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This book is the 2018 edition of the National Higher Education Self-Study Examination Textbook "Introduction to Literature", which includes preliminary and complete basic theories and basic knowledge of literature. It is divided into five parts: the theory of literary concepts, the theory of the existence of literary works, the theory of literary creation, the theory of literary reception, and the theory of literary origin. These theories and knowledge reveal the basic process and inherent laws of literary creation and the occurrence and development of literature from different aspects. In this revision, in order to adapt to the new needs of current students' self-study examinations, necessary partial adjustments and improvements have been made to basic concepts, definitions, argumentative sentences, etc., Some literary works and examples of literary phenomena have been replaced, and the summary of this chapter, concepts and questions of this chapter in each chapter have been adjusted.

"Literary history" was introduced to China from the West via Japan in the early 20th century. Its arrival changed China's inherent concepts of literature and literary history and created a new Chinese literary tradition. What this book discusses is how, after the theory of "literary history" was introduced to China, it cooperated with the academic classification, historical narrative, educational system, ideology, literary and artistic trends, and the Mandarin movement in modern times to create a new understanding and interpretation of Chinese classical literature. Through such an academic historical investigation of "literary history writing", it explains how the "power of literary history" was formed and how it continues to exert its effectiveness. This new edition adds a chapter "The Establishment of the Literary History of Mandarin", enriching the content of the book. In addition, several appendices have been added to provide supplementary discussion on "the power of literary history".

Gu Hongming can be described as a poet in the history of Chinese culture. He was proficient in nine languages, learned both Chinese and Western languages, and was the first person dedicated to introducing Chinese classics and Chinese spirit to the West. His conservative thoughts and eccentric words and deeds have aroused widespread concern and controversy in China. This book selects Mr. Gu Hongming's works on Chinese studies to show readers the unique essence of Chinese studies culture and thought in the eyes of this [weird old man].

The book "Cai Yuanpei Lectures on the History of Chinese Ethics" is divided into four parts with 32 chapters: the introduction, the founding era of pre-Qin history, the inheritance era of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the Neo-Confucian era of Song and Ming Dynasties. It systematically introduces the important schools and main representatives of ancient Chinese ethics, and explains the key points, origins and development of each school. "Cai Yuanpei: History of Chinese Ethics (Master Works That Influenced Chinese People during the Republic of China)" is the first academic work to systematically organize and study the occurrence, development and changes of ancient Chinese ethical thought. It expounds the ethical thoughts of 28 thinkers from Confucius to Wang Yangming. The appendix lists the moral theories of Dai Zhen, Huang Zongxi and Yu Zhengxie.

This book is the first monograph on Qing Dynasty scholarship. It systematically reviews the development of Chinese academic thought over the past 200 years from the end of the Ming Dynasty to Liang Qichao. It comprehensively discusses the philosophy, classics, history, and other natural sciences of the Qing Dynasty. It conducts a general historical inspection of the academics of each era as ideological trends, explores the causes, analyzes the points, analyzes the roots of decline, and elaborates on the representative figures and works of each era and each discipline. "Confucian Philosophy" is Liang Qichao's lecture notes at Tsinghua University in 1927, which comprehensively discusses the connotation, evolution, representative figures and research methods of Confucian philosophy.

The beginning of modern China was the Opium War in 1840. This war used force to open China's closed door and forced China to face the outside world. After that, people began to explore step by step, from the Westernization Movement led by Yi, Li Hongzhang, and Zeng Guofan, to the Hundred Days Reform proposed by Kang Youwei and others, and finally the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen. This book narrates nearly a century of historical events and important figures.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

This book is the result of the "Me and My Book" essay competition jointly organized by the Hubei Provincial Educational Union Committee and the Hubei Provincial Primary and Secondary School Teachers Continuing Education Center. It brings together some of the first-prize-winning works, a total of 120 essays. It is a testimony of our teachers' reading, thinking and writing. It should be said to be a masterpiece of teachers' love for education, love for reading and love for students.

"History of Chinese Translated Literature" begins in 1896 and ends in 2003. It is currently the longest and most comprehensive general history of translated literature in China. "History of Chinese Translated Literature" takes literary translation as the main line and sorts out the evolution of the Chinese translation industry in modern times. Pay extensive attention to the latest achievements of translated literature, put them into the historical framework, and find the accurate positioning and significance of translated literature in the Chinese literary world over the past hundred years. The content not only includes important historical materials of Chinese translated literature, the lives and achievements of translators, but also important translation theories, relevant evaluations, practical significance and far-reaching influence. On the basis of absorbing the latest academic achievements at home and abroad, this article reviews literary translation from the perspective of translation studies, paying attention to both in-depth micro analysis and macroscopic grasp. The "History of Translated Literature" at the back of the book provides readers with an analysis of key events in translated literature, becoming indispensable research materials.

On May 27, 2005, the "International Conference on Canon (Re) Formation in the Context of Cult" was co-sponsored by the Department of Literature and Art of the School of Literature of Capital Normal University, the Research Center of Literature and Art of Beijing Normal University, and the magazine "Literary Studies". UralStudies), held in Jinhai Lake, Beijing, more than 70 experts and scholars from different nationalities with different cultural backgrounds, knowledge backgrounds and academic experiences from countries and regions such as China, the United States, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Singapore, the Netherlands, and Taiwan, held a lively and constructive discussion on the "literary classics" issues of common concern in the spirit of an equal and sincere academic dialogue. Their various views and thoughts converge and compete here, inspiring and promoting each other. The conference received more than 50 academic papers, which had a great impact in the academic world. This collection of papers is formed based on the conference papers.

"The Life of Metaphor" attempts to open up new perspectives, ideas and research fields for contemporary metaphor research. Firstly, this book provides as comprehensive a collection of representative Chinese and Western metaphor research materials as possible, and on this basis, it explores local traditional resources; secondly, this book defines the historical stages, fields and types of metaphor research; thirdly, this book takes the conflict and reconciliation of "beauty" and "truth" as its central axis, follows the law of simultaneous development of history and spirit, and integrates the research results of Chinese and Western metaphors. Starting from the four dimensions of rhetoric, poetics, philosophy of language, and epistemology-ontology philosophy, an interactive metaphor theoretical system is preliminarily established. Fourthly, a comprehensive examination of the transformative and generative properties of metaphor is conducted, thereby proving that metaphor is an organic existence that is constantly transformed and generated, and that human language, literature, cognition, and even life itself all have the transformative and generative nature of metaphor.

The compilation of this book follows the principle of "clear context, prominent focus, slightly new ideas, and suitable for teaching". The context is clear, and it is an overview of the literary process, literary genres and development clues according to historical periods. It strives to be clear in structure, substantial in content, and concise in citations. It does not seek to be comprehensive. The highlighted writers are listed as special sections, which are divided into two major paragraphs: one is life and creation, and the other is selecting a major work for analysis. The writing method of analyzing the work is to combine narrative and discussion. The discussion contains the main outline of the work and avoids empty arguments that are separated from the main text, so as to facilitate readers to understand the analyzed text. The novelty should be appropriate, consider the reader's acceptance, and strive to be fair. Unconclusive arguments should not be introduced, but the material should be new or the analysis should be new. Suitability for teaching should be the focus of attention, and efforts should be made to control the number of words to be sufficient for use. This textbook is intended for students with an intermediate level or above. It is designed to be used by self-learners. It is highly versatile and pays attention to the comprehensiveness of knowledge, so that students can have the necessary foundation when applying for postgraduate examinations in the future.

"The World Losing Symbols: Poetry, Experience and Rhetoric" takes modern Chinese poetry as the entry point and "symbol" as the narrative object, tracing the ancient origin of "symbol", its development process as a social practice, and its "metamorphosis" in modern society. The author intends to point out that "symbol" is not only a means of literary rhetoric and ritual expression, but also a way for human beings to experience the world and recognize themselves. In the period of contemporary Chinese literature, the existence and disappearance of "symbols" represents the changes in society, literature and living conditions; the rewriting of "symbols" also means the rewriting of human beings' own culture and meaning of survival.

"History of Western Literary Theory" is divided into 19 chapters. The specific content includes ancient Greece, German classical period, voluntarism, Russian and Soviet formalism, phenomenology and existentialism, Western Marxism, etc. Literary theory is\

Brief introduction to the main contents of "The Field of Women's Writing and Desire": Theoretically speaking, a woman's entry into the field of writing itself poses a threat to the male hegemony that dominates the world. This at least means that she is no longer content with the state of silence and the position of the "said" object, but demands to make her own voice heard. [What happens when a woman reveals the secrets of her life? ? The world will be torn apart. ]

"On the "Beijing School"" has 20 chapters in total and is a collection of essays by the author who has been studying the "Beijing School" for more than 20 years. In the book, the author selects representative works of representatives of the "Beijing School", such as modern poems by Fei Ming, Feng Zhi, Bian Zhilin and others, and analyzes them from different angles. At the same time, some literary controversies related to the "Beijing School" were selected. When reproducing these literary controversies, the author did not follow traditional research perspectives on the causes of the events, but gave his own opinions based on the debates at the time. For example, Gao Hengwen believes that in addition to differences in literary views, differences in personnel matters were also an important reason for the debate between Liang Shiqiu and the "Beijing School". During the Republic of China, almost every literary group had its own literary and art publications, and the "Beijing School" was no exception. Gao Hengwen believes that he discussed the role of the literary supplement of "Ta Kung Pao" in the history of the development of the "Beijing School", which few researchers have paid attention to. "On the "Beijing School"" studies the representative writers, representative works, publications, literary debates, etc. Of the "Beijing School", which can be said to be an all-round presentation of the "Beijing School".

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

In order to promote the development of modern science and humanities and social sciences in China, Mr. Cai Yuanpei worked hard and carried out a lot of work, and left a very rich cultural heritage. This book extracts part of the content, mainly the prefaces, book reviews and other articles written by Cai Yuanpei for his own translations and contemporary publications.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

This book introduces how Mr. Zheng Zhenduo re-examines the history of Chinese literature from a unique perspective. Based on the principle of promoting popular literature of the common people and denouncing and praising literature, he governs the whole book with a civilian view of literature, history and aesthetics, while at the same time using an independent spirit. The elite intellectuals make incisive analysis of literature and history, use beautiful writing to narrate thousands of years of Chinese literary history, and use prose-like techniques to lay out the writing, which is clear and elegant. It is a masterpiece of literature and history that combines ideological, intellectual, and readability.

When reading Chinese books, one must know the rhetoric with Chinese characteristics. Rhetoric that does not understand Chinese characteristics is prone to problems such as unclear things, unclear objects, and taboos. There are many differences between Chinese rhetoric and Western rhetoric, but few people know about them. Yang Shuda's "Chinese Rhetoric" is the foundation work of rhetoric with Chinese characteristics and deserves to be known and learned by more readers. This book introduces the essence of this foundational work.

This book mainly compiles Mr. Zhang Taiyan's two works: "Introduction to Chinese Studies" and "Lectures on Chinese Studies". Mr. Chen incisively discussed the connotation of Chinese studies and the methods of studying and managing Chinese studies. He also made exquisite and original evaluations of the characteristics, representative figures, and works of academic development in each period. "Lectures on Chinese Studies" is Mr. Zhang Taiyan's academic experience in his later years. The content is systematic and concise, and the writing is elegant and elegant. It is the best guide for understanding Zhang's thoughts and the advancement of Chinese studies.

This book collects and organizes Mr. Fu Sinian's precious lecture materials on "Warring States Schools" and "Historical Records". The former summarizes the origin and characteristics of hundreds of schools of thought, while the latter pioneered the modern study of "Historical Records". Both parts of the content are the essence of Fu Sinian's peak period and are still highly praised by academic circles today. The relevant historical chapters have been compiled, and the chronology of Fu Sinian has been carefully compiled in the appendix, which is highly collectible and readable.

During the Republic of China, the situation was changing, scholars emerged in large numbers, and academic masterpieces emerged one after another. This collection of 100 volumes of classics is intended to contribute to the revival of Chinese culture and help all people read.

This book compiles the contents of the literary research results written by Yao Yongpu, a writer of the Tongcheng School. It not only attempts to reinterpret the principles of literature based on the "righteousness and method" theory of the Tongcheng School's ancient prose to adapt to the needs of the times during the transition between the new and the old academic circles, but is also rooted in the traditional study of classics and history. From the aspects of semantics, pragmatics, discourse structure, style, etc., It has made useful discussions and contributions to the construction of the Chinese literary system that is a feature of "miscellaneous literature".

Zheng Zhenduo advocated the study and research of foreign literature, and with his corresponding research results, he initially successfully constructed a certain academic paradigm for his contemporaries in terms of methodology and other aspects. It can be said that for the first time in China, it has completely and systematically outlined the basic clues of the development history of Russian literature, or it can be said to have a bird's-eye view of the basic features of the development history of Russian literature. This book is a collection of Mr. Zheng Zhenduo's research results on the history of Russian literature.

This book collects and organizes Mr. Fu Sinian's precious lecture materials on "Warring States Schools" and "Historical Records". The former summarizes the origin and characteristics of hundreds of schools of thought, while the latter pioneered the modern study of "Historical Records". Both parts of the content are the essence of Fu Sinian's peak period and are still highly praised by academic circles today. The relevant historical chapters have been compiled, and the chronology of Fu Sinian has been carefully compiled in the appendix, which is highly collectible and readable.

"Jin Ping Mei" is one of the "Four Wonderful Books of the Ming Dynasty". It uses the section "Wu Song kills his sister-in-law" in "Water Margin" to introduce a period of urban life with Ximen Qing as the protagonist, and uses characters from the Song Dynasty to expose the corruption of Ming Dynasty society. This book is divided into three chapters: the first chapter is "Explanation of Ximen's Residence", the second chapter is "Explanation of Author and Writing Time", and the third chapter is "Explanation of Hundreds of Fables in the Golden Vase". I also call these three solutions the "Three Solutions to the Golden Vase". "Three Interpretations" is based on Chinese traditional culture, using law interpretation as the main method. The core is to interpret Lanling Xiaoxiaosheng's creative wisdom step by step in a step-by-step and in-depth manner based on the three guiding thoughts of induction and techniques such as concealment and contradiction.

Henry Remarque is a famous German-American comparative literature scholar and literary theorist. His article "The Definition and Function of Comparative Literature" published in 1961 was of far-reaching influence, establishing the classic definition of the "American School" of comparative literature and proposing the so-called "parallel research" and "interdisciplinary research." There are currently no monographs or books that systematically study Remarque in China. This book focuses on the relationship between Henry Remarque and comparative literature, starting from the macro perspective of the 60-year development history of comparative literature, examining its dialogue with the French School, the American New Criticism, and the Chinese comparative literature community. It also makes a contribution to "interdisciplinary research" on the nature of Remarque's comparative literature discipline. Through classic and non-classical interpretations, it proposes its own value judgment standards and makes a more systematic and in-depth explanation. This has inspired the theory of Chinese comparative literature, provided a new perspective for the study of Chinese comparative literature, and opened up a better channel for comparators who understand important Chinese comparative literature.

Lin Jiali, born in 1951 in Wenling, Zhejiang, is a professor in the Chinese Department of the School of Humanities of Zhejiang University and a doctoral tutor in ancient Chinese literature. He concurrently serves as the dean of the School of Humanities at Zhejiang Shuren University. Mainly engaged in research on Chinese Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties literature, Chinese classical philology, and Zhejiang regional culture; he serves as deputy director of the Chu Ci Research Center of Zhejiang University and director of the Institute of Regional Culture of Zhejiang Shuren University. He has published more than 100 academic papers and 17 books in publications such as "Literary Review", "Literary History", "Literary Heritage", "Documentation", "Chinese Literature and History", "Journal of Zhejiang University" and other publications. His representative works include "Research on Shen Yue" and "Chu Ci?" "Nine Chapters Collection and Interpretation", "Xie Duo and the Chaling School of Poetry", etc. "Collection of Classical Documents and Zhejiang Regional Literature" is an academic treatise by Mr. Lin Jiali of Zhejiang University. It is divided into four parts: 1. Research papers on Shen Yue; 2. Research papers on Xie Duo; 3. Papers on literary history; 4. Philology papers.

"Outline of the History of Chinese Literature" outlines important literary facts, important writers, important literary schools, and important literary achievements in the history of Chinese literature. The editors are all famous literary historians. Different from the general writing method of detailed description of the history of Chinese literature, the outline aims to give a concise and systematic overview of the history of literature, highlighting the key phenomena in the history of literature, making it easier for readers to grasp. It is the best introductory book to the history of Chinese literature. This book is the third of four volumes and is a compendium of literature from the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.

"The Modern Course of Chapter Novels" draws on Western cultural morphology methods to accurately grasp the relationship between Chinese chapter novels themselves and their various forms or appearances. This is a systematic research that integrates "internal" and "external" and can reveal the "spiritual" rhythm of Zhang Hui's novel in the complex historical situation. At the same time, Western novels are also introduced as reference, making this book both an influence study and a synchronic study. Under the two-phase observation, the life form of modern chapter novels is more clearly presented.

"Outline of the History of Chinese Literature" outlines important literary facts, important writers, important literary schools, and important literary achievements in the history of Chinese literature. The editors are all famous literary historians. Different from the general writing method of detailed description of the history of Chinese literature, the outline aims to give a concise and systematic overview of the history of literature, highlighting the key phenomena in the history of literature, making it easier for readers to grasp. It is the best introductory book to the history of Chinese literature. This book is the second of four volumes and is a compendium of literature from the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.

This book outlines the important literary facts, writers, schools, and achievements of the Ming and Qing dynasties in the history of Chinese literature. The editors are all famous literary historians. Different from the general writing style of detailed narration of the history of Chinese literature, the Historical Outline aims to give a concise and systematic overview of the history of literature, highlighting the key phenomena in the history of literature and making it easy for readers to grasp. It is an essential introductory book to the history of Chinese literature.

This book outlines the important literary historical facts, writers, schools, and achievements in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties in the history of Chinese literature. The author is a famous literary historian. Different from the general writing style of detailed narration of the history of Chinese literature, the Historical Outline aims to give a concise and systematic overview of the history of literature, highlighting the key phenomena in the history of literature and making it easy for readers to grasp. It is an essential introductory book to the history of Chinese literature.

In order to make it easier for more people to understand the science fiction world written by Liu Cixin, we have compiled research texts, interviews, news reports, and even comments from netizens about Liu Cixin in recent years into the "Liu Cixin Phenomenon Observation Series", divided into two types: "I am Liu Cixin" and "Why Liu Cixin". The book "Why Liu Cixin" focuses on interpreting the discussion of the phenomenon after "The Three-Body Problem" became popular, analyzing the reasons why Liu Cixin won the Hugo Award, etc. It is mostly a research text by critics. For ease of reading, articles are listed in order of publication date.

This book explores the phenomenon of mentoring in the Zhongxing poetry circle of the Southern Song Dynasty, mainly analyzing the two aspects of mentor-disciple relationship and imitation, and how the mutual relationship between the two affects the creative process and creative achievements of the Zhongxing poets and the poetry development of the Zhongxing poetry circle. The perspective of this book is relatively novel. From a macro perspective, it takes the entire poetry circle of the early Southern Song Dynasty as the scope of investigation. This not only reflects a broader academic vision, but also provides a new perspective for us to deeply explore the evolution of Song poetry. The manuscript is extremely informative. Whether it is the statistical analysis of the text of the work or the commentary and introduction of contemporary research results, it is not afraid of troubles and makes every effort to catch up. It shows a very solid academic foundation and is a rare academic achievement in the study of Song Dynasty literature in recent years.

This book contains seven categories: "Overview of Literature in the Qing Dynasty", "On the Origin of Calligraphy", "Linchi Yi De", "On Calligraphy Quatrains", "Poems on Paintings in Tie Ruyi Pavilion", "Miscellaneous Discussions on Chinese Opera", and "A Brief Introduction to Medicine". It is a volume on literature and art, covering fields including literature, calligraphy, painting, opera, medicine, etc.

This book examines the formation, development and evolution of the two important literary schools of the Ming Dynasty, the Seven Sons, and explores the important characteristics and connotations of their literary activities.

This book takes Jiangnan female literature in the Qing Dynasty as the object of investigation, explores and analyzes the development history of female literature in the four periods of the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Kang Yong, Qian, Jiadao, and Guangxuan, and fills some gaps in the study of Chinese female literature. Through a detailed analysis of the talented Jiangnan women who created with a serious sense of mission and responsibility, their works and literary activities, the author deeply explores the diversity and richness of women's literature, and the multi-layered and complex characteristics of literary theory, thus expounding the particularity of women's literature that has formed a complete literary ecological system, and accurately understanding the literary historical significance and value of women's literature in the Qing Dynasty.

This book focuses on "literature" to study the Erlu brothers. On the basis of fully drawing on previous research results, it explores the influence of the Lu family in Wu County on Erlu literature from the perspectives of family, mentality, and region. It provides a glimpse into Erlu's inner world, understands the influence of Jiangdong and Luozhong geography, history and culture on their poetry, and re-examines the origins of Erlu poetry. When discussing Erlu, it not only emphasizes the geographical factors of his origin in "Wu County", but also emphasizes the influence of the family on Erlu. At the same time, this book is different from family studies, family tradition research, local geographical research and historical research. It comprehensively evaluates Erlu and gives it appropriate historical and literary positioning. This book is an essential reference for the study of Erlu.

This book is the Chinese version of "Shakespeare in China", a book on the history of modern Chinese drama by Japanese scholar Hiroshi Seto to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the death of British playwright Shakespeare. It introduces the history of Chinese people's acceptance and love of Shakespeare and Shakespeare's plays since the 1840s, and an appendix introduces the history of Shakespeare's acceptance in Japan.

"Regional Culture and Literary Trends" is Duan Chongxuan's new collection of literary criticism. "Regional Culture and Literary Trends" is divided into four volumes. "Attention", "Interpretation" and "Focus" focus on the macro development of Shanxi literature and the experiences and limitations of Shanxi writers' works. It focuses on in-depth explanations from the perspective of regional culture and literary evolution. The "Looking Across" series selects the author's research articles on several important topics such as rural novels, short stories, and literary criticism, which represents the author's academic achievements in contemporary literature.

This book reveals the true ending of "Dream of Red Mansions", which is also a "new" ending that was unknown in the past. It is called new because it is a brand-new conclusion reached after a comprehensive study of evidence that has never been paid attention to in previous red-study studies; but at the same time, it may also be the most original version and the most retro "old" ending, because this ending seems to be more in line with the original author's original intention of "Dream of Red Mansions" than various wildly imagined and far-fetched statements nowadays that ignore the author's original intention. Readers will be surprised and sigh after reading the conclusion: They never expected it, how could it end like this? However, you will find that deriving such a refreshing ending actually has its own theoretical basis, is not random, and is closer to the ideological connotation that the original author tried to express.

Many people hope to obtain the secret methods and health guidance from the Huangdi Neijing. The Nei Jing provides a word-for-word explanation of this classic of traditional Chinese medicine, giving ordinary people with no basic knowledge the opportunity to get up close and personal with previously unfathomable principles for the first time, bypassing difficult textual barriers and reaching the essence of the truth.

"Research on European and American Studies of Shuowen" mainly explores how European and American scholars study "Shuowen" under the Western academic background. The selected research objects are France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and other countries where Sinology is relatively developed. The author conducts a detailed analysis of the "Shuowen" academic achievements of more representative scholars in these countries.