial artist in centuries, recognized as such by the world. He is versed in all eighteen martial arts, from the saber, spear, sword, and halberd, and masters every one of them. By chance, he discovers a teleportation array leading to the far side of the starry sky. Alone, he ventures into an unfamiliar world. Watch as Jiang Chen makes his way to the pinnacle of martial arts. This is a world where countless races stand side by side, where the strong prey on the 8Reads—Score—14d adds
- 54 The Immortal Meat Hermit Enters the Mortal World, Drawing the Wrath of Ten Thousand Demons 长生肉苟入凡间，招来万魔绞杀 [Xuanhuan + cultivation + slow burn + scheming protagonist + xianxia + magical battles] At the crucial moment in the great war between the immortal and demonic realms, Shang Nanfeng committed a crime that shook the heavens. To help him evade disaster, his master left him with a third of a measure of astral qi. He went into hiding in the mortal world, taking on the identity of Yichen. Soon, rumors spread through the demon and fiendish factions: One measure of astral qi grants ten thousand years o —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 55 We Are but Ants 吾辈蝼蚁 Amid towering prosperity, we are all ants. Yet an ant can shake a tree, and a mantis can stop a cart. Though I, Li Yinian, am but an ant, I will still defy the heavens and overturn fate! This is Crab's first book. I hope you'll show it plenty of support! 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 56 Chaos Supreme Immortal 混沌至尊仙 [No System, Slow-Burning, Eastern Fantasy, Alternate History, a Touch of Wuxia, Chaotic Saint Physique, Innate Dao Body, the Benevolent and Mighty Holy Lord Dragon Emperor, the traitorous giant ape's bones, the secrets of the gods, half a divine bone, a ghost's lair atop a Profound Yin Grass, the legendary Little Bamboo Realm...] I will not hand my younger sister over to a despicable man... Even if the sun and moon turn through the ages and bones cover the world! After ten years as a lovesick do 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 57 The Mirror God's Orphan 镜神遗孤 “The Mirror Remnants Awaken” “The Chessboard of Fate” “The Battle to Slay the Gods” Do you dare to face the truth? If the world is a deception, who is the player, and who is the pawn? I was once a fragment shattered from the Mirror God. From the moment I was born, I could see through the lies woven by the myriad gods. They call me an “orphan.” They hunt me down and imprison me, all to conceal the truth behind the ages: all living beings are trapped on a chessboard, while false gods use fate as c —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 58 Sin Demon 罪魔 [Xuanhuan] + [Unhinged] + [Invincible] + [Cultivation] + [Traditional] + [Wild Imagination] + [Reborn] + [Apocalypse] “The number one person under heaven, aren't they all people who climbed to the top over the corpses of others?” The man in black grew more and more indignant as he spoke. Immortals and demons have always been at odds, each following its own path. This is a tale of love, hatred, and grudges between immortals and demons! —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 59 Tales of Chaotic Gods 乱神奇谭 When you and five ex-girlfriends transmigrate to another world together, what surprising sparks might fly in a completely unfamiliar place between exes who haven't spoken in years? Zhao Yisheng, a human boy, will set off on a heartrending journey through another world with his best friend and five ex-girlfriends, each with a very different personality, carrying power entrusted to him by an angel and a mysterious mission. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 60 The Immortal Sect Is Actually a Beastfolk Breeding Farm! 仙门竟是妖族养殖场！ [Demon Clan Rule + Death Regression + Passionate Action + Ensemble Cast + Fantasy] The once-every-five-years selection for immortal sects in Wuyun City turns out to be a deception, a scheme for the demon clan to sort its food. Those with mixed spiritual roots are refined on the spot, while prodigies are fattened up before being slaughtered. Wen Yao, a cultivator with five spiritual roots, is refined on the spot, only to awaken the power to regress through death by chance. His spiritual roots sha —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 61 The Keykeeper: My Family Was Kidnapped, and I Found the Dao of Heaven and Earth in the Ruins 【守钥人】全家被掳，废墟悟乾坤 On the fringes of the Earthspirit Realm, Qingshi Town burned to the ground in a single night. Ten-year-old Hua Xiao was a good-for-nothing martial arts novice with blocked meridians. But after his parents were abducted by a mysterious force from the Three Heavens, he unexpectedly awakened amid the charred ruins. The wandering master Wei Tian Gong rescued him and taught him the supreme yang power of The Firmament’s Unyielding Force and the benevolent virtue of The Earth’s Greatness Art. If his me —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 62 Beast Taming or Cultivation? 御兽还是修仙 Is this the cycle of fate, or a foregone conclusion? An invader with a System? Allow me to grant you your fated death. The countless opportunities that come Wu Shiming's way seem like foregone conclusions amid this vast game of chess, yet at the same time, they seem full of surprises. With fate pulling the strings, the pawns are the ones moving the players. Everyone thinks Wu Shiming is a penniless rogue cultivator with no powerful backing. That is, until his secret identities are exposed one af 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 63 Lord of the Thunder-Smiting Spear 御雷枪主 On a bitter winter night, Old Lin, the gatekeeper at the Ye family estate, found a crying baby in a snowdrift outside the grounds. The child was named Lin Yuan. No one could have imagined that the boy fate had abandoned in the snow would awaken the power of the thunder spirit at the age of seven. Thunder itself bowed to him, cleaving through the countless shackles in his path of cultivation. In a fantasy world teeming with sects and rival races, spiritual veins form the foundation of cultivatio —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 64 Dream Arts Champion, Saving the World 梦术王者济天下 After losing his job due to a brain injury, A Gu awakens to the Dream Cone Constitution through a dream revelation before the Buddha, and takes command of the thousand-year-old Dream Sect. From then on, he wields dreams like blades and undergoes trials in the mortal world, following the sect's precepts of hiding in plain sight and serving the people. From building a business to protecting the nation and its people, he creates an urban legend of dreamcraft! 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 65 I Preach Science in a Cultivation World 我在修仙世界宣扬科学 (Fantasy + science + thoughtful protagonist + no harem + twists + no tragedy + one female lead + intelligent characters) Xu Sheng, a science student majoring in physics, transmigrates to the Spirit Origin Realm after an accident. At first, all he wants is to spend the rest of his life in Kaiyuan Village with the grandmother who raised him. But for various reasons, he gets caught up in a struggle between rival factions. With no special abilities or influential backers, how can an ordinary person —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 66 The Immortal Doctor of Peace 平安医仙 You are a character I made up, but I believe you exist in a parallel universe. Your story is wonderful in my mind, but my writing isn't very good, so I can't do your story justice. When the story reaches its conclusion, I'll set you free. You have supreme talent, the help of a mighty expert, and mysterious parents. My writing isn't good enough to capture how wonderful you are in my mind, but I'll keep writing until your story reaches its conclusion. 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 67 The Path to the Heavens: From Earth to the Supreme Universe 踏天纪：从地球到至高宇宙 [The early plot builds up slowly, then the pace picks up and the story gets satisfying. A long cultivation novel of around seven million characters] An ordinary young man from Xuanhuang Star accidentally falls from his homeworld into a wild cultivation realm. With no backing and no legacy, he relies on a mysterious wisp of soul-light from Xuanhuang Star to survive in a world where the strong prey on the weak, setting out on a path to defy heaven and cultivate immortality. He braves secret realms 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 68 If You'd Told Me I Was on the Demonic Path, My Mental Illness Would've Vanished in an Instant 早说我是魔道啊，精神病一下好了 [System + Invincible + Adorable Pets + No Female Lead + Pure Fun] Heh heh heh, the cultivation world is far too rotten, so Xiao Ming chooses to evolve through brute force! He is absolutely not the System's slave. He's the System's dad. No saintly do-gooder act here. He's either courting death or on his way to court death. 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 69 You Were Hired as a Menial, but You Bankrupted the Alchemy Alliance 让你当杂役，你把丹盟干破产了 [Transmigration + System + Farming + Comeback + Alchemy] I transmigrated into a menial servant and couldn’t even get near the spirit herbs? After binding to the Myriad Ages Alchemy Scripture System, I can analyze the medicinal properties of anything! You’ve monopolized high-grade spiritual medicines? Sorry, I can use a single weed as a perfect substitute. At one-tenth the cost, with effects that blow yours out of the water! From floor-sweeping servant to founding patriarch of the sect, I lead 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 70 Commanding Spirits, Burning the Heavens 御灵焚穹 In a world divided between magic and martial arts, Luo Chen awakens a remarkable golden finger that lets him cast magic using battle aura. To protect himself, he disguises himself as a mage and enrolls at Twin Towers Academy. From then on, things at the academy start to get strange. “Luo Chen, as a mage, why are you always practicing combat techniques?” “Uh… to make meditation feel more ceremonial.” “Senior Luo Chen, you’re a mage. Why can you sprint a hundred meters faster than the battle-a —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 71 Super Cultivation System: I’m No Good-for-Nothing 超级修炼系统，我才不是废柴 If you don't like it, you can skip straight to Volume Two. In a fantastical world of wonder, magic and battle energy shine side by side. Powerful cultivators soar through the skies, explore hidden realms, and command the forces of the world. Yet in a far-flung corner of the continent lives a boy everyone regards as a laughingstock: Lin Yu. Lin Yu was born into the great Lin family, but his spiritual root was incomplete from birth, leaving him unable to gather spiritual energy. He was branded a g 12Reads—Score—14d adds
- 72 Seeking the Path to Immortality Again 再寻仙途 If one day you reach the pinnacle, only to sleep for ten thousand years, what will you cherish most when you wake? Perhaps only then will you realize what the most precious thing in your life truly is. 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 73 War Emperor 战皇 Xie Aoyu, a martial arts cripple and oddball whom everyone looks down on, was unable to cultivate battle qi. Then he unexpectedly obtained a mysterious divine pill. His destiny took a turn: he gained the Heavenly King Blade, grasped the true meaning of life, and created battle techniques of time and space. He fought the ancient clans, wielded power over the Qiao Continent with a flip of his hand, and began a glorious saga in which his blade's roar made all the world submit for generations to com 699Reads7.4Score10014d adds
- 74 Cultivation: Starting with the Female Emperor's Failed Tribulation 修仙：从女帝渡劫失败开始 [Cultivation] + [Empress] + [Spatial Powers] + [Fantasy] + [No System] [Qi Refining, Foundation Establishment, Core Formation, Golden Core, Nascent Soul] On his way to study at an Immortal Academy, the young Ye Che accidentally steps into a black coffin that transports him to an ancient tomb, where he happens upon an empress undergoing tribulation to ascend to immortality. But those who start from nothing must dare to burn their boats. During a test, young Ye Che awakens the ancient Four Symbols 18Reads—Score—14d adds
- 75 I Was a Useless Cultivator in My Past Life, but Now I'll Become a Prodigy 前世废材修仙，现在我要当天才 [No Female Lead + Ruthless + Reaching the Pinnacle of the Universe + Sect Prodigy + Chaos Dao Artifact Golden Finger] In his previous life, Shen Yun was a cultivation failure with three spiritual roots. He failed to form a golden core nine times before finally succeeding, and attempted to form a nascent soul twelve times before reaching the Nascent Soul stage. At the end of his lifespan, he risked everything on a failed attempt to ascend to the Deity Transformation stage, then was reborn at the 73Reads6.5Score—14d adds
- 76 Spirit-Pivot Armor: Magical Mecha in the Apocalypse 灵枢甲：末日里的法术机甲 Spiritual Pivot Armor: Spellcasting Mecha in the Apocalypse 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 77 Solar Storm: I Built an Underground Dome City 太阳风暴：我造地下穹顶城市 Solar Storm: I Built an Underground Dome City —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 78 Chosen by the Divine Veins 神脉天选 "Traditional Xuanhuan + Vast Worldbuilding + Slow Burn + Picks Up Pace Later" The Lin Residence was once as powerful as an imperial clan, but a fire ignited through collusion with the demon race brought about its ruin. In an instant, the 1,900 cities of Dongzhou were left without a leader. Lin Zhuixian, born with a divine meridian, spent over a decade neglecting his cultivation to evade pursuit. Then, on Mount Longhu, he sought the Dao in a single day and began his journey to save Dongzhou and r 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 79 The Cultivation World's Designated Cheat 修仙界指定挂逼 [Fantasy] [Invincible] [Smart Protagonist] [Items] [Lighthearted] Qi Liufeng was originally just a good-for-nothing college student. Unexpectedly, he transmigrated to the cultivation world after eating grilled fish! Inside the great hall, all the sect leaders cried out in shock! "A Heavenly Spirit Root?!" And that's not all. Qi Liufeng slowly took out a super lollipop, the keys to an LX car, a CS weapons crate... That's right! He also possesses rule-level items! "Big brother, please, have mercy 5.9kReads—Score2.4k14d adds
- 80 The Underworld Is Coming? I Freeze Ten Thousand Miles! 幽冥来袭？我冰封万里 [Fantasy + Geniuses and Monsters + Ruthless Protagonist] My name is Bai Ye, and I will freeze everything. Bai Ye was an orphan. Only after Bai Yi adopted him did he find happiness, despite his strange spiritual meridians making cultivation difficult and the frost that periodically ravaged his body. But then, one day, the sky turned black, and the netherworld from Grandpa Bai Yi’s stories appeared before Tianxing. The netherworld’s arrival shattered the happiness Tianxing had only just found. Kil 42Reads—Score—14d adds
- 81 The God Emperor's Son: Supreme Dynasty 神帝之子：至尊王朝 Power fantasy + cultivation + pampered by an Empress + invincible protagonist + dynasty + alchemy and formations The scion of an Immortal Realm Emperor, born with the bloodline of a Divine Emperor, is reincarnated as an abandoned royal son in the secular Great Qi Dynasty. He rises to conquer the world and shares a life of love with Bai Ruoxi, sovereign of the Nine Provinces Sacred Domain, achieving the supreme path to godhood! 783Reads6.6Score—14d adds
- 82 I’d Rather Die Than Get Married! This White-Haired Fox Girl Is Irresistible 打死我也不成亲！白毛狐娘真香啊 [White-Haired Foxgirl + One Heroine + System Cultivation + Good-for-Nothing's Rise + Not Pure Wish Fulfillment] After transmigrating, Duan Chong was forced to break off his engagement from the start, and the Yunlan Sect wanted him to marry a half-demon instead! Half-demons were considered ill omens, despised by everyone. Even if he, Duan Chong, had to die, he would die right here rather than accept this marriage! But then he discovered that the half-demon was a fox-eared girl with blue eyes. 110Reads8.4Score—14d adds
- 83 They've Gone on a Killing Spree, and My Descendants Can Become Immortals 她们杀疯了，我的子嗣能成仙 #Transmigration #LifespanCountdown #EveryoneFallsForHim #TheyWantHisBody #BrattyGirl #Beastfolk #AbsoluteSecrecy Ye Xuan, a transmigrator, only wants to live a quiet life. Unfortunately, he possesses an unparalleled bloodline that can sire immortal offspring, making him the “Tang Monk’s flesh” that every holy maiden, imperial princess, and demoness in the world desperately craves. Everyone thinks he is a walking supreme Dao seed. Only Ye Xuan knows that his body has been afflicted with the most 2Reads—Score—14d adds
- 84 Endless Loop: Yesterday Never Dies 无尽循环：昨日永不逝 Endless Loop: Yesterday Never Dies 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 85 The Legend of Peachwood 桃木传奇 This isn't a System novel, nor is it a wish-fulfillment story written just for thrills. It's simply about the things that happen between a blind man with absurd fighting prowess and a bunch of fairies. That's all. 1Reads7.4Score—14d adds
- 86 The Thief of Stolen Moments 偷天隙者 No System, just a traditional fantasy novel. New chapters every day, plenty to keep you satisfied, and perfect to read over a meal. The main character, Lin Lou, gets stronger based entirely on your likes: the more likes, the stronger he becomes. Hope you enjoy it. 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 87 Qingya Sword Immortal 青崖剑仙 The path to immortality is fraught with danger, and human nature is cold. The strong rule, their hearts as icy as stone. The weak are lowly, their lives worth no more than blades of grass. Xu Xiaoshan, a boy from the mortal world, is fortunate enough to embark on the path to immortality. With the sword in his hand, he will carve a ray of sunlight into this frigid world of cultivation and bring it a touch of warmth. 15Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 88 Jailed from the Start? No Worries, My Dad Will Handle It 开局被下狱，不慌，我老爹会出手 He was jailed for telling stories about forbidden subjects. No worries, my dad will handle it. He broke into the execution grounds and brought death-row inmates home. No worries, my dad will handle it. He secretly trained a squad of death warriors and got exposed. No worries, my dad will handle it. He went to the palace and discovered the empress's secret. No worries, my dad... “Young Master, something's wrong! The prince is missing. He only left you a letter.” “Then why are you still standing t —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 89 Northern Spear 北枪 [Classic Fantasy] [No System] [Passionate] [Decisive and Ruthless] [One Female Lead] On a night of raging wind and rain, Lin Xiaobei is swallowed by a dark cloud in his own courtyard and thinks he is done for. When he wakes, a severely wounded man sits before him, his face deathly pale, his clothes in tatters, and his left shoulder horrifyingly empty. The man asks Lin Xiaobei, “I have a cultivation technique here. Are you willing to learn it?” Faced with an opportunity within easy reach, what wi 51Reads—Score—14d adds
- 90 The God-Severing Chronicles 遣神记 [Historical speculation, spiritual qi revival, Eastern fantasy, Investiture of the Gods, science fiction, the Myriad Worlds] After the Battle of Muye, the last Human Emperor set himself on fire at the Star-Picking Tower, and the Western Zhou dynasty established its rule. On the day the Investiture of the Gods was unveiled, the gods sealed away ninety percent of humanity's potential. Human rulers became Sons of Heaven, and all living beings became slaves to the gods. Thousands of years later, Min 2Reads9.3Score—14d adds
- 91 I Transmigrated, Yet I’m Still Forced to Be a Beggar 明明都穿越了，却还要被迫当乞丐 [Soul transmigration + traditional fantasy + no System + character growth + high spirits + no melodrama + no chuunibyou] Chu He transmigrates to the Tianyuan Continent. When he is being bullied, he unexpectedly receives an inheritance from the pendant hanging at his chest, and from then on embarks on the path of cultivation. A towering Dharma Form stands before Chu He, smiling at him. Its face bears some resemblance to Chu He’s. The pressure radiating from the Dharma Form is unlike anything he h 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 92 Waxing and Waning 盈缺 [One heroine, no harem] [No System] [Not an overpowered protagonist] [Not mindless wish fulfillment] This world was once ruled by twenty-two ancient clans. But as the caste system gradually crumbled, the lands in every direction grew increasingly chaotic. A young man from Xiaoxiang City becomes embroiled, knowingly and unknowingly, in the heart of the power struggles sweeping the world as he unravels the mystery of his origins. To his surprise, his past is closely tied to every conspiracy he enc 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 93 I Take All Living Beings as Fuel on the Path to Eternal Life 我以众生为资粮，踏上长生路 Across the split ridges of the desolate province, a broken sword rings; beneath the Demon-Sealing Abyss, an ancient fiend awakens. As the first bell shatters, time falls into chaos; a three-hundred-year dream collapses in a single night. Atop Qingyun Mountain, the path to immortality is cold; the bonds between fellow disciples are but pieces on a chessboard. Humanity is kindling, the Dao is fire, and all living beings are my provisions. The calamity has yet to come, but the winds are already ris 2Reads7.3Score—14d adds
- 94 Tales of the Ancient Wilderness 大话荒古 The protagonist, Li Xuanyi, fell asleep and woke up in a tomb. After crawling out, he discovered he had arrived in the primeval age, where humans and demons danced together and immortals and devils waged war. Countless incredible figures abound. Watch as I, Li Xuanyi, draw my sword and set the winds and clouds churning, startling the sun and moon. 3Reads—Score—14d adds
- 95 Lord of All Immortals 众仙之主 [Mortal cultivation + traditional immortal heroics + no System] Lin Chen was born in an ordinary mountain village. While trying to save his grandfather, he happened upon the Heavenly Emperor, who took him in as a disciple. Little did he know that his master was Yun, the Heavenly Emperor, ruler of the Divine Court ten thousand years ago. His master gave him the Nine Divine Arts, one of the ten great ancient books, and as soon as he began cultivating, he developed an Emperor-grade dantian. Later, 1Reads—Score—14d adds
- 96 Contemplating the Sun from the Start: The Rise of the Starfolk 开局观想太阳：星族崛起 [System + passionate action + decisive brutality + the fate of a race + no artificially restrained power levels] The Star Clan cultivates by meditating on the stars. But the protagonist can meditate on the stars of his previous life. And he starts with the sun! The Star Clan once enjoyed boundless glory. Then the myriad races cast them off the Cosmic God Rankings, the highest honor. Many years later, a young man appears, wreathed in crimson-gold flames. He leads the Star Clan back to recl 13.9kReads8.7Score1.7k14d adds
- 97 The Heavenly Gate Remains Open, the Nine Provinces Suppress Evil 天门未闭，九州镇邪 A thousand years ago, the last True Immortal left behind eight words: The Heavenly Gate remains open; the mortal world will fall first. From then on, the path to immortality was severed. Yet across the land of Jiuzhou, things that should not exist began to appear. A black moon rises from an ancient well. A desolate tomb knocks on doors in the dead of night. A general who died in battle a hundred years ago dons his armor again and patrols the city. People call them ghosts and demons. But the tom 5Reads—Score—14d adds
- 98 Great Qin: My Lordship Is Here, Demons and Evil Spirits Begone 大秦：本侯在此，妖邪退避 When midnight falls, the living must take cover! Night belongs to demons and fiends. Ordinary people can only go about their business by day. In an age rife with the uncanny, Gu Yan appears out of nowhere, sweeps away the demons, reshapes heaven and earth, and purges the mortal world! 1.5kReads7.2Score10014d adds
- 99 Judge of Time and Space: I Rewrite Causality with a Bronze Lamp 时空判官：我用青铜灯改写因果 [Light the lamp to defy fate, shatter the fabric of time and space!] When a bronze lamp formation lights up among the stars, when a Taotie maw devours dimensions, when loved ones willingly become lamp oil and burn away... Can Lin Qiu anchor himself, wield the Judge's Brush, and light the blue-green lamp that shines through the eternal night across thousands of collapsing timelines? —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 100 A Gun from the Start: I Awakened a Sacred Physique in Honghuang 开局一把枪，我在洪荒觉醒了圣体 [No System + Multiverse + Myriad Worlds + Primordial World + Chinese Mythology + Traditional Cultivation Progression] Lin Yun, an unparalleled genius of the Kunlun Immortal Sect in the cultivation nation of Shenzhou on Earth, the mother universe, arrives in the Primordial World, one of the four frontier universes and one of the Myriad Worlds’ gateways, in response to a great tribulation spanning all worlds. He begins searching for a way back to Earth, only to become embroiled in countless secret 9Reads—Score—14d adds
