Novels like The Ultimate Billionaire Family
Books Chinese readers most often put in the same booklists as The Ultimate Billionaire Family, best match first.
- 101 Cheated on from the Start, Then My Parents Reveal I Come from a Top Family 开局被绿，父母告知来自顶级家族 [Absolutely No Saintly Heroics] + [The Protagonist Has Gone on a Killing Spree] + [Decisive and Ruthless] + [Villain] If you don't like it, don't flame me! I'm no good at writing a synopsis, so please head straight to the story. They were in love for six years, but it couldn't withstand a sudden rush of passion. They had been together since seventh grade, all the way through the end of the college entrance exams. Just after his partner started university, he got a phone call from them. “I'm sorr 57Reads7.4Score—14d adds
- 102 The Son-in-Law Awakens 赘婿苏醒 Long Tian, the young master of the Long family, broke with his clan and married Ling Feiyu, the most beautiful woman in the small city of Chuzhou, as a supposed good-for-nothing. They had a daughter, which led the Ling family to cast Ling Feiyu out and made her the laughingstock of Chuzhou. Then, when his daughter, Long Linger, developed a chilling illness, he had no choice but to contact his family and demand that they restore his status as the Long family's young master. From then on, the cage —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 103 The Eldest Grandson of a Powerful Beijing Family, Reaching the Pinnacle of Global Wealth and Power 京城世家长孙，问鼎全球权财巅峰 [Tycoon + System + one female lead + invincible + feel-good power fantasy + face-slapping + showing off + elite family] As the eldest grandson of a powerful Jingcheng family, Qin Nuo infuriates the Elite Family System from the start, triggering a frenzy of upgrades. The System upgrades directly into the Invincible Elite Family System, and starts handing out sign-in rewards like crazy!!! [System upgrade successful: sign-in reward of 300 billion Dragon Nation yuan] [System upgrade successful: sign 870Reads—Score10714d adds
- 104 The Carefree Life of the God-Tier Young Master of the Imperial Capital 帝都神级少爷的逍遥人生 Li Xingchen, the fourth young master of the Li family of the Imperial Capital, was a genius. He suddenly disappeared at the age of fifteen and reappeared eight years later. Just how powerful has the once-unparalleled genius become? It’s a mystery. 2.9kReads6.4Score18714d adds
- 105 The Crown Prince of a Military-Political Dynasty: I Take Everything by Force 军政世家太子爷，无敌狂揽一切 He is the heir to a family with deep roots in both the military and politics, born into one of the most powerful families in the country. His grandfather commands the army, and his maternal grandfather is the richest man alive. Born with extraordinary gifts, he formed a connection with Daoism at the age of three and embarked on a path of cultivation that defies heaven itself. With overwhelming dominance, Ye Qianchen will conquer the cultivation world, the demon realm, and the immortal realm! He 98Reads6.7Score—14d adds
- 106 Tycoon: From the Start, I Inherit a Hundred-Trillion-Yuan Fortune 神豪：开局继承百万亿家产 758206835 (Multiple female leads, invincible protagonist, no face-slapping, no pretending to be weak to fool the strong, and no cultivation.) “Why does my life as a rich tycoon after being reborn seem so different from those of other rich tycoon protagonists?” Mo Yuxuan was puzzled. In the novels he'd read in his previous life, rich tycoon protagonists always pretended to be weak to fool the strong and then slapped their enemies in the face. Any random passerby could mock them, and everyone seem 1.3kReads8.7Score10114d adds
- 107 Country Tough Guy's Fifth Book 乡村扛把子的第5本书 A new story is out! You can read my work on Tomato Novel. I hope you enjoy it. Your support is what keeps me writing, and I'll do my best to tell every story well! 720Reads5.8Score10014d adds
- 108 Peerless War God: Returning to Protect 绝世战神：回归守护 Qin Hao was framed and sent to prison five years ago. Later, a mysterious organization recruited him, and after countless brushes with death, he returned to the city as the world's undisputed champion. There he discovered that his family had been destroyed, his parents were living on the streets, and the woman he loved was being treated with contempt. He vowed to destroy every enemy who had bullied his family. 13Reads—Score—14d adds
- 109 I Told You to Be a Prosecutor, Not to Run Rampant Across the Peninsula 让你当检察官，没让你肆虐半岛啊 Li Zhibin transmigrates to South Korea and becomes a promising trainee prosecutor. He also gets bound to a Rampage on the Peninsula System. As long as he acts lawlessly and does whatever he wants on the peninsula, he can draw rewards and grow stronger! So Li Zhibin decides to stop acting like a decent person in the peninsula… This book is also known as Lawless: You Call This a Prosecutor?, Black and White, I Rule Them All: Even the Chaebol Have to Kneel!, and A Prosecutor with a Few Girl Groups 32Reads8.4Score—14d adds
- 110 Urban Bad Boy: My Thoughts Help Me Become a God 都市痞帅：意念助我成神 [Young Clan Leader of a Top Family] [Overwhelming Power] [Protagonist Aura] [Multiple Heroines] The young clan leader of the world's number one family, the Yunlan Clan. After a catastrophe struck his family, he was abandoned in China. He saves a beauty and unexpectedly gains the power of telekinesis! By a twist of fate, he takes over the underground forces in the coastal region, seizes power in one fell swoop, and becomes the leader of China's underworld! Across the entire continent and its 349Reads—Score2214d adds
- 111 After Prison, I Return to the City as a Rich Playboy 出狱后，回归都市当纨绔 [Invincible power fantasy + ruthless action + beauties galore + the strong return + face-slapping] Seven years ago, Qin Tian was framed and sent to prison. After seven years in hell, he became the fearsome “Judge of Life and Death” and the force that keeps the world in check. He subdued a million violent criminals, and martial arts masters across the land revered him like a god. Now Qin Tian has returned in full force. He dominates the world, and everyone submits. Who would dare defy him? 5.1kReads8.6Score50014d adds
- 112 The Capital's Young Master from the Mountains 大山中走出的京圈太子 He has divine medical skills, bringing the dead back to life... He stands unrivaled beneath the heavens, leaving not a blade of grass behind... He is blessed with endless romantic luck, living carefree among mortals... He, the crown prince of the capital’s elite circle, lives by one rule: whoever makes me uncomfortable, I’ll make suffer even more... 7.5kReads7.7Score65914d adds
- 113 The Political Rise of a Rich Second-Generation Heir 一个富二代的从政传奇故事 Zhang Huaimin graduated from a prestigious university but refused to follow the life his family had planned for him. Determined, he passed the civil service selection exam and went to work in a poor, remote township. Through his own efforts, he led the people in building roads and a hydroelectric station and developing tourism. Driven by his dedication to serving the people and a can-do spirit, he rose from student to leader. 35Reads6.0Score—14d adds
- 114 The Capital's Elite Family Is Too Powerful, Forcing the System to Upgrade Like Crazy 京城世家太无敌，逼系统疯狂升级 [Mega-Rich Protagonist + System + Aristocratic Family + Invincible + Feel-Good Read + Face-Slapping + Showing Off + No Cultivation] Qin Ren’s soul transmigrated into the eldest grandson of an aristocratic family in the capital. From the start, he enraged the family System, causing it to upgrade like crazy. The System instantly went haywire, its own CPU kicking off sign-in rewards with no missions. Qin Ren laughed so hard that he bound himself to the System. [System upgrade successful: sign in 707Reads—Score11014d adds
- 115 City Life: I Transmigrated into a Top-Ranking Rich Third-Generation Heir 都市，穿越成顶级富三代 [Not a power fantasy + no showing off + urban slice of life + romance + no System + one heroine] Chen Mingyuan never expected that, as soon as he transmigrated to this parallel world, his father would die right from the start! Just like that, he became the first heir to a powerful financial dynasty! But maybe that's not so bad! In his previous life, he was just a child from an ordinary family. He went to school, served in the military, and worked hard for years, only to realize in the end that n 416Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 116 Ordered Down the Mountain to Find My Six Senior Sisters 奉命下山找我的六个师姐 Ye Tian descends from the mountain with his master's command to “marry and have children.” His eldest senior sister, Shen Rushuang, seems to be a cold and proud business empress who runs a vast commercial empire, but behind the scenes she is the “Queen of the Night,” feared by nations around the world. His second senior sister, Liu Ruyan, appears to be a gentle, cultured, and renowned doctor, admired for her exceptional medical skills. In truth, she is a hidden medical immortal from a lineage sp 14Reads—Score—14d adds
- 117 Siheyuan: Sha Zhu, Hurry Up and Beg Your Grandpa to Stop Beating You 四合院，傻柱快求你爷爷别再打了 [Righteous fury] [Reforming the younger generation] [Restoring family values] [Clan life] He transmigrates as Silly Zhu's paternal granduncle. After leaving the army, where he served as a medical assistant, he returns to the He family. Seeing He Yuzhu drained by the entire courtyard and strung along like a dog, He Jianghai decides that cultivating oneself and putting one's family in order must go hand in hand. Beat him! Beat him hard! Give him a thorough thrashing! With the sensible He Yushui 18Reads7.0Score—14d adds
- 118 The Capital’s Young Master: Reaching the Pinnacle of the World 帝都太子爷：问鼎世界巅峰 {Technology + Imperial Capital Heir + Entertainment Industry + Single Female Lead} Qin Chuan is wounded and discharged from the military, returning to city life and reclaiming his identity as the heir of the capital's most powerful family. The old man asks, “What do you want to do now that you've left the military?” Qin Chuan replies, “I'll strengthen the nation through culture and technology, and build a China at its peak!” 3.5kReads6.6Score49814d adds
- 119 By the Shores of Jinji Lake 金鸡湖畔 This is the land of Mars. This is the land of Mars in the year 2224. In Martian politics, there is no love or tender romance, only bloodshed and steely passion. Yangyang was born in 2194 in a small village in the countryside. Many momentous things happened that year. But for this poor family, only Yangyang’s birth was a big deal. —Reads—Score—14d adds
- 120 The Super Crown Prince 超级太子爷 The eldest young master of the Kang family is plied with drink on the eve of his engagement banquet. When he wakes the next day, he gets a troublesome playboy System. At the banquet, his fiancee publicly breaks off the engagement. Watch how Young Master Kang uses the troublesome System to turn his fortunes around and rise to the pinnacle of life. 14.4kReads8.7Score77814d adds
- 121 The Ultimate Spoiled Young Master 最强纨绔少爷 At home, I rely on my family’s power. Outside, I rely on my underlings. “Geniuses, prodigies, and oddballs are all trash in front of me!” “I’m the ultimate playboy, and I’m my own best spokesperson!” “My name is Ye Leng. This is my legendary story!” 2.7kReads7.9Score17414d adds
- 122 Urban: The Tycoon Villain from the Start 都市：开局神豪大反派 This is a story about a villainous male lead. 420Reads5.5Score—14d adds
- 123 Reborn as the Young Master of a Korean Chaebol 重生韩国财阀大少爷 Genres: Urban rebirth, entertainment industry, feel-good chaebol story, System-driven, fictional parallel world Setting: A fictional version of South Korea from 1990 to 2005, where chaebols secretly control society, the entertainment industry is rife with behind-the-scenes power struggles, families battle for dominance, and criminal gangs clash. 73Reads—Score14314d adds
- 124 All In: The Top Tycoon's Heir Is Kidnapped in Northern Myanmar 孤注：我顶级财阀继承人被绑缅北 People kidnapped to northern Myanmar are bound to have a rough time. But Li Xun gets to live in comfort, with food brought to him and clothes put on his back. It's simple: he's the heir to a top financial dynasty, born into the highest echelons of privilege. When the boss behind the scenes finds out who his men have kidnapped, he nearly pisses himself and wishes he could go back to China and turn himself in. “Grandpa Li Xun, once you've finished this meal, you can take a plane back to China.” “N 697Reads—Score10014d adds
- 125 Villain: The Tycoon Family's Heir Is Incredibly Arrogant 反派：财阀家的太子就是无比嚣张 [Young Master + Villain + Tycoon + Unbeatable Backing + Face-Slapping + Feel-Good Story + Campus Beauty + Invincible + The Ultimate Tycoon] Ye You, the sole heir to the Ye financial empire of Huaguo and the young master of the capital, is reborn. As the heir to a financial empire, he's adored wherever he goes. He drives the most expensive cars and keeps the prettiest women by his side. In this life, he will stand above everyone else! In this life, he will crush all those so-called Children of Fo 5.5kReads7.1Score31814d adds
- 126 Reborn as the Tycoon Family's Heir 重生之财阀家的太子爷 At a shareholders’ meeting, Li Junzhe is betrayed by his trusted aide and his older half-brother, losing control of the group. He leaps from the top floor of the group’s headquarters and is reborn fifteen years in the past! His grandfather is still alive, and his half-brother hasn’t joined the family yet. The struggle within the tycoon family is just beginning. 205Reads5.4Score—14d adds
- 127 Xuan Xiao Returns 玄霄重临 A true lord in my past life, a cast-off son in this one. I return to the modern city with memories of priceless treasures, carving my way from Earth to the Immortal Realm. The debts you owe me will be repaid. The throne of the Immortal Realm must change hands. This is Xuan Xiao’s return. 8Reads—Score—14d adds
- 128 Villain: I’m Kyoto’s Number One Young Master! 反派：我，京都第一少主！ Su Tian transmigrates into a modern urban power fantasy novel, but he isn’t the protagonist. He’s one of the lackeys fawning over a heroine in the male lead’s harem. His father is one of the Seventy-Two War Gods of Xia Country, and his mother is the holy maiden of one of the Ten Ancient Clans. He’s the heir to Xia Country’s foremost family, yet he spends all day groveling to a woman from a third-rate family? Let someone else be the lovesick dog. I’m done! From then on, Su Tian embarks on a villa 49Reads5.4Score—14d adds
- 129 I’m the Heir to a Billionaire 我是首富继承人 What's it like to go from being destitute to becoming the heir to the richest man in the country? An inheritance contract for a fortune doesn't just give you money, it also comes with a goddess for a fiancée! Ordinary people have to work incredibly hard to make something of themselves, but Chen Tian doesn't! A flicker of confusion also crossed Zhang Ze's eyes. He couldn't understand why, if Sun Guangmao was an actor hired by Chen Mo, 1.4kReads7.4Score16614d adds
- 130 The Divine Foolish Son-in-Law 神级傻婿 The young master of a top-tier family was poisoned and turned into an idiot everyone mocked and despised. Then one day, he recovered. The arrogant young master returns, ready to look down on the world! 638Reads8.8Score20214d adds
- 131 In the Name of the People: The Original Founder of the Game Is Actually My Grandpa! 名义：开服元老竟是我爷爷！ A designated driver unexpectedly transmigrates into Qi Tongwei, just as he is about to propose to Liang Lu. When Hou Liangping mocks him, he angrily teaches Hou Liangping a lesson, and gets arrested. During questioning, his words happen to be overheard by a mysterious old man. After speaking with Qi Tongwei in private, the two hit it off so well that Qi Tongwei immediately drops to his knees and calls him Grandpa. From that moment on, Qi Tongwei's fate changes beyond recognition! 428Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 132 My Mother Wields Tremendous Power, Helping Me Surge Ahead in My Career 亲妈权势滔天，助我仕途一路猛进 Qin Haifan is reborn in 2008. Trying to rescue a female colleague and a nurse from assault, he takes down nine men by himself, with serious consequences... In their desperation, his adoptive parents call a mysterious number. His birth mother arrives to save him. Facing his real mother in this life, Qin Haifan makes the wisest choice, turns the tables, and rises rapidly through the ranks. 12Reads6.2Score—14d adds
- 133 The First Book by Those Who Broke Their Promises 那些失约的的第1本书 I was born a young master of a wealthy family, living however I pleased and earning all the admiration in the world. The pride of the entire world belonged to me alone. They say wealth rarely lasts beyond three generations, but by the third, a family becomes an aristocratic clan. And I'm the heir to a top-tier family. To inherit it properly, I must be decisive, play the fool while outsmarting everyone, and trample my rivals in this wish-fulfillment power fantasy. 3.5kReads7.5Score28814d adds
- 134 My Family Is So Overpowered, the Whole World Kneels and Fawns Over Us 家族太无敌，吓得全世界跪舔 [System-breaking + imaginative fantasy + feel-good power fantasy + one heroine + building a faction] Lin Yun transmigrates into an invincible clan from the start, becoming its sole young lord. [Ding! Congratulations, Host, you have bound to the System. System quests are now available. Complete them to earn all kinds of top-tier resources...] “Hold on.” Lin Yun frowned and stopped the System. My father is a supreme powerhouse at the pinnacle of the human race! My eldest sister founded a top sect 708Reads6.9Score10914d adds
- 135 I'll Come Clean: I'm the Heir to a Trillion-Dollar Family 摊牌了，我是万亿家族继承人 “Young Master, your trillion-dollar fortune has been transferred into your name. Please check your account!” After enduring and lying low for four years, with his girlfriend leaving him, his brother betraying him, and rich young heirs humiliating him, he finally outlasts the family’s ban. The heir to the greatest family rises against all odds and returns as a king. The humiliation he suffered will be repaid tenfold! 3.2kReads8.7Score32314d adds
- 136 The Strongest War God 最强战神 Five years ago, blood stained his uniform as he forged a record of military honors! Five years later, he returns bearing boundless glory, ready to write a legend of kings! The Heavenly King is back. The winds of change are rising again. The passion never fades, setting the city ablaze! 88Reads9.1Score—14d adds
- 137 The Adopted Son from a Poor Family Is Actually the Heir to a Top-Tier Dynasty 寒门养子竟是顶级豪门继承人 The short drama My Jade Pendant Holds the Secret of My Origins is now streaming. He is a poor scholar from a small county town, betrayed by a scheming woman just as he was starting out in life. She is an aloof campus beauty and the heir to a wealthy family. One glance from her freezes everyone in their tracks. When an arrogant rich kid tries to take her for himself and trample him underfoot, a thunderous revenge strikes in an instant: the family goes bankrupt! The rich kid falls to his knees in 11.1kReads7.9Score93414d adds
- 138 The Human King Ranking: The Warmth of Everyday Life in the City 人王榜：都市中的人间烟火 Once a beggar, he left his homeland as the wheels of fate turned. After coming close to death countless times, he grew into one of the top assassins on the Underworld's King of Assassins list. He returned to the homeland he had left behind fifteen years ago, and all the stories began to revolve around him once more! 585Reads7.3Score10514d adds
- 139 Officialdom: No One Knows My Background 官场：我的背景无人知晓 [Officialdom] [No System] [No Rebirth] For more than twenty years, Xu Tianlai has never known who his father is, or how his mother managed to make a living alone in the countryside. All he knows is that his mother insisted he finish college, then made him promise on her deathbed that he would pursue a career in government. That day, Xu Tianlai walks out of the interview room utterly disheartened. And that is when the wheels of fate begin to turn... 5.2kReads7.3Score33314d adds
- 140 You Asked to Break Up, So Why Are You Crying Now That My Rich Heir Identity Is Out? 分手你提的，我京少身份曝光哭啥 Synopsis: [Third-generation elite of the capital] + [Slow-burn wealthy lifestyle] + [Multiple women] + [Campus beauties and actresses] + [Villain] Gu Tian transmigrates to a parallel world in the M78 Nebula and becomes a young master of the capital from the start. “Manager Xie! Who exactly is he?? How did he become a hotel director?” Manager Xie says nothing, only points to the sky. The synopsis doesn’t do it justice. Please read the story. 126Reads8.5Score—14d adds
- 141 The Secrets of Marriage 婚姻密码 His wife's behavior keeps raising suspicions, and she may be cheating. Cao Ling is deeply conflicted. Swearing to uncover the mysterious mastermind behind it all, he stops hiding his true abilities... 277Reads6.4Score—14d adds
- 142 Fired from the Start, I Became the Young Master of the Capital 开局被炒，我成了京城太子爷 Tycoon fantasy + System + multiple heroines + investment + entertainment + take on anyone who dares challenge you + the rise of a great nation As being reborn became the latest trend, Chu Yuchen was reborn too. Back in the year he started his first job, he had been an underachiever in his previous life. Faced with another chance at life, what will he choose? Reconnecting with his father, a high-ranking official, and his mother, a business queen, along with the System’s boosts, makes his life col 7.5kReads8.3Score58614d adds
- 143 Abducted for 18 Years: The Female Billionaire Is My Mom 被拐十八年：女首富是我亲妈 Also known as: My Mom Is the Richest Woman Alive, So What’s Wrong with Me Acting High and Mighty? Scheming, hilarious, powerful clans, no System Because Qin Chuan is ridiculously handsome, he gets ostracized at school and bullied by his boss at work. Then one day, he learns that his biological mother is the richest woman in the country. And suddenly, everyone who ever crossed him is in tears. Besides his billionaire mother, he has a grandfather, too. “My Chen family is one of the capital’s most 1.9kReads8.0Score10314d adds
- 144 A Top-Tier Clan from the Start, with a System Reward of One Billion 开局顶级世家，系统奖励十个亿 [Billionaire Lifestyle + Multiple Heroines + Feel-Good Power Fantasy + No Simping] At thirty, Wang You had accomplished nothing. After dying suddenly from drinking, he was reborn in 2018, during the summer of his sophomore year. Thanks to the System’s incredible power! His ordinary family background underwent a dramatic transformation: his father became an industrial heavyweight, and his mother a pharmaceutical tycoon. He also gained the Perfect Life Trait System. From the start, the System rewa 8.7kReads6.9Score57514d adds
- 145 Retired Mercenary: Claimed by a Powerful Family from the Start 退役佣兵：开局被红色家族认亲 He is a name forbidden in the mercenary world: Dragon Fang of Hellfire, a man with extraordinary skills and a heart of ice. After twenty years drenched in blood, he returns to his homeland under an assumed name, seeking the roots he lost and the mysteries of his childhood. A single DNA report thrusts him back to the pinnacle of power: he is the lost legitimate grandson of the top-tier Ye family, a powerful political dynasty! His grandfather is a national titan, his father wields enormous influen 24kReads8.0Score2.9k14d adds
- 146 Reborn: Don't Compare Backgrounds with Me, I'm Afraid My Real One Will Be Exposed 重生：别和我比背景，我都怕暴露 Synopsis: [Reborn Power Fantasy + Business + The Rise of a Great Nation + Richer Than a Country + Conquering the World] Su Ze, the CEO of a publicly listed company in the twenty-first century, is reborn in the 1980s in a parallel world. What! You think the courtyard houses are unsafe and ready to be condemned? Don't touch them, I'll buy them! What! You say these Year of the Monkey golden snub-nosed monkey stamps are worthless trash? I'll take them all! The stock market guru? He's a nobody next t 9.8kReads8.8Score65314d adds
- 147 A Scion's Path to Power 世家子之官道 He single-handedly helps his father's, uncles', and brothers' generations rise to prominence. He isn't the legitimate crown prince, yet he can toy with all sorts of princelings at will. The companies he controls never last more than a year, yet he possesses astonishing wealth. Why be reborn? To take a different path from his previous life and reach the very pinnacle of power. 658Reads6.8Score—14d adds
- 148 From the Start, I Tell My Chaebol Grandfather I'm a Transmigrator 开局告诉财阀爷爷我是穿越者 Reborn into the Korean-descended Li family, Li Xun found that his father was the youngest son, and the least favored one. Then one day, Li Xun revealed that he was a transmigrator. "You say you can see the future. Then tell me, what will become of the Li family?" "Grandpa, you should be more concerned about yourself. The flight you booked to America will crash in a few hours. Once you're dead, what future could the Li family possibly have?" "What about your eldest uncle? He's the successor I've 1.3kReads8.6Score10914d adds
- 149 Chen Feng's Guide to Risk Management in Love After Achieving Financial Freedom 财富自由后，陈峰的情场风控指南 [City life + rich second-generation heir + no System + everyday life + campus beauty + no brainless characters + grounded in reality + nuanced emotions] [Warning]: This is not a conventional tycoon novel. The pacing is leisurely and the writing is subtle. Readers who prefer a fast pace should proceed with caution. “Supporting a girlfriend isn't the same as keeping a mistress. Is there a problem with that? No!” Chen Feng lounged in an Italian leather sofa, using his Centurion Black Card as a casu 246Reads—Score—14d adds
- 150 The Emperor Who Commands Time and Space, the Sovereign Who Rules Over Fate 执掌时空的帝王，主宰天命的君主 [Modern urban high martial arts + sequences + time and space + myriad races across the stars + no female lead + no System + ensemble cast + decisive and ruthless + clever protagonist + powerful background] In the New Era, spiritual qi revival begins, genes awaken, and sequences emerge. Humanity enters an age of the supernatural, and a dazzling golden age ushers in an unprecedented era of glory. Yet beneath that splendor, spring gives way to autumn and cycles continue. Even the greatest glory wil 61Reads5.4Score—14d adds
