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"The Late Pascal" is the most famous novel by the famous Italian writer Pirandello. It describes the experience of rural librarian Mattia Pascal twice abandoning his original identity and seeking another "self". The author's bizarre plot depicts the coercive force of absurd social life on people, as well as the contradictions between people and society, people and people, and people and themselves.

"The Little Prince" was written in 1943. It is a work of innocence that keeps people childish forever. The author is the legendary French writer and pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The story tells that "I" as a pilot met a weird, strange, innocent and pure little prince in the Sahara Desert. After a quarrel with his beloved rose, he ran away in anger and roamed around the planets, looking for a cure for loneliness and pain. The work is rich in poetry and philosophy, and the lines contain the author's deep understanding of major issues such as love and life. This book is a three-language version in Chinese, French and English, printed in full color, and comes with English and French audiobooks.

The novel describes the protagonist's life of struggle, from the awakening of his musical talent as a child, to his contempt and resistance to the powerful in his youth, to his career pursuit and success as an adult, and finally to the lofty state of spiritual tranquility. It is a novel that reflects a series of contradictions and conflicts in real society through the life experience of the protagonist, and promotes humanitarianism and heroism.

Eugenie Grandet is the heroine in the novel "Eugenie Grandet" written by the French critical realist novelist Balzac. She is the most kind and pure character in the novel. The entire novel is based on her tragic life as the central clue. Her virtues gradually emerged in her painful life and in comparison with old Grandet, Charles, de Bonfeng and others. The more suffering she encountered in life, the more prominent the hypocrisy and ugliness of other characters around her, and the more obvious her kindness, tolerance and love became.

The Famous Translation Collection of World Literary Names is a set of world famous works with prominent status in literary history carefully selected and published by Changjiang Literature and Art Publishing House. It selects classics handed down from generation to generation and translates the works by famous writers, thus integrating into the "Famous Translation Collection of World Literary Famous Names (a set of 50 volumes in total)". "A Collection of Famous Translations of World Literary Famous Names (Set of 50 Volumes)" selects translations by famous writers. Well-known experts and scholars such as Chen Xiaoqing, Yang Wuneng, Li Yumin, Li Gang, Yang Mingjiu, and Zhou Lu have commented and interpreted the whole book from multiple aspects such as ideological and artistic value. The masterpieces written by great writers ensure the depth and breadth of thought, and the translations by well-known translators bring enjoyment of language.

An old Cuban fisherman fought alone with a giant marlin at sea for three days and finally subdued it. However, he was attacked by a shark on his way back. He fought day and night and finally returned to the seaside with an empty fish bone. People can be destroyed, but they cannot be defeated. All the profound meaning of life is contained in this tough guy and his fish bones.

The little prince on a distant planet ran away in anger because of a quarrel with a beautiful and delicate rose, and began his own interstellar wandering. He visited six planets inhabited by kings, vain people, drunkards, businessmen, lampkeepers, and geographers. Then he came to the earth and met snakes, foxes, switchmen, traders, and pilots, and started thinking about love and responsibility...

"Anna Karenina" is a novel written by Russian writer Leo Tolstoy and is also his representative work. Through the two clues of the heroine Anna's tragedy of pursuing love, and Levin's reforms and explorations when he faced a crisis in the countryside, the book depicts a broad and colorful picture of Russia from Moscow to the countryside in other provinces. It has described more than 150 characters and is a social encyclopedia-style work.

The story takes place in France in the seventeenth century. The queen accidentally transferred the jewelry given to her by the king to her lover, the Duke of Buckingham. Minister Richelieu discovered this and regarded it as a great opportunity to display his ambitions. At the same time, d'Artagnan, who had practiced swordsmanship as a fledgling, came to Paris to join the musketeer captain Treville. He met the three musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis unexpectedly, and they formed an irreversible friendship without fighting. D'Artagnan meets the queen's maid by chance and falls in love with her at first sight, but unexpectedly learns that Richelieu, the powerful red-coated leader, wants to sow discord between Britain and France for his own plan to destroy the country, intending to create a royal scandal and cause King Louis XIII to misunderstand the queen. In order to fight against the evil conspiracy of the red-dressed leader and protect the queen's innocence, the people with a sense of justice started a battle of wits and courage with the enemy...

"Gone with the Wind" is a novel about the war. Margaret focuses on the experience and feelings of the women who stayed at home and suffered from the war. From the beginning of the war, she had a reverence for the war and fully supported the war, to the pain of losing relatives due to the war, having to succumb to the fate of failure, and the arduous journey of rebuilding her homeland after the war...

This product is a short story in "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English Original)", which is a famous short story by Maugham. The story begins, develops and ends in the rain. Human nature has become so that perhaps only constant heavy rain can wash away the sinful soul, and the rain can bring purity and holiness to human nature.

This product is a short story from "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English Original)", a collection of Maugham's classic short stories. It tells the story of a captain lost at sea, swinging between dreams and reality. Maugham laid out the story in his usual calm and delicate writing style, mixed with incisive discussions based on his profound understanding of life.

This product is a short story from "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English Original)", which tells the conflict between naturalism and Western civilization. The author's yearning can also be seen from the beautiful description of island life.

This product is a short story from "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English original version)". It uses the story of Lawson and Ethel to illustrate the issue of compatibility of civilizations. This is a short story written by Maugham based on his experiences during his travels in the New Zealand Islands. It is meaningful to read and makes you think deeply.

This product is a short story from "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English Original)", which allows us to see the coexistence of dictatorship and ignorance, the battle between despicability and innocence, and the entanglement of good and evil in human nature under the background of colonialism, and everything eventually leads to death.

This product is a short story from "The Trembling of a Leaf. The Trembling of a Leaf (English original version)". It is a slightly fantasy story, implying that the readers' fantasy stories are not reliable, and the cruel reality is the truth.

"The Knife's Edge" is a novel written by the British writer William Somerset Maugham, first published in 1944. Maugham condensed his thoughts on the world and life in this work, and the book has the shadow of his own mental journey. The theme expressed in the novel is the pursuit of the meaning of life and the meaning of self-existence.

This collection of Maugham's short stories includes six stories he created that took place on small islands in the South Pacific, establishing his status as a short story writer. Opening this book is like opening six cans of tropical fruits with different flavors. Under the rich exotic flavor, different tastes of life are revealed.

"The Moon and Sixpence" is a novel written by the British novelist William Somerset Maugham, written in 1919. Maugham deeply explores the contradictions and interactions between life and art in his novels. The theme of escapism revealed in the novel is consistent with the pursuit of many people in the West and has become a popular novel in the 20th century.

In "Pleasure", Maugham drew materials from reality, blended fiction and reality, and used the narrator Ashenden to narrate his early relationship with the famous writer Driffield and his ex-wife Rosie. "Joy" is one of Maugham's most popular novels. This novel with a strong autobiographical flavor can be said to be Maugham's most mature work in writing skills.

Maslova was originally the illegitimate daughter of a serf. She was innocent, kind, and sincerely fell in love with Nekhlyudov. But this corrupt aristocratic young master seduced her, abandoned her, and plunged her into all kinds of misery, eventually becoming a prostitute. The life of a prostitute had severely damaged her body and mind, and she no longer believed in any good. So I smoked and drank desperately to anesthetize myself. Once he was falsely accused of murder and was imprisoned. He was sentenced to four years of hard labor by a foolish judge and exiled to Siberia. During Maslova's trial, Nekhlyudov happened to be a juror. When he recognized her, his conscience was condemned, and he wanted to atone for his past sins by saving her, and prepared to marry her. With Nekhlyudov's sincere repentance and care, Maslova eliminated her past grudges, gradually restored her past love, and reawakened the virtues buried deep in her heart. She voluntarily quit smoking and drinking, and refused to marry Nekhlyudov in order not to damage his reputation. Instead, she married Simons, another prisoner she loved, and thus moved toward "rebirth."

One day, if you become a beetle, alienated from your loved ones and abandoned by the world, how will you survive? Is this a game between human nature and bestiality, or a struggle between individuals, family, and social relationships...

"Great Expectations" is a novel written by Dickens in his later years. The story is set from Christmas Eve of 1812 to the winter of 1840. The protagonist, orphan Pip, uses an autobiographical approach to narrate three stages of his life starting from the age of 7.

A very unlucky old Cuban fisherman went out fishing alone and caught nothing for eighty-four days. On the eighty-fifth day, he still decided to get up early and go to sea. This time, he sailed the boat into the deep sea and finally hooked a marlin that he had never seen before. The big fish was so powerful that it dragged the boat drifting for two days and two nights. In the boundless sea, as the sun rose and set, the old man was thirsty, hungry, his hands were cramped, and his back was injured, but he kept confronting the marlin and persisted. Finally, after the marlin was exhausted and finished its circle, the old man struggled to catch the fish and tied it to the bow of the boat. During the triumphant return, the bleeding marlin continued to attract shark attacks, and an inevitable disaster occurred. The tired old man continued to fight with the sharks, but in the end the marlin was eaten up by the sharks, and the old man only dragged back a bare fish skeleton. A very unlucky old Cuban fisherman went out fishing alone for eighty-four days and caught nothing. On the eighty-fifth day, he still decided to get up early and go to sea. This time, he sailed the boat into deep sea and finally hooked a marlin that he had never seen before. The big fish was so powerful that it dragged the boat drifting for two days and two nights. In the boundless sea, as the sun rose and set, the old man was thirsty, hungry, his hands were cramped, and his back was injured, but he kept confronting the marlin and persisted. Finally, after the marlin was exhausted and finished its circle, the old man struggled to catch the fish and tied it to the bow of the boat. During the triumphant return, the bleeding marlin continued to attract attacks from sharks, and an inevitable disaster occurred.

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During the Soviet Patriotic War, in a small village, Warrant Officer Vaskov reluctantly accepted two classes of young female soldiers assigned by his superiors. He wants to direct them to guard the 171 concession facility. Not long after the female soldiers were stationed, before they were familiar with field life, they accidentally discovered German scouts. Therefore, Vaskov decided to lead five female soldiers to deal with the enemy, and launched a desperate battle with the German invaders in the dense forest... "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" is the representative work of the famous contemporary Soviet writer Boris Vasilyev. After being published in the Soviet magazine "Youth", it was translated into many languages, and was adapted into movies, dramas, operas, and ballets. It is loved by people in many countries around the world. The author of the novel won the first prize for children's literature in the Soviet Union and the Soviet State Prize. It was put on the screen in 1972 and won the 1973 Venice International Film Festival Memorial Award and the All-Soviet Film Festival Grand Prize, etc., Becoming a generation classic.

"Eugénie Grandet" is a masterpiece in Balzac's collection of novels "Human Comedy". By describing Grandet's family life, it reveals the tragedy of human destruction and family breakdown caused by money. The miser Grandet is selfish and cruel. In order to make money, he coaxes his wife and daughter in every possible way and pays no attention to the happiness of his only daughter, Eugenie Grandet. Eugenie is gentle and kind, and resists her father's harsh control for the sake of love... The novel is simple and natural, with clear descriptions and distinctive characters. Especially the miser Grandet is vividly portrayed and has become a famous typical image in the history of world literature.

Hugo (1802-1885), a famous French novelist and poet. "Notre Dame de Paris" is his masterpiece novel. The gypsy girl Esmeralda is performing on the street, and Froed, the deputy bishop of Notre Dame Church, wants to take possession of her...

The work "The Decameron (Set Volume 1 and 2)" tells the story of ten young men and women who took refuge in a villa during the plague epidemic in Florence in 1348. They feasted all day long, each telling a story every day, and told a hundred stories in ten days, hence the name "The Decameron". Many of the stories are based on historical events and medieval legends.

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), one of the most outstanding writers in the United States, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. "The Old Man and the Sea" is Hemingway's most representative inspirational novel. The work describes an old Cuban fisherman who finally caught a big fish alone after eighty-four consecutive days without catching a fish. He fought with the big fish for three days at sea and finally killed it. On his way back, he was repeatedly attacked by sharks. When he finally returned to port, only the head, tail and a spine were left.

"War and Peace" is the first novel written by Tolstoy and is known as one of "the greatest novels in the world". With an epic and grand vision, this novel describes the major historical events that occurred in Russia from 1805 to 1820. It connects war and peace, the front line and the rear, domestic and foreign countries, the army and society, the upper class and the lower class. It comprehensively reflects the style of the times and vividly depicts the tragedy and comedy of people who cannot control their own destiny in the turbulent era.

"Walden Pond" records the author's strange journey of living in seclusion on the shores of Walden Pond, blending in with nature, perceiving nature in pastoral life, and reshaping himself. It is also known as "the 25 preferred classics that shape readers' lives" along with "The Bible" and other works. This is a quiet, tranquil and wise book. In analyzing life and criticizing customs, the language is astonishing, the words are sparkling, the insights are unique and thought-provoking. Many pages are vivid descriptions, beautiful and detailed, like the purity and transparency of lakes, and the dense greenness of mountains and forests; there are also some pages that are thorough, insightful and enlightening. This is a fresh, healthy, and uplifting book with extremely moving descriptions of spring and dawn. Here we have the clean air provided by nature without the environmental pollution caused by industrial society. Reading it, readers will naturally feel the purity of the soul and the sublimation of the spirit.

"Crime and Punishment" is Dostoevsky's representative work. It is a psychological novel that reveals the characters' inner moral conflicts and the alternation of good and evil. It is a mature sign that the writer has completely moved towards originality. After the work was published, it attracted widespread attention from society and won the author worldwide praise. It was hailed as a "new Russian-style novel". Dostoevsky was hailed as "the unattainable master of European novel art" along with Balzac and Dickens in 19th-century Europe. His works focus on psychological analysis and consciousness disclosure. Through in-depth exploration of the sins of the world and sharp and ruthless anatomy of human nature, the narrative art has reached a new level. It reflects his artistic originality as a master of the Russian realist psychological school and is respected as a master by many modern literary schools.

"Treasure Island" is the most widely circulated masterpiece among all Stevenson's works. The novel mainly describes the thrilling story of Jim, a daring, witty and lively young man, who encounters a captain in his father's inn and accidentally obtains a treasure map. Then he outsmarts the pirates. After going through many hardships, he finally finds the treasure and returns victoriously. It uses plot changes to tell us that the most precious thing in the world is not wealth, but human love and justice.

"Letter from a Strange Woman" is a collection of novels by the famous Austrian writer Zweig, which includes 9 masterpieces of novellas such as "Letter from a Strange Woman" and "Forgotten Dreams". Among them, "Letter from a Strange Woman" was evaluated by Gorky as "an astonishing masterpiece". The writing style of the whole book is clear and delicate, with passionate emotion in the silence and pathos in the writing.

"La Traviata" (1848) was written based on the personal experience of writer Xiao Dumas. Margaret, a famous courtesan in Paris, was moved by the sincere love of young Armand, so she decided to leave social life and live with Armand in the countryside. Armand's father blamed Margaret for ruining his son's future, and Margaret was forced to return to Paris to resume her old career. Armand was furious and humiliated her in public. Margaret fell ill and died with hatred. After Armand read Margaret's suicide note, he learned the truth and regretted it. The novel was a huge success upon its publication. The author later adapted it into a script, and the opera adapted by composer Verdi made the work widely circulated around the world. The works are filled with strong lyrical color and tragic atmosphere, and have profound artistic charm.

A representative work of Kafka, the founder of Western modernist literature, and a classic masterpiece of expressionist novels. Mr. Zhang Rongchang, a senior translator and professor at Peking University, has been studying Kafka's authoritative translation for decades. "The Castle" is the last of Kafka's three novels. It was written in 1922. It is also Kafka's most distinctive and important novel. It describes a story: K, a land surveyor, was ordered to take up a post in a certain city, but was unexpectedly blocked outside the castle gate, so K launched a long and cumbersome negotiation with the castle authorities over whether he could enter the castle. The castle is located on a hill in front of us, but it is just out of reach; it is so cold and majestic, like a giant beast looking down at K; it represents a huge bureaucracy with a strict hierarchy, countless departments and officials, and countless documents that are gathered there in dust, unattended and unprocessed for many years. Facing this powerful castle, K was helpless and failed to enter the castle until the end. The novel is shrouded in a mysterious and nightmarish atmosphere from beginning to end, with profound implications and endless evocative meanings.

"Notes from the Underground" embodies all the artistic characteristics of Dostoevsky's poetics. It is profound in content and strange in form. It is like a novel, a confession, and a philosophical essay. The protagonist of the work looks like a bad guy and a good guy; a villain and a resigned person who has experienced many vicissitudes of life; a hero and a "non-hero" and nothing at all. ... The "basement man" is considered to be a "typical egotist", but some people believe that the "basement man" is the Russian Hamlet, a contemporary variant of the "superfluous man". Dostoevsky was the "seeker of truth" of his time. "Notes from the Underground" has become an increasingly popular book and is considered the preface to Dostoevsky's five novels and a milestone in his creative career. The depth of the human heart, the suffering of the human heart, the helplessness and tragedy of the human heart, everything that everyone has personally experienced but cannot express in words, are all contained in this book.

Starting from the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Henshui shifted his creative focus from romance to social criticism, and his writing style became increasingly heavy and sharp. "Intoxication" is a representative work of this period. In 1945, the National Government made Chongqing its capital. A group of drunken and dreamy dead gathered here. Everyone wants to get rich overnight. Small businessmen, bankers, courtesans, civil servants, old ladies, and even coolie workers are all involved in the "golden trend" caused by inflation. In the context of national speculation, human nature is distorted, and emotions and bodies become the weights of speculation and gambling. Tian Peizhi, a high-spirited and beautiful female student, was deceived and abducted by her lover and fell into a world of flowers. In the end, she couldn't stand the temptation and sank. Taking the history of her depravity as the main line, "Falling Out" tells a big story about people's mentality that took place in this era. It reproduces the crazy reality that on the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the entire rear society was obsessed with sex and it was difficult to make money for the country.

"Confessions" is Rousseau's autobiographical work. It is a work of grief, indignation, introspection and painstaking efforts when the author was in a miserable situation in his later years. Through his unparalleled self-confession, Rousseau vividly presented his unique life experiences, thoughts, emotions and behaviors to the world, and guided us to go deep into that era to understand and think about many mysteries and deep-seated issues about people and society.

The Pickwick Papers is the first novel written by Charles Dickens. After the novel was published, it became a sensation and became a highlight in the British publishing industry at that time. Charles Dickens started writing "The Pickwick Papers" mainly with the intention of writing a series of novels. Therefore, the various chapters in "The Pickwick Papers" are very loosely related to each other and are more like a series of adventure novels. The protagonist of the novel, Mr. Samuel Pickwick, is a wealthy, kind-hearted old gentleman, and the founder and permanent president of the Pickwick Club. In order to have a deeper exploration and understanding of many strange phenomena in life, the old gentleman suggested that he should take the lead and be joined by three other members of the Pickwick Club (they are Mr. Wink, Mr. Snodgrass and Mr. Topman), and follow him from London to a distant place (it is said to be remote, but actually to the British countryside) to explore the meaning of life, and after returning, report what they saw and heard to the club members. As a result, the entire novel revolves around their excursions into the English countryside.

"The Life of Giants" was originally called "Gao Canda and Pantagruel" and consists of five volumes. It is a multi-biography novel created by the French Renaissance novelist François Rabelais and published between 1532 and 1564. It is a satirical novel that tells the miraculous deeds of two giant kings, Gao Canda and his son Pantagruel: Gao Canda's extraordinary birth; Pantagruel's adventures when he was studying in Paris; Pantagruel and Gao Canda's discussion of marriage issues; Pantagruel traveling across the ocean to search for the source of wisdom - the "Vase of God", and finally getting his wish. The work lashed out at the feudal society of France in the 16th century and was a cry from the emerging bourgeoisie against the rule of the feudal church. It fully reflected the humanists' affirmation of people, human nature and human creativity. In the novel, Rabelais vividly and honestly criticized the hypocrisy and cruelty of the church, especially denounced the Catholic scholastic education that poisoned children.

"Eugénie Grandet" is a representative work of Balzac, the 19th-century French critical realist writer, the founder and outstanding representative of European critical realist literature. It is included in the "Provincial Life Scenes" of his masterpiece "The Human Comedy" and "Studies of Customs". It is regarded by the author and commentators as an outstanding picture in the "Human Comedy". This book is a classic translation by the famous translator Fu Lei. Balzac uses a network structure model, with Old Grandet as the center, and through the stories of Eugenie, Old Grandet, Charles, Crouch and others, he presents the French society in the first half of the 19th century in a three-dimensional and all-round way, and at the same time describes the diverse and complex characters. In the novel, there are Grandet who represents the stinginess, greed, cunning and coldness of the bourgeois nouveau riche; there is also the innocent and simple girl Eugenie who has abundant sympathy and love in the "kingdom of money"; and there is the dandy Charlie who sells his feelings and puts his interests first.

"The Call of the Wild": Buck originally lived in a place with warm seasons, but was sold by a gardener to a dog dealer and taken to the far north. It's freezing here, and Buck has to shoulder the heavy responsibility of pulling the sled, beware of attacks from his own kind, and endure human stupidity. In this process, the primitive wildness in Buck gradually awakened. He listened to the call from the wilderness, transformed from a dog into a wolf, and became the leader of the pack. "White Fang": White Fang was born in the wilderness and is one-quarter dog. He and his mother Guiche were taken in by the Indians and pulled sleds for them. White Fang has been separated from his mother since he was a child, and has been bullied by humans and his own kind. Finally, he is rescued by his loving master. Later, White Fang left the icy and snowy north and came to the warm south with his master, learning to be a dog and getting rid of his primitive wildness. At the end of the story, White Fang also rescued his master from a desperado and became the "heroic wolf" in the hearts of everyone.

A great literary work with worldwide influence, it is known as the "timeless red classic". It is an autobiographical inspirational novel by the famous Soviet proletarian writer N. Ostrovsky. It is a must-read for teenagers to set a roadmap in life. Paul Korchagin was born into a working-class family under the tyranny of the Tsar, and he suffered from the hardships of life since he was a child. Under the leadership of the revolutionary Zhu Helai, he embarked on the road of revolution. After going through life stages such as joining the army, fighting on the front lines, and building railways, Paul gradually grew into an upright, strong, and selfless revolutionary warrior. Even though he was eventually blind and paralyzed in bed, he tenaciously described his ideals with his pen and eulogized the meaning of life dedicated to his ideals. Classic translation: The famous translator Professor Zhou Lu vividly restores the essence of the original work based on the Russian literal translation. Introduction to the long text: A senior middle school Chinese teacher devotedly compiled the "High School Entrance Examination Study Manual" to sort out the five major test points for reading classics in the high school entrance examination.

This is a world-renowned literary masterpiece and a highly regarded classic translation; it contains a complete set of illustrations hand-drawn by Thackeray, and the text and pictures are a perfect combination. _X000b_William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) was a British novel master as famous as Dickens during the Victorian period. "Vanity Fair" is his most famous masterpiece. Becky Sharp, the daughter of a poor painter, lost her parents when she was young, but she was extremely smart. After graduating from boarding school on a part-time basis, she started out as a tutor. She seized every opportunity, sharpened her head and got into the upper class society of the Victorian era, becoming a dazzling social star. The rise of this beauty, against the magnificent historical background of the Battle of Waterloo, presents the most successful artistic image of a female adventurer in world literature. Thackeray's words are sharp, witty and humorous, and his anatomy of life is subtle. For nearly 170 years since its publication, this book has been hailed as a satirical mirror and a cautionary book. This book contains a complete set of illustrations drawn by Thackeray for Vanity Fair. The text and pictures are radiant and perfectly combined, making it highly valuable for appreciation and collection.

This book is a novella written by Hemingway in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952. It is one of Hemingway's most famous works. It tells the story of an elderly Cuban fisherman fighting a giant marlin in the Gulf Stream far offshore. This book established Hemingway's status. The book won the 1953 American Pulitzer Prize and the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Sadness does not mean that I am weak, but on the contrary, it will turn into a steady stream of motivation, driving me to keep moving forward. Since I experienced so many hardships in my childhood and finally survived and became the person I am now, then the current hardships will definitely inspire me to continue moving forward and take further steps.

"Resurrection" is Tolstoy's last novel, a summary of the writer's life exploration and thoughts, and is known as the peak of the development of Russian critical realism. Through Maslova's suffering and Nekhlyudov's appeal process, the novel extensively and profoundly criticizes the corruption and darkness of courts, prisons, and bureaucracies. It exposes the extravagant and luxurious life of the feudal ruling class and the cruelty, stupidity, and inhumanity of reactionary officials. It tears off the hypocrisy of the official church, reflects the bankruptcy of the countryside and the extreme poverty of the farmers, and outlines a social picture of a serfdom Russia that is on the verge of collapse.