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Professor Dominic Liffin's new book explores the qualities required of monarchs across many dynasties throughout history. A monarch needs qualities such as tenacity, abundant energy, accurate judgment and moderate self-confidence. Of course, he also needs qualities such as ambition, courage and kindness. These qualities are partly innate, but they are also created by education and experience. Marriage strategies and inheritance systems also had a significant impact on dynasties and their rulers. The author traces the changes in these elements through different historical periods. Although the imperial system has basically died out today, this does not mean that it has no relevance to today's world. The author's discussion shows us how people today live with its political and cultural heritage.

In the 15th century, Portugal, located at the end of the European continent, led the "Geographical Discovery" and opened the glorious age of navigation. In the 1970s, as all African colonies became independent, the former maritime heroes were driven back home and hurriedly stranded in the ruins of the empire. In the distorted and superimposed time and space, Fernand Mendez Pinto, who traveled in Asia for decades and wrote "Travel", became a peddler selling defective products. Vasco da Gama, the "discoverer" of India, won half of Portugal by cheating, and Xavier, the saint who was dedicated to spreading the gospel of Christ, turned into a pimp... The truth and falsehood of history gave birth to scenes of absurd tragedies and comedies, and ambition and fanaticism were shattered in the waves along with the dream of empire. The voyage ship returned dejectedly from the sea, but the train connecting Europe on land was roaring. Between the sea and the land, Africa and Europe, Portugal is struggling to reshape its past, present and future.

In the spring of 1945, the German army was defeated, and the world was immersed in the unspeakable crime of the Holocaust. Few people expected that just half a century later, the Germans would transform and stand at the forefront of European integration as a prosperous nation. How did the Germans recover from the devastation of World War II and stand up again from the shame of the Holocaust? In this book, Jarausch describes the detailed process of Germany rebuilding civilization and civil society destroyed by the Nazi regime, thereby achieving national rejuvenation. Unlike other scholarly works that explore Germany's response to its Nazi past, The Reconstruction of Civilization focuses primarily on how a disoriented people learned practical lessons from the mistakes of the past and their struggle to create a new society focused on human rights. This perspective provides a challenging analysis of the gradually formed national and character traits of the Germans, and provides new possibilities for the study of world history.

From March 12 to 21, 1921, Britain, as the main mandate power in the Middle East, held a conference in Cairo under the leadership of its Secretary of Colonial Affairs, Winston Churchill, to resolve the future of the Arab countries in the Middle East after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The ten-day conference was intended to redraw the map of the Middle East, establish kingdoms in Iraq and Transjordan, and confirm the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine - the future state of Israel. British officials, including T. E. Lawrence and Gertrude Bell, ambitiously tried to bring the Middle East into the world of modern nationalism, but their prejudices profoundly changed the Middle East in the decades that followed.

This book uses horses as clues and revolves around the three most typical human images in the interaction between humans and horses-cavalry, monarchs, and merchants, connecting thousands of years of civilization history in the Eurasian steppes. In this historical work full of literary tension, we will see: how horses and people first met and established a close relationship; how cavalry changed their fighting methods and gradually built horses as the basis of ancient military power, and then established multiple empires; how monarchs regarded horses as a strategic tool, obtained horse resources through domestication, trade, plunder, etc., And developed their own unique politics Influence; how merchants balance the attributes of horses as a means of transportation and valuable commodities, driving horses across mountains, grasslands, and deserts, building bridges of interconnected civilizations; in history, many empires that rose and fell suddenly, how they shattered the old order, rebuilt the political system, protected the territory of rule, and maintained their own authority in the midst of war, governance, trade, and education, and what role horses played in them. With a broad vision and vivid narrative, this book reveals how horses have profoundly influenced and even rewritten the trajectory of human civilization. It also reminds us that civilization is not just a single-line human narrative. The evolution of civilization is the result of the joint creation of humans, animals and the environment.

Most of the great achievements in the history of world civilization occurred on the edges of the Eurasian continent, and in the middle of this vast continent is a barbaric land separated from civilization. Attila, Genghis Khan and Tamerlane... These names from this land still echo in the dark side of the history of civilization. Have the grassland people brought only disaster and destruction to world history? In order to answer this question, René Gruset collected historical events related to the grassland from written historical materials scattered in various civilized worlds in Eurasia, supplemented by archaeological data, restored the history of the grassland from about 1000 BC to 1759, and told the origin, development and demise of each grassland regime. In the author's writing, the invaders from the grassland are no longer a disaster sent by God, but a periodic interaction between the grassland world and the civilized world.

"Memoirs of the Roman Civil War" is a memoir written by Caesar after the civil war. Although the civil war ended with Pompey's defeat, the republican forces opposing Caesar remained strong after the war. In order to declare the inevitability of his victory over Pompey and at the same time avoid arousing fierce resistance from the opponents, Caesar used the third person "he" in most cases in the book to show that Caesar was objective rather than subjective. Unfortunately, this book does not stitch up the irreconcilable contradictions between republicans and monarchists, slavery and feudalism. In the end, Caesar was assassinated, and a new civil war broke out again... This civil war was a key battle in Rome's transformation from slavery to feudalism, and republic to monarchy, and had a profound impact on the historical trend of the entire Europe.

"History of Alexander" consists of 8 volumes. It takes the rise of Macedonia, Alexander's Eastern Expedition, the demise of the Persian Empire and the spread of Greek civilization eastward as the main line. It tells the whole process from 334 BC when Alexander led the Macedonian army southward through the east coast of the Mediterranean, conquered Egypt, conquered Asia Minor, swept through Persia, invaded India, and established Alexander's empire. Based on the historical materials handed down from ancient times, the author Arrian conducted an in-depth study of the main battles of Alexander's Eastern Expedition, analyzed Alexander's strategic thinking, command art, formation techniques, and multi-arms joint combat tactics, and praised his spirit of leading the army and sharing the joys and sorrows with his soldiers.

When George Shaw-Lefebvre's masterpiece "The Partition of Poland: Irrational Collusion, Geographical Hegemony, European Revolution and National Destruction" was published, it coincided with the outbreak of the First World War. He believed that World War I was the inevitable result of the partition of Poland. Before Poland was partitioned, it was a major power in Europe, serving as a buffer state for the three great powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria. At this time, the war in Europe was at best a war for hegemony. However, after Poland was partitioned, the three major powers of Russia, Prussia and Austria were bordered and the buffer was lost. From then on, the war for hegemony became an accessory to the war of unification, and the war of unification became the essential form of European war. Therefore, war on a larger scale - intercontinental or world war - is inevitable. The first person to dream of unifying Europe was Napoleon, but his dream was broken in Moscow; the second was Nicholas II, but his dream was broken in Crimea; the third was Kaiser Wilhelm II, but his dream was broken in World War I. Later, Hitler also wanted to unify Europe, but his dream was shattered by World War II. Historical experience shows that it is not feasible to unify Europe by force, but European unification is in the interests of all countries and nations. In the end, peaceful unification became the mainstream, and the "European Union" entered the stage of history. All this originated from the partition of Poland.

"The Age of Akbar the Great" is divided into three parts. The first part begins with Babur, Akbar's grandfather, who proposed the idea of ​​establishing an empire in India; but this idea ultimately did not take root in India. Babur's successor Humayun failed to solve the problem of the harmonious coexistence of Islamic civilization and Indian civilization, and eventually lost his country and fled India. Against this grand historical background, Humayun's son Akbar entered the stage of history early. The second part narrates the major events of Akbar's reign as recorded by Islamic historians. The third part mainly talks about the religious, political, economic, military and customs reforms promoted by Akbar. The reform achieved great success, and the religious soil problem that neither Babur nor Humayun solved was finally solved through Akbar's efforts.

"Napoleon III and the Second French Empire" is the third and extremely important part of the "History of the Second Empire Trilogy" written by Pierre de Lanaud, an academician of the French Academy of Humanities. Napoleon III was heroic and intelligent, but had a fatally contradictory character. He became emperor through repeated defeats and perseverance; he inspired court conflicts and factional struggles in the Second French Empire, leading to its eventual demise. What is the relationship between Napoleon III and the Mexican Empire? What kind of responsibility should Queen Eugenie bear for the demise of the Second French Empire? Why did the Second French Empire, the hegemon on the European continent, lose to the rising Kingdom of Prussia? How did the Franco-Prussian War break out? Why does the author firmly believe that this war can be avoided? Who was behind the outbreak of the war? Many exciting contents are all in this book.

This book comprehensively and multi-levelly discusses the evolution history from the Prussian General Staff to the German General Staff, analyzes the historical roots of the formation of the German General Staff, studies every link of the German General Staff from a micro level, and deeply explains the irreplaceable role of the General Staff in the process of Germany's unification. The book also selects more than a hundred functional illustrations to help readers understand the characters and events in the book more vividly.

"Memoirs of the Gallic War" is a memoir written by Caesar after he conquered Gaul. It uses a unique creative perspective and superb narrative method to tell the entire process of the eight-year fierce war with the Western European ethnic groups. During the war, the Roman legions commanded by Caesar gained unprecedented combat experience, and their combat effectiveness was astonishingly improved. Only by deeply understanding the Gallic War can we deeply understand why Caesar, who was at a disadvantage economically, politically, and militarily, was able to defeat Pompey, who was in an advantage, in the subsequent Roman Civil War. This war was of great significance and had a far-reaching impact. It profoundly shaped the political and geographical pattern of Europe, changed the development trajectory of many ethnic groups, greatly accelerated the spread of Roman civilization to the north, and the Greek-Roman civilization circle that laid the foundation of European culture took shape.

"The Age of Queen Victoria (Panorama Illustrated Edition)" by Lytton Strachey takes the life trajectory of Queen Victoria as the main line and vividly tells the history of Britain in its heyday. In this era, the first industrial revolution was completed in the UK, the second industrial revolution is in the ascendant around the world, and the UK has become the world's leading economy; in this era, scientific inventions are emerging one after another, literary schools are diverse, and the art world is full of stars. You will see so many powerful figures appearing one after another, and hear so many loud bugles blowing intermittently; you will not only feel the cruelty of the palace struggle, but also experience the warmth of human affection; you will not detect the heavy indifference in the lively language, but will become cheerful in front of the vivid plot... In short, you will see the colorful Queen Victoria era from the book.

"Memoirs of the Last Tsarist Princess" is a memoir written by Maria Pavlova, the last princess of Tsarist Russia, during her exile in the United States. It describes the later years of Tsarist Russia as a member of the royal family. Major historical events such as the Russo-Japanese War, the 1905 Revolution, Russian political reform, World War I, and the 1917 Revolution are intertwined with the author's life experience. Readers can see the sharp internal contradictions and backward social reality of the late Tsarist Russia, thereby deciphering the code of the decline of the Romanov dynasty.

This book is the first part of the "Roman Civil War Trilogy" by Professor Beasley of Columbia University. It selects specific political figures--the Gracchi brothers, Marius and Sulla--to comprehensively analyze the party struggles and wars at the end of the Roman Republic, and profoundly reveals the root causes of the decline of the Roman Republic. In the second half of the 2nd century BC, the Roman Republic swept across Italy and dominated the Mediterranean. However, the prosperous appearance of the Roman Republic could not hide its true face that was riddled with holes. Conflicts between slaves and slave owners, poor and rich, Italians and Romans intensified. The Senate was in chaos, controlled by a gang of people, and became a tool for individuals to seek power and profit. The precarious Republic called for change... Against this background, heroes and tycoons from all walks of life appeared one after another, including the loyal and courageous Gracchi brothers, Marius, who was born in a lower class, ambitious, vulgar and violent, and the "gathering of lions" Sulla who "has the nature of a fox"... A. H. Beasley, a professor at Columbia University and a leading American scholar of Roman history, describes the ups and downs of party strife and brutal wars at the end of the Roman Republic in a concise style and vivid brushstrokes, outlining a picture full of sacrifice, betrayal, disaster, intrigue, ambition, and greed. A. H. Beasley consulted the works of historians including Plutarch, Appian, Livy, Florus, Celeste, Velaius, Tacitus, Diodorus, Orosius and other historians, and interpreted a series of major historical events witnessed by the Gracchi brothers, Marius, Sulla, Sulpice, Saturninus, Drusus and others, profoundly revealing the historical background and realistic logic of party struggles, wars and its decline in the Roman Republic.

This book was written by General Grant, the 18th President of the United States and commander of the Union Army during the Civil War, based on his own experiences in his later years. Four days after the completion of this work, General Grant passed away with endless desolation and regret. The book is based on time. The first volume tells about the various battles when the author commanded operations on the Western Front; the second volume mainly tells about the author who was promoted to lieutenant general and became the commander-in-chief of the entire army. He commanded the Union Army and the Confederate Army to fight fiercely on the Eastern Front, captured the Confederate capital Richmond, forced the Confederate Army Commander General R. E. Lee to surrender, and finally won this brutal war that lasted four years.

"History of Ancient Egypt" is an important work by George Rawlinson, an expert on ancient Asian and African history. It starts from more than 3,000 BC and ends in the third century BC, covering thousands of years, covering religion, war, diplomacy, pharaonic system, civilization, economy... Everything is covered. Ancient Egypt, one of the four ancient civilizations, had prosperous civilization, powerful martial arts, and hard-working people, but why did it finally withdraw from the stage of history, and its thousands of years of civilization disappeared under the long sand? George Rawlinson put forward the famous "doctrine of civilization transfer" in this work, pointing out: "Egypt has been doomed to destruction since it came into contact with more progressive Greek ideas, more humane Greek civilization and the Greek race. Because it can neither effectively embark on a new path. It is close to denying itself, and it cannot continue to exist unchanged, so once it is penetrated by Greek civilization, it immediately falls apart and embarks on the path of aging and death." This theory has deeply influenced famous historians such as Toynbee of Britain and Torajiro Naito of Japan.

This book is a representative work of the famous Japanese writer, historian and publisher Kobayashi Oori. Taking the life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi as the main line, it tells the history of Japan at the end of the Warring States Period, and narrates a series of major historical events with far-reaching influence, such as the Battle of Okehazama, Akechi Mitsuhide Rebellion, the Unification of Japan, and the Korean War. What role did Toyotomi Hideyoshi play in ending the troubled times in the late Warring States period and in Japan's unification? Why did the Battle of Okehazama become a turning point in Japan's Warring States Period? Why did Oda Nobunaga die in the Honnoji Incident because of his great talent and great strategy? How did Toyotomi Hideyoshi quell the Akechi Mitsuhide rebellion? What were Toyotomi Hideyoshi's methods for unifying Japan and how were they implemented? Why did the Korean War break out? Why did Japan fail? What impact did this war have on the isolation of the country during the Tokugawa Shogunate era? ... Are explained in detail in the book.

"Medieval Europe" is the second book in Richard William Church's "Medieval Trilogy". It is also a book with a huge influence and readership, and is highly inheritable. This book tells the magnificent thousand-year history from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery: barbarian invasions, the Dark Ages, the Great Migration, the era of Charlemagne, the Pope and the ecclesiastical power, the rise and fall of the Holy Roman Empire, the rise and fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Crusades, the Hundred Years' War, the Great Schism of Italy, the rise of Spain, the rise of the Kingdom of France, the Medici clan politics, the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery... It is all there is to say, and it is the pioneer of experimentalist history.

Through the narration of Joseph Fouche, this book comprehensively and multi-levelly presents the French Revolution, the Hundred Days Dynasty, the Anti-French Alliance War, the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty and the ups and downs of Napoleon the Great's life. Why does the author, the subject, firmly believe that the French Revolution could have been avoided? What kind of trivial incident ultimately led to the murder of King Louis XVI of France? What is the truth behind the Thermidor coup and Robespierre's guillotine? What earth-shattering and bloody events took place before the Brumaire Coup? What on earth was the Anti-French Alliance War all about? How did Napoleon defeat Moscow? Only revealed in this book!

The set contains two volumes, namely "Divided Consensus: A New History of the United States (Volume 1 and 2)" and "The American Underclass". "Divided Consensus: A New American History (Part 1 and 2)": A direct look at the impact of Trump's election as president, all in this American history! This book comprehensively displays the development process and social divisions of the United States from Columbus to Trump. It is the work of Gil Lepore, an extremely important historian in the United States today! Unlike any previous American history work, it reshapes the themes of American history: consensus and division. Beginning in 1492, this book shows the founding, wars, development and role of the United States in major world events in chronological order. The author believes that American history is a large-scale human political practice based on the three concepts of political equality, natural rights, and people's sovereignty. This book records the causes, processes, and consequences of this practice over more than 400 years. "The Bottom of America": Going deep into the bottom of society, using lens and text, trying to show a real and fragmented picture of American society. A book that writes about the "despair and tenacity" of the bottom! Not only the United States, but also the despair and resilience of the bottom class all over the world! When people think of the United States, the first thing that often comes to mind is the glamorous skyscrapers of Manhattan and the trend-setting cutting-edge technologies of Silicon Valley. This is indeed a portrayal of America, but it is not the whole picture. A Wall Street trader, driven by guilt over the financial industry, sets out to explore America beyond the central business district. In the book "The American Bottom", he used his lens and words to present a fragmented and real picture of American society, and made useful thoughts on bridging the class gap.

Imperial plot × little guy's counterattack is a cool article! Read the century-old history of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire in one book! How did a stuttering "idiot" rise to the top of power step by step in the palace battles of the Roman Empire? Best-selling for 90 years, it is an undisputed masterpiece of historical fiction! "The Grapes of Wrath" and "East of Eden" are carefully translated by translator Wang Yifan. There is no period in the entire history of the West where rhetoric and metaphor are less needed than in ancient Rome, because the facts themselves are appalling enough. Claudius, a nobleman of the Roman Empire, was considered by his family to be nothing more than a stammering fool, but he quietly survived a series of bloody purges and an increasingly cruel environment. He chronicles the reigns of emperors from an outsider's perspective: from the divine Augustus and his poisonous wife Leigh to the madcap atrocities of the sadistic Tiberius and Caligula. Robert Graves brilliantly describes the crazy and debauched history of the Roman Empire in the form of an autobiography.

The young people of 1914 occupy a special place in people's memories, emotions and legends. In this touching book, Robert Wall rescues this generation from the shadow of historical conjecture and makes it understandable. He tells the story of this group of young people: middle-class elites in France, Germany, England, Spain, and Italy, united by a sense of generation and distinguished by a unique experience of nationalism. These people were born at the end of the 19th century, when the rational world was disintegrating into an irrational one. They are destined to rule the world; however, their lives are interrupted by a world war, which forces them to find their connection to history and the future. Through the study of a large number of novels, poems, autobiographies, memoirs, sociological essays, philosophical essays, academic lectures, political speeches, recorded conversations, letters, personal diaries and newspaper articles, this book reconstructs this search process and brilliantly presents the collective and individual mentality of Europe at that time. Focusing on the experiences of the people behind the ideas, this book explores the origins of the First World War and how it roiled the lives of those involved. Demonstrating the cohesion and bonding role of intergenerational consciousness, readers gain a novel perspective and background to understand the spread of pessimism and despair, the decline of liberalism and humanitarianism, the rise of fascism, and the sudden outbreak of violence in progressive European countries between the two world wars.

From the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D. C., To the inscribed copper plaques on Berlin sidewalks, memorials to the victims of Nazi atrocities exist around the world. More than 1 million tourists visit Auschwitz every year, and events to reflect on the crimes are held here. "Auschwitz" is often used to refer to the Nazi Holocaust, but focusing on just one concentration camp is far from enough to do justice. How to define "victims" and "perpetrators" comprehensively and fairly, and what long-term impact the Nazi persecution left on generations and continents are worthy of more in-depth thinking. This book examines the trials and testimonies, the words of perpetrators and victims in the decades after World War II, explores the Nazi liquidation from a broader perspective, and strives to calibrate the scales of justice; revealing that in the long history of history, the degree of inhumanity of Nazi violence was far greater than how it was later interpreted. From early anti-Semitic policies to euthanasia programs, ghettos, death camps, and selective confessions in the postwar decades, the author dispels the official myth that the so-called "face to face the past" is actually "the vast majority of perpetrators are not held accountable." In East Germany, West Germany, Austria and other successor states of the Third Reich, the intensity of accountability for the Nazis varied greatly, and the Cold War pattern exacerbated the complexity of liquidation. Judicial trials were conducted selectively and former Nazis were easily reintegrated into society. In the context of a thorough reckoning, the descendants of the perpetrators and victims carry the legacy of Nazism forward, and the consequences of the atrocities still reverberate through time.

Throughout the 20th century, Berlin remained at the center of history. This is a charming city with neat boulevards, bright waters and forests, as well as fashionable residential buildings and futuristic department stores; there are beautiful palaces and stately and elegant State Opera Houses, as well as technologically advanced Siemens and Osram. Here, movies have officially transformed from fancy carnival tricks into gorgeous art; scientific superstars such as Einstein and Heisenberg opened the mysterious door of quantum mechanics and promoted the rapid development of nuclear physics. Yet it is also a city of violence, death and crime. The First World War brought disease, violence and successive revolutions. Street fights and smashed shops were commonplace, and lower-class citizens hid in large, dark slums. After a brief period of prosperity, the economy declined sharply, social unrest and crime surged, followed by the rise of the Nazis to power, the madness of genocide and the raging fire of World War II. After 1945, under the occupation of the Allied forces, Berlin, which was almost in ruins, experienced the collapse of living order, economic re-boost, ideological conflict and final reunification. To this day, parts of the Berlin Wall, a symbol of oppression and resistance, still stand, recording that crazy history. This book focuses on the lives and inner world of ordinary Berliners during and before World War II: a little boy who witnessed his Jewish neighbors being kidnapped one after another, teenagers who were sent to the battlefield, rebellious female students, concentration camp prisoners who escaped death, actresses who successfully escaped, office workers who sought their own way but still fell into the tiger's mouth, and even the little hippopotamus "Konouschka" who survived in the zoo. Through a large number of archival materials, paintings, films and photography, this book provides a panoramic view of Berlin's prosperity, turmoil, destruction and rebirth in the 20th century, and considers how evil, oppression and freedom penetrated the lives of civilians. Berlin has gone through many vicissitudes, but remains young, open, rebellious and full of vitality. This may be its eternal charm.

From 1865 to 1915, Britain and the Netherlands divided their colonial scope in Southeast Asia and opened up new borders. However, this process has fueled a vast underground economic network composed of opium dealers, counterfeit currency smugglers, human traffickers and arms dealers. Smuggling activities are particularly active in border areas. Through an in-depth study of newspapers and magazines, travel diaries, judicial archives, historical images, ship logs, international treaties, and oral histories, Tagliacozzo demonstrates the fierce battle between the ruling forces and smugglers on the border during the formation of the Anglo-Dutch colonial state. In order to consolidate their rule, the colonial government explored, delineated and enforced its territorial boundaries, and sought to strengthen the monitoring and crackdown on smuggling activities with the help of technological innovations in surveying, mapping, communications, hydrology, transportation, medicine, law and the military. However, smuggling was not an isolated phenomenon, but a common means of resistance; smugglers did not come from a single social class or ethnic group, but included people from different backgrounds inside and outside the colonies. They continued to challenge the authority of the colonial empire by using local knowledge, dispersed populations, corrupt officials, and even imitating some of the country's technological means. In the process, the boundaries between ordinary people, legal traders, smugglers and pirates have become increasingly blurred, and the relationships between legal and illegal activities, colonizers and colonized people have also become complex. To this day, smuggling is still a part of border life in some Southeast Asian countries, and the game between smugglers and countries continues. Although borders are often tightly controlled, there are always attempts to breach restrictions. Because the pursuit of power, morality and interests never stops.

Covers the United States, Japan, Rome, Israel and other countries and world wars and patterns. The set has 10 volumes in total, including "Divided Consensus: A New History of the United States: Volumes 1 and 2", "A Brief Reading of Japanese History", "An Outline of Roman History", "The Middle Ages: Power, Faith and the Creation of the Modern World", "War: Humanity, Society and Shaped History", "The Rise and Fall of Great Cities: Utopias and Dystopias of Human Civilization" and "The Birth of Israel (all 4 volumes)"

This book is a true global history that takes us on a journey around the world in 1000 AD. It uses rich historical materials in pictures and texts to reconstruct international trade routes across six continents and trace the flow of people, commodities, currencies, and ideas. The author outlines a vivid picture of early globalization interactions: Vikings cautiously traded with Native Americans, Persian captains sold African kings as slaves, Indian Ocean merchants turned to cheaper Southeast Asian spices, and Arab craftsmen faced market competition brought by Chinese porcelain... It can be seen that globalization issues such as trust deficit, cultural conflicts, industrial transfers, and trade barriers have emerged thousands of years ago. The dawn of globalization thousands of years ago reflects the fears and hopes of today. In the face of increasing uncertainty, conflict and isolation in the world, should we seek cooperation or confrontation? Should we remain open or cling to our prejudices? Looking back at the difficulties and countermeasures people faced when encountering strange civilizations at that time can provide important historical reference for our choices today.

"Charlemagne" consists of ten chapters, arranged in chronological order, detailing Charlemagne's childhood experience, his journey from king to coronation as emperor, his influence after his death and various legendary stories. What was Charlemagne's life experience and educational background? What kind of property was left to his father, Pepin the Short, after his death? Under what circumstances did Charlemagne become king of the Franks? In the process of territorial expansion, what methods did he use to gradually conquer the Lombards, Saxons and other peoples? What role did Alcuin play in his life? What was the relationship between Charlemagne and the various Roman popes? What talents did he display as ruler of the empire in the military, civil, and diplomatic fields? What ideal did Charlemagne pursue throughout his life? Are the legends spread among the people consistent with the historical Charlemagne? This book will answer it in depth.

"The History of the Expansion of the British Empire" is divided into chapters based on the ruling stages of the three kings of the Hanoverian Dynasty, with major historical events as chapter themes. When discussing historical events, it is supplemented by maps, chronology of major events, family lineages, introductions to main characters, chapter notes and indexes, and comprehensively tells the history of the rise of the Hanoverian Dynasty and the expansion of the British Empire.

"The Paris Peace Conference" is an academic masterpiece that studies the geopolitics after World War I. It is the representative work of Dr. Emile Joseph Dillon, a journalist and scholar who was invited to the Paris Peace Conference. It profoundly analyzes the historical contradictions and practical disputes between victorious and defeated countries, between the victorious and powerful countries and the victorious and weak countries, and between the forces that insist on colonialism and those that support national liberation. What were the political, economic and social conditions of various countries before and after the Paris Peace Conference? What principles of censorship and secrecy were pursued at the Paris Peace Conference? How did outstanding politicians who came forward to solve pressing post-war problems in simple ways? What demands did the various small countries participating in the war make? How did the representatives of the big countries, especially the giants who controlled the Paris Peace Conference, resolve the demands of the small countries? What embarrassing situation does the restored Poland face? Why did the Italian representative return disappointed? How did Japan use diplomatic means to seize German rights and interests in Shandong, China? How did the Paris Peace Conference treat Russia, which withdrew from the war midway? How did Thomas Woodrow Wilson go from being admired to being a disappointment? What efforts and compromises did Thomas Woodrow Wilson make in order to realize his ideals? Why are the Peace with the Enemy and the "Covenant of the Alliance" incompatible with each other and so criticized? This book can be called a map of various political situations in various countries. It reveals between the lines that "inequality has always existed throughout the Paris Peace Conference", allowing readers to deeply understand the cruel truth that "there are no eternal enemies, only eternal interests" and "weak countries have no diplomacy".

This book is an important work by John S. C. Abbott, an expert in nonfiction writing. Taking Queen Marie Antoinette as the main line, it tells the history of the outbreak and rise of the French Revolution and the fall of the Bourbon dynasty. This book relies on a large number of original historical materials, analyzes a large number of little-known historical details, closely follows the historical background and realistic logic of Queen Marie Antoinette, the French Revolution and the fall of the Bourbon dynasty, giving people profound enlightenment.

"France Dominates Europe" comprehensively and multi-levelly analyzes the historical background, typical historical events and the role of representative historical figures in the Kingdom of France's domination of Europe in the 17th century. How did the Franco-German question and the Eastern question arise, which involve the interests of all countries? How did the friction between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire, which dominated the affairs of the European continent, occur? What are the interests and differences between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England? How did the expansion of the Kingdom of Sweden, Denmark, and the Russian Empire affect the Kingdom of France? Did the unrest in Poland and the resurgence of Turkey hinder or facilitate the establishment of the French Kingdom's hegemony in Europe? What was the outcome of the Counter-Reformation? What impact did the Thirty Years' War have on the Kingdom of France? What did the War of the Spanish Succession mean for the Kingdom of France? Is the signing of a series of peace treaties an attempt to achieve real peace or to buy time for another war? How was the creativity of King Henry IV of France manifested? How did the French kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV cooperate with their ministers Richelieu, Jules Mazarin and Baptiste Kolbe to make the Kingdom of France rich and powerful? This book will answer it in detail.

"The Habsburg Dynasty" is an authoritative work recognized by European and American historians. It is divided into three parts: preface, introduction and main text. Among them, the main text consists of four chapters: monarch and monarchy, country, people, and foreign policy. It interprets the history of the formation, development, rise, and decline of the Habsburg dynasty from a new perspective. "The Times" believes that "this work has a novel angle, a unique perspective and an objective point of view." The Washington Post pointed out, "The book "The Habsburg Dynasty" has important cultural characteristics and shows the context of important European civilizations. The author Henry Wycombe Steed lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire for ten years, witnessed the development trend of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and revealed the complex history and reality of the Habsburg Dynasty."

"The Age of Queen Elizabeth: The Tudor Dynasty in Its Heyday" tells the story of England's domestic and foreign affairs during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. How did Henry VIII's multiple divorces and remarriages affect the succession to the English throne? In the early days of Queen Elizabeth's accession to the throne, why did England face the crisis of religious disputes and internal strife among the aristocracy? How did Queen Elizabeth properly solve the "Mary Queen of Scots problem"? How did Queen Elizabeth use the struggle between France and Spain for continental hegemony to seize the rare strategic opportunity to rectify the political agenda, promote religious reform, develop the economy and strengthen national defense? How did Queen Elizabeth use her extraordinary courage, outstanding political vision, broad-mindedness to put national interests first, and the unique character traits of women such as hesitation and capriciousness to play with France and Spain? Support the Dutch revolution to attack Spain, lead the people to defeat the Spanish Armada, and thus make England become a powerful country in Western Europe in just a few decades?

This book provides a concise overview of India's long five-thousand-year history. Mainly taking the changes of dynasties as the main line, it tells the ancient history, medieval history and modern history of India. The ancient history part starts from India in the Stone Age, telling about the life of the indigenous people, Aryan culture and Vedic religion; Indian epics; the two major epics "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" that appeared in the philosophical era, as well as the Vedas, Sanskrit and Upanishads, especially Buddhism and the Buddha Sakyamuni. The history of the Middle Ages begins with the Muslim invasion of India and tells the story of the seventeenth invasion of India by the Ghazni Dynasty and Mahmud. It then tells the rise and fall of various dynasties established by the Muslims, including the Slave Dynasty, the Kalji Dynasty, the Tughluq Dynasty, the Sayyid Dynasty and the Lodi Dynasty. Finally, it tells the establishment and development of the Mughal Empire, mainly describing the great deeds of several wise kings, including Babur, Humayun and Akbar. The modern history part starts with the British East India Company's invasion of India, telling how the East India Company defeated France and other countries and invaded India step by step; then it tells how Robert Clive robbed Indian land, how Warren Hastings annexed Indian land, and how Cornwallis developed British power on Indian land; and finally it tells the Indian War of Independence, the birth of the National Conference and the non-violent non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi among the Indian people.

Waseda University Publishing Department organized the academic backbone of Waseda University's European History Research Department to compile this masterpiece of history. It is the crystallization of Japanese academic circles' observation, research, and analysis of the First World War. It analyzes the formation of the birthplace of the First World War from a new perspective, observes the inhumane attacks of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers in Europe from a broad perspective, profoundly interprets the internal logic of the ebb and flow of just and unjust forces, and sadly demonstrates the selfishness of the system, war atrocities, and the shady story of human civilization.

"Queen Eugenie: A History of the Second French Empire" consists of two volumes and is the representative work of Albert Saint-Amand, the founder of academic research on the history of the Second French Empire. It takes the ups and downs and magnificent life of Eugenie, the most beautiful woman in Europe and a queen of the Second French Empire, as the main line. It shows the rise, decline and fall of the Second French Empire in a wide-angle, multi-level and all-round way. It uses detailed historical materials to objectively and in-depth interpret Empress Eugenie's influence on Napoleon III's domestic affairs, foreign affairs and economic decisions. The influence of economic, cultural and military decisions completely changed the "one-sided" trend in the field of historical research on the French Second Empire of attributing the demise of the Second French Empire to Queen Eugenie's involvement in politics. It opened up a new direction for the research on the history of the Second French Empire. It is an academic masterpiece highly recognized by the European historians, especially the French historians.

"The Age of Lincoln: Abolition and the Civil War" consists of three volumes and is the representative work of John George Nicholas, President Lincoln's personal secretary. It profoundly interprets the causal relationship between the institutional design of the founding of the United States and the formation of the North-South secession crisis, comprehensively analyzes the realistic logic of the rise of the abolitionist movement and the intensification of conflicts between the North and the South, and tells a multi-layered story about the outbreak, process, and end of the Civil War. This book is recognized by European and American circles as an important document for studying President Lincoln.

In the summer of 1812, Napoleon, the master of Europe, marched into Russia with the largest army in history, confident that he would sweep everything in front of him. However, his empire fell into ruins less than two years later and Russia emerged victorious. This is the first historical work to delve deeply into Russia's key role in the Napoleonic Wars, recreating an unprecedented epic battle between the two empires.

In the summer of 1932, the Weimar Republic was on the verge of collapse. In Germany, one in three people is unemployed and social violence is rampant. Hitler's fascist National Socialism won resoundingly at the polls. Paul von Hindenburg was an aging war hero and avowed monarchist, a reluctant president who was compelled to uphold the Constitution. The November elections offered Hitler the prospect of a majority in the Reichstag and a path to political power. But instead, the Nazis lost 2 million votes. As membership dwindled and financial backers withdrew, the Nazi party threatened to split, Hitler even talked about wanting to commit suicide, and the New York Times declared that he was finished. Yet somehow, within a matter of weeks he became Chancellor of Germany. This book returns to the historical scene and is supported by a large amount of historical materials. It tells the critical six months before Adolf Hitler seized power, reveals the operation trajectory of evil power, and the truth about how the Nazi leaders gained power after wandering desperately between victory and destruction, providing profound lessons for history.

This book mainly tells the story of how after the Battle of Blenheim, through the Battle of Gibraltar and the Battle of Lamie, the tide of the War of Spanish Succession was reversed, the French army suffered heavy losses, and England gained a new status in Europe. Internally, Queen Anne mediated between the two parties and pushed against all opinions to implement her own policies. Externally, England and Scotland reached a union, signed the Treaty of Union, and Great Britain was formally formed. This book includes a total of nineteen chapters including the defense of Gibraltar, the Earl of Peterborough's conquest of Barcelona, ​​the Battle of Lamy, the situation in Scotland during Anne's period, the signing of the Treaty of Union, the frustration of the anti-French alliance, and the Battle of Oudenaarde.

This book describes with detailed information a series of domestic and foreign policies adopted by Queen Anne in the later period of her reign. After the Battle of Malplaque, the French army reversed the war situation and finally signed the Treaty of Utrecht with the anti-French alliance, ending the War of Spanish Succession. Although France won the Spanish throne, its vitality was severely damaged and it could no longer dominate Europe. England rose to become the biggest winner in the Spanish Succession War, and a new European situation was formed. This book includes a total of seventeen chapters including the Battle of Malplaque, the fall of the Whigs, the agreement in Spain, Marlborough's final military campaign, Ireland under Queen Anne, negotiations between Britain and France, the crisis of the Queen's death, and the dispute over King George's succession.

As the first dynasty in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages, the Frank-Merovingian dynasty had its queens who played an important role in all aspects of social life. This book mainly describes the origin and marriage of the queens of the Frankish Merovingian dynasty, the queen's property control and political participation, the queen's religious activities, the relationship between the queen and the church, the queen's historical status and social role, and then explains the historical characteristics of the queen group in the formation of Western European civilization in the early Middle Ages, and explores the full picture of society in that period from the perspective of women's studies.

Drawing on three cases from Italy, Spain, and Romania, Dylan Riley reconceptualizes the nature and origins of fascism in interwar Europe through brilliant comparative history and political science. From the late 19th century to the First World War, voluntary associations flourished across Europe, especially among rural non-elite groups. But this development of "civil society" did not give rise to liberal democracy in Italy, Spain, and Romania. Instead, Riley finds that it undermined the nascent liberal regimes in these countries in specific contexts and became a central driving force in the rise of fascism. Riley convincingly challenged the famous "Tocqueville thesis" (that a strong civil society will inevitably lead to the development of liberal democracy), introduced Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony, and made landmark theoretical and empirical research contributions to our understanding of fascism and the relationship between civil society and political institutions.

The author of this book tells us a magical story that spans more than 40,000 years: from the Ice Age to today's unknown corners, across all continents of the world, from the Mongolian grasslands to the Mesopotamia, from ancient Egypt to the magnificent palaces of London and Paris. We will meet priests, diviners, shamans, wizards, alchemists and other characters, and follow them on a wonderful journey. In the process, Gosden reveals that magic occupies a far more important role in human society than people think. The triple spiral of magic, religion, and science constructs human civilization, and hidden within it are different models of the relationship between humans and the world. In religion, humans enter into a relationship with one or more gods who dominate the world. Science attempts to establish a distant relationship with the world that ultimately enables us to observe and understand the world in abstract terms. Magic emphasizes our kinship with other creatures, the earth, and the sky. Through magic, we are able to develop a deeply engaged relationship with the world, which also contains a series of ethical concerns at its core. By examining the entangled relationships between magic, religion, and science, we can gain a new perspective on global history.

On February 8, 1587, the moment the ax fell, it not only severed the neck of the former Queen of Scots, Mary Stuart, but also shattered the mask of the absolute royal power of Queen Elizabeth I of England. This book examines the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 and the political aftermath from the perspective of information control, and analyzes the multiple power crises under the surface of Elizabeth I's reign: the passivity of information channels, the failure of party checks and balances, the political marginalization of the female court, and the anxiety and resistance of male bureaucrats to female rule. The flow of power under information control will reinterpret the monarch-subordinate order and regime transformation in early modern England.

"The Philosopher and the Powerful Minister" is a book about Seneca's thoughts and life, especially focusing on how he weighed the moral conscience of the philosopher and the wealth and power of the powerful minister when he faced the constant threat of death during Nero's court. As Nero's teacher and advisor, the image Seneca left for future generations is fractured and polarized. This book attempts to unify Seneca's ideological works and political practice to bridge the gap between the two images of Seneca, and explore the core question: Did Seneca's role in Nero's regime arouse Nero's conscience and prevent the regime from getting worse, or did he collude with Nero and help him consolidate this evil regime?

This book tells the story of Metternich, a legendary prime minister who dominated the European continent, an elegant diplomatic genius who was able to conquer many situations, and the legendary life of Metternich. He was the last Habsburg wise man and a key link between the past and the future in the history of international relations. At the same time, he was also the architect of balance-of-power diplomacy, swinging freely in the center of Europe surrounded by wolves, and making a crucial move on the eve of the impending revolution.