Rebirth in New York 1927

The Wallenberg family is a Swedish business family with a long history. It has been prosperous since the mid-18th century. Through five generations of inheritance, it has built a multinational enterprise empire covering finance, industry, technology and other fields. The core holding platform Yinruida Investment Company controls Ericsson, ABB, Global companies such as AstraZeneca adhere to the low-key credo of "existing, but invisible". The Wallenberg family's business began in 1856 with the Stockholm Private Bank (now Nordic Bank) founded by Andre Oscar Wallenberg. The second generation of brothers Nat and Marcus established Yinruida Group to expand the industrial holding network. Members of the third generation maintained their business presence through strategies of political neutrality during World War II, with Raoul Wallenberg gaining international fame for saving Hungarian Jews. The fourth generation Peter led the modernization reform of the enterprise and promoted the merger of ASEA and Swiss companies into the ABB Group. After the inheritance of the fifth generation Marcus and Jacob, the total assets of Ingruda reached 155.2 Billion Swedish kronor in 2007. In recent years, the shareholding of Scandinavian Airlines has been reduced to 3.4%, And the Swedish and Danish governments have increased their holdings to 21.8%1. The family controls about 40% of the market value of Swedish listed companies through a dual-class share structure, and the family business covers the world. In the mid-18th century, when old Jacob, the founder of the Wallenberg family, changed his surname from "Warenberg" to "Wallenberg", whether it was a careful choice or an accidental insertion, he certainly did not expect that the surname "Wallenberg" would continue to write legends and create history for more than two hundred years after his death. Its prominence in Sweden is comparable to that of the Swedish royal family; and its influence in the world is far beyond the Swedish royal family. People continue to use words such as "empire" and "dynasty" to describe the Wallenberg family, but it seems that these are not enough to completely summarize its whole picture. This family has gone through ups and downs for more than 200 years, and there are five generations of leaders who have led their families through thick and thin. The first generation: Andre Oscar Wallenberg (1816-1886) established Sweden's first private bank - Stockholm Private Bank If you want to trace the origin of the family business, I am afraid you still have to attribute it to old Jacob. He not only created a brilliant surname for the family, but also started the family's entrepreneurial journey in banking and industry in the mid-1870s. The family really began to show its prominence in 1856, marked by the establishment of the Stockholm Private Bank by Andre Oscar Wallenberg, the grandnephew of Jacob Sr. Andre Oskar Wallenberg Later generations identify 1856 as the founding date of this capital empire, which is a bit of an allusion to our ancestors. Of course, as a pivotal figure in the industrialization process of Sweden, a poor Nordic country at that time, Andre's bank provided huge funds for the industrialization of the entire country, and his name is destined to go down in history. As stated in many sources, Andre came from a family of sailors, worked as a naval civilian officer, and traveled to various countries. He arrived in New Orleans, USA, in 1837, experienced the economic crisis in the United States, and immediately smelled the alluring sweetness of the banking industry. He became very interested and determined to devote himself to it, but he suffered from lack of funds. The shrewd Andre was not discouraged. Instead, he relied on his rich sailing experience to see the development prospects of the shipbuilding and shipping industries. He invested in steamships and specialized in the Göta Canal shipping route across the east and west coasts of Sweden, successfully digging the first pot of gold. In the 1850s, the rise of Swedish industrialization provided broad prospects for the development of the financial industry. Since Swedish law at that time prohibited private operations in the financial industry, Andre, who had been planning for the banking industry for a long time, returned to Sweden and persuaded the parliament to establish Sweden's first private bank, Stockholm Private Bank, the predecessor of SEB, known as Sweden's first modern bank. There is a widely circulated story that in 1878, due to too much investment in the railway, there was a problem with capital turnover, and the controlled railway could not pay wages. Andre's bank suddenly experienced a credit crisis, and there were three consecutive days of runs. In desperation, he came up with a dangerous trick. He hired a security guard in plain clothes to carry a sack of money to show people that the bank was rich. In fact, this sack contained only 1 or 2 orr (100 orr equals 1 crown) coins, and the total amount was only 1,000 crowns. Another trick was to ask the King of Sweden to deposit 10,000 kronor in the bank in his own name, which temporarily quelled the run. Later, he used his influence to get the government to fund the railway construction, and he was able to divest the investment in time to avoid bankruptcy. Being able to turn the tide in such a short period of time makes Andre truly worthy of the title of "Master". The second generation: Nat Agartha Wallenberg (1853-1938) and Marcus Wallenberg Sr. (1864-1943) Chose to go their separate ways. Andre had four sons, namely Nat, Gustav, Old Marcus (from Old Jacob to the fifth generation head, this family produced a total of three Jacobs, four Marcuss and two Peters), and Axel. The eldest son Nat is the designated successor of his father Andre. But after Andre's death in 1886, Nat discovered that the family business accumulated by his father was not as prosperous as he had imagined, and most of the factories he invested in were at a loss. After four years of struggling alone, Nat called Marcus, the third eldest child, back home and decided that the two brothers would advance and retreat together through thick and thin. In 1909, he founded the Stockholm School of Economics. In 1911 and 1912, he established the Northern Bank and the British Northern Bank respectively. In 1917, through investment in the Swedish LKAB Mining Company, the iron ore mining rights in northern Sweden returned to Swedish control. The Saltsjöbaden area on the outskirts of Stockholm was also developed by Nat. He established the Stockholm-Saltsjöbaden Company, built a railway from the city to the Saltsjöbaden area, and operated this transportation line. Saltsjöbaden has become an excellent place for tourists from all over the world to experience the Nordic scenery in Sweden. Nat's interests and expertise extend beyond business. Since bringing the third child back to the family business, Nat gradually faded out of the business world and left the CEO position to the elder Marcus in 1911 to concentrate on his political career and public welfare undertakings. From 1914 to 1917, Nat served as Sweden's Foreign Minister, reaching the pinnacle of his political career. In 1917, Nutter founded the Nutter-Alice Fund, named in his and his wife's honor. Old Marcus seems to have inherited his father's unparalleled business talent. As soon as he got involved in the family business, he took on the important task of reorganizing the family business and developing the holding industry. Together with Nat, he reorganized Stockholm Private Bank and expanded its activities to build a diversified network of industrial holdings. By the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Wallenberg family became the undisputed leaders of Swedish industry. However, despite the Wallenberg family's leading role in Swedish social life, Sweden legislated in 1916 to restrict banks from holding long-term shares in industrial companies. Old Marcus immediately established Yinruida Investment Company, and all the shares of major companies originally held by the bank were transferred to the newly established company. At the beginning of its establishment, Yinruida held the majority of the shares of established Swedish companies and leading companies, such as Scania and Atlas. He himself also Or hold key positions in large companies such as ASEA, Ericsson, Hydro, Orkla, PapyrusAB, StoraKopparbergsBergslag, SAS, SAAB, Scania-Vabis, etc. Perhaps due to family tradition, old Marcus's love for politics caused him to stop serving as the family leader when the "World War I" was coming to an end. Since 1916, he has successively participated in bilateral and multilateral international diplomatic mediation and arbitration mediation, and is especially praised for breaking the strict commercial and trade agreement signed between Britain and Sweden. His position as president of the bank was held by a heterosexual outsider, John F. Nachmanson, who served the Wallenberg family until his death in 1927. The third generation: Jacob Wallenberg Sr. (1892-1980) And Marcus Wallenberg Sr. (1899-1982). One brother helped the Nazis transfer gold, the other was close to the Allies. Nat had no children. In 1927, Old Marcus' eldest son, Jacob, became the heir to the family by virtue of his proximity to the water. However, from 1927 to 1943, Old Marcus had been "listening to politics behind the curtain." Just like their fathers Nat and Marcus Sr., The brothers Jacob Sr. And Marcus Sr. Have a well-organized division of labor: the elder brother practices banking, while the younger brother focuses on the family company. The outstanding performance of the family bank during the post-World War I economic depression allowed the Wallenberg family to hold shares in most major Swedish companies. At the same time, they also have several times the voting rights of other shareholders, thus gaining the company's decision-making power. For example, the Wallenberg family only held 4% of Electrolux's shares at the time, but had 94% of the voting rights. During World War II, relying on Sweden's status as a permanent neutral country, the Wallenberg brothers were at home between the Nazis and the Allies. Jacob Sr. Had close ties with Nazi Germany and participated in trade negotiations in the neo-Nazi German-ruled areas. The bank under his management helped Nazi Germany transfer a large amount of gold and other assets stolen from the Jews. Old Marcus showed a pro-Allied attitude and dealt with the Allies. In contrast, Raoul Wallenberg, the cousin of the brothers, saved hundreds of thousands of Jewish lives in Budapest, Hungary, under the cover of his diplomat status. In 1939, the troubled Bosch Group sold its subsidiary in the United States to SEB in order to avoid its US subsidiary being acquired by the US government and becoming a competing partner. Towards the end of the war, SEB was suspected of helping the Bosch Group maliciously hold U. S. Subsidiaries and faced being blacklisted by the U. S. Government. In 1946, Jacob Sr. Was forced to resign as president of the bank, and the brothers swapped positions. Marcus Sr. Turned his attention to the bank, and his participation in the management of the family's companies has since been greatly restricted. Old Marcus, who once won the Swedish tennis championship, is strong-willed. He was only appointed chairman of Yinruida by his family when he was 42 years old, but it wasn't long before he exchanged positions with his brother, and Jacob Sr. Became the family's chief decision-maker. But in fact, for nearly half a century, he was the real master of the Swedish economy. Fourth generation: Peter Wallenberg (1926-) "Without Peter, this family would have been scrapped 15 years ago (that is, before Peter succeeded in 1982)." Old Peter has no intention of getting involved in the family business, and his father, the outstanding and unparalleled Marcus Sr., Has no intention of cultivating him as the fourth generation of the family. Old Peter often said to friends, business partners and even the media: "He (father) always said that my qualifications were mediocre and that I had never done the right thing. He was often critical, which always made me very hurt." Before Peter, his eldest brother Mark had high hopes for taking over the family business. Old Marcus is bent on cultivating Mark, the prince of the wealth empire, into the new leader, while old Peter is just an unpopular, marginalized son who is not even a participant in family affairs. But just when Marcus Sr. Was enthusiastically promoting the merger of SEB and rival Sian Bank, Mark was worried that he would not be able to control the merged bank and was under too much pressure. He committed suicide in 1971. A year later, Sweden's two major banking giants merged, and the Wallenberg family lost its majority advantage in the Bank of Sweden and its majority voting rights in the bank. Suddenly he was given a big responsibility. Under the leadership of his father, the young old Peter paid more attention to the three investment companies under the family. Yinruida became the flagship company under the family's control. The family reorganized the assets of the family business through Yinruida, focused on adjusting the company's board of directors, and boldly appointed young CEOs and other managers. Old Peter officially took power after his father's death in 1982 and served as the chairman of Yinruida until his retirement in 1997, having been in charge of the family for 15 years. Although he has not been as long as his predecessors, as the leader of the family, his achievements are obvious to all. He did several major things in a big way when he took office: first, he transformed traditional enterprises and modernized subordinate enterprises; second, in 1986, he established the Swedish ASEA and the Swiss Brand· The merger of Bowery Corporation established ABB, making it one of the 100 largest companies in the world; the third was to sell Saab Car Company to General Motors of the United States. People commented that he sold this loss-making company at the best time. A week after the sale, Saab's stock price plummeted. His competitor Jonathan commented on him: "No one has ever praised him, but he did create the best results in the history of the Wallenberg family." Economist Niels also said: "Without Peter, this family would have been scrapped 15 years ago (that is, before Peter succeeded in 1982)." Fate is fair, the ugly duckling who was not optimistic at the time finally soared into the sky and had the last laugh. Fifth generation: Marcus Wallenberg (1956-) and Jacob Wallenberg (1956-) are cousins, bringing Yinruida's total assets to 155.2 Billion Swedish kronor. They are the sons of Mark and Peter Sr., And were born in the same year. They are "those boys" in Peter's mouth, and they are also the second pair of brothers Marcus and Jacob in family history to jointly take charge of the family business. In 1997, after the retirement of the 71-year-old Peter, his position was temporarily assumed by Pace Barnevik, who resigned two years later. At this time, the cousins ​​were fully prepared to lead the family business into the new century. Marcus took over as CEO of Yinruida at the age of 43. Jacob and his brother Peter have both joined the Yinruida Board of Directors. In 2005, Jacob became Chairman of the Board of Directors and Marcus became Chairman of SEB Bank. Under the leadership of the fifth-generation leader, Yinruida began to devote itself to a number of short-term "new investments". For example, in 2003, Yinruida took control of Hi3G Company. At the same time, Yinruida also realized that it was also very important to maintain and consolidate the company's position as a long-term holding core enterprise. They took some measures to this end, including subscribing for new shares issued by ABB, Electrolux, Ericsson, SEB and WM-data in 2002. Due to the appreciation of the stock value of Yinruida's long-term investment core companies and the excellent performance of Ericsson, the company's assets have also risen accordingly. As of December 31, 2007, Yinruida's total assets reached 155.2 Billion Swedish kronor, of which listed companies accounted for 81% of the investment and unlisted companies accounted for 19%. The companies with the largest investment amounts are SEB, Ericsson and Atlas Copco, accounting for 40% of the total investment. By the fifth generation of the family, the struggle between the successors and the contradiction between the direct line and the side branches merged into one. The fifth generation Marcus and Jacob are cousins, the former is the son of the former quasi-head, and the latter is the son of the former head. The two of them successively took over as the fifth generation heads. The first was Marcus, who came from the sidelines. He was entrusted with the important task of becoming the family's chief decision-maker in 1999, but six years later, Jacob, who came out directly, took his place in the family. Jacob was appointed chairman of the board of directors of Inreda, his brother Peter also joined the board of directors of Inreda, and Marcus became chairman of SEB Bank. Among the 11 sixth-generation descendants of the Wallenberg family, the eldest has passed his prime. Who among them will become the sixth-generation leader, and what clues and mysteries will be hidden in it. Naturally, only the Wallenberg family themselves know the answer. One thing is certain, every Wallenberger hopes that the family business of their ancestors can be passed down forever.

The Warburg family has been active in German banking for hundreds of years, starting in the 16th century. In the 20th century, the Warburg family left Germany and not only played a key role in the establishment of the Federal Reserve. As the main representative of the Warburg family at the time, Sigmund, the founder of Warburg, played an important role in the recovery of the British financial market and European financial integration after the war In 2001, the world's largest electricity, natural gas and telecommunications company Enron declared bankruptcy due to a series of financial scandals, shocking the world. During the subsequent bankruptcy and reorganization process, the famous London-based investment bank UBS Warburg (now renamed UBS Investment Bank) announced that it would take over Enron and proposed a new plan to save Enron's energy transactions, which attracted worldwide attention. UBS Warburg is one of the three pillars of the UBS Group, and its revenue ranks among the top among the world's investment banks. In China, UBS Warburg is well known in the financial industry because it has invested in many companies. However, what many people don't know is that the word "Warburg" in the name of UBS Warburg is exactly the transliteration of the English word Warburg. This name with a strong German flavor is the surname of the Warburg family. The actual situation is that in 1995, UBS acquired S. G. Warburg, the largest investment bank in the UK, for US$1.39 Billion and renamed it UBS Warburg. S. G. Warburg had previously been a family business run by the Warburg family in the UK for a long time. S. G. Warburg was founded in 1946 by Sigmund George Warburg, a member of the Warburg family. For a long time after World War II, the company experienced glory under the leadership of Sigmund, and later gradually developed into the largest investment bank in the UK during the process of European financial integration. As the main representative of the Warburg family at the time, Sigmund, the founder of Warburg, played an important role in the recovery of the British financial market and the European financial integration process after the war. Sigmund was born in southern Germany in 1902. He was a member of a major branch of the Warburg family in Hamburg. He learned financial knowledge in the family business when he was young, and later moved to England in the 1930s to avoid the Nazis. Sigmund was full of courage and execution ability, and gradually established his own financial career in the UK. In addition to finance, he once had a strong interest in politics, but the war gave up his idea and focused on financial business. In 1959, Sigmund's S. G. Warburg Company launched a hostile takeover of the famous "British Aluminum" company and succeeded. Sigmund became famous in one battle, but this was not the pinnacle of his life. As early as his youth, Sigmund was already an active supporter of European integration. After World War II, the trend of economic integration gradually became a trend in European countries, and the birth of the European Coal and Steel Association accelerated this process. In this process, Sigmund realized that the basis of economic integration is the integration of financial markets, so he vigorously promoted the development of a unified European bond market. In the end, this policy won the support of various countries. In 1957, the European Coal and Steel Pool, as the main borrower, successfully issued US$35 million in bonds in the United States, pioneering the financing of collective organizations in European countries. Since then, Sigmund also encouraged the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Investment Bank as entities to raise funds in the New York bond market, and believed that these transactions "contributed to European integration." Later developments showed that the establishment of a unified bond market greatly changed the financial landscape of Europe, and eventually a new cross-border financial network was formed, which was not foreseen by various governments. It can be said that Sigmund is the well-deserved "Father of the European Bond Market". In addition, throughout the post-war 1960s and 1970s, Sigmund himself was the main economic think tank of the British government and had a significant impact on British financial policies at this stage. The City of London benefited from these policies and prospered again. However, in the face of these auras, Sigmund and the entire Warburg family rarely disclose their family status to the outside world. They wrote almost no autobiographies, and were scornful, even hostile, of the Warburg family history written by outsiders. What kind of past does such a low-key and unknown family have? General Agent of the Rothschild Family In the early 19th century, the Rothschild family had established a huge financial network across Europe, and the Warburg family only played an insignificant role in it in the early days In 1993, the famous American financial biographer Ron Chernow published the book "The Warburg Family - The Legend of a Jewish Financial Family". In Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, Jews were still regarded as "aliens" by most European countries, and there were heavy restrictions on the careers that Jews could engage in. In Germany at that time, rumors such as "false blood accusations" about Jews were widely circulated. Jews were even regarded as "ghouls in human clothes". They were not allowed to engage in handicrafts or agricultural production. Although it is difficult to gain recognition from mainstream society, Jews are good at seizing opportunities in the cracks and quickly become prominent in trade and finance. Simon von Cassel, the ancestor of the Warburg family, first obtained the franchise of currency exchange and pawn business from the Lord of Paderborn in western Germany, and later served the court nobles. At that time, there were many states in Germany, and there was a huge demand for trade and currency exchange between the states. On the other hand, because the church prohibited lending for profit, the court nobles often needed to recruit Jews to help them engage in illegal activities. Against this background, the Warburg family's financial business entered a period of stable development, and their close relationship with the court nobles also made them a special group of Jews - court Jews, also known as "protected Jews." In 1773, Simon's descendant Gumprich Marcus moved to Hamburg. From then on, the entire family was closely connected with the development of the city of Hamburg, and their surname was changed to Warburg, the name of the town where they once lived. In 1798, the family business M. M. Warburg Company was established, mainly engaged in bill-related banking business. From then on, it began to have an official name in the German banking industry. Hamburg is located on the Elbe River and is famous for its trade and excellent ports. On Hamburg's current city flag, there is a pattern of a castle gate, which means "the door to the world". Hamburg's unique geographical location has allowed trade to flourish rapidly in modern times. In the second half of the 19th century, Hamburg experienced rapid development, with the urban population exceeding 800,000. The booming trade also promoted Hamburg to become the third largest port in Europe. The Warburg family, which had been unable to achieve a breakthrough in the scale of banking business for a long time, also ushered in a period of golden opportunities for development. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Rothschild family had established a huge financial network across Europe, and the Warburg family only played an insignificant role in it in the early days. In 1865, the Warburg family finally became the regular general agent of the Rothschild family in Hamburg, and by the end of the 19th century, the Warburg family's M. M. Warburg Company had become the main partner of the Rothschild family in the issuance of international bonds in Hamburg. At this time, the Warburg family also began to get involved in the shipping industry, operating a maritime passenger route from Hamburg to the United States. Similar to the rise of the Rothschilds, the Warburgs also relied on war to make quick profits. After France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, the Warburg family relied on the Rothschild family's network to participate in loans to France to help it pay war reparations against Germany, and gained a lot of wealth from it. After the reunification of Germany, the domestic economy was booming, the construction of railways and other public facilities was accelerating, and there was a huge demand for funds. The Jews who controlled the German banking industry became the targets of the rulers' efforts to win over. The Warburg family, which has historically been closely related to the aristocracy and is an emerging financial tycoon in Hamburg, has now begun to enter the fast lane of development. In comparison, the Rothschild family has been in decline since the late 19th century. The chief architect of the Federal Reserve, Paul Warburg, died in 1932 Under the leadership of Paul Warburg, the Federal Reserve was formally established in 1913. He became the second vice chairman of the Federal Reserve and the "chief architect of the Federal Reserve" In the late 19th century, the Warburg family, under the leadership of its young member Max Warburg, gradually became one of the most prominent consortiums in the German financial market. While focusing on the international bond market, the Warburg family also developed new shipping business, operating a maritime passenger transport business from Hamburg to the United States, and soon became the king of the shipping industry. Between 1895 and 1913, the family company's profits quadrupled, ranking among the best among Germany's major private banks. The Warburg family established close relations with German politics during this period. Max Warburg's financial talents were especially relied upon by the German Emperor Wilhelm II. William II had a strong interest in the ocean and was committed to building a strong naval force, which required financial support, while Max also had strong intentions for the ocean and trade. Song Hongbing also wrote about Max Warburg in the "Currency Wars" series. He believes in the book that it was the advocacy of Marx and others that made William II so ambitious about the ocean and vigorously develop naval armaments. This objectively promoted the brutal competition between Britain and Germany on the European continent and at sea, eventually leading to the outbreak of World War I. Under the leadership of Max Warburg, the Warburg family began to strengthen business ties with other consortiums through marriage. Max's two younger brothers, Felix Warburg and Paul Warburg, married into the American conglomerates, the Schiff family and the Loeb family, in the early 20th century. The Schiff family not only firmly controlled Kuhn & Loeb, the most powerful investment company on Wall Street in the United States at the time, but their family members were also directors of many large companies such as Citibank in the United States. Through this marriage arrangement, the Warburg family began to become important partners of the Schiff family. After Schiff's death, his son-in-law Felix Warburg became the head of the Kuhn Loeb consortium, got involved in the U. S. Financial market, and gradually controlled the U. S. Banking industry at that time together with Morgan, Rockefeller and other consortiums. In the United States at the beginning of the 20th century, there was no institution similar to a central bank. Financial families such as the Rothschilds had been calling for the establishment of such a privately controlled institution for many years, but there has been little progress. At this time, two brothers, Paul and Felix Warburg, who were familiar with the Rothschild family, became the main attackers. Paul Warburg, in particular, relied on his outstanding financial knowledge to advocate vigorously and finally led to the passage of relevant bills. The Federal Reserve was formally established in 1913, and Paul Warburg later became its second vice chairman. He is considered a key driver in the establishment of the Federal Reserve and is the "chief architect of the Federal Reserve." The establishment of the Federal Reserve made the Warburg family famous in the United States. In the first list of holdings of the Federal Reserve disclosed in 1914, the Warburg family was listed alongside famous families such as Morgan, Rothschild, and Rockefeller. In terms of the number of shares held, the National Bank of New York, controlled by the Warburg family, owns more than 21,000 shares, ranking second only to the 30,000 shares of Rockefeller and Kuhn, Loeb & Co., And ranks as the second largest shareholder. The Warburg family was undoubtedly a major player in the founding and early development of the Federal Reserve. Nowadays, when it comes to the establishment of the Federal Reserve, we cannot fail to mention the Warburg family. In some web information on the Federal Reserve website, you can see information about Paul Warburg. Max in Germany and his brothers in the United States echoed each other during this period, pushing the influence of the Warburg family to its peak. According to data, in 1920, the Warburg family held board seats in 80 to 90 large companies in Germany. By 1933, when Hitler came to power, the Warburg family held a total of 108 seats on major boards of directors in Germany alone. The family's strength was comparable to that of the Roche family in Europe at the time. It is impossible to escape the pain of World War II The Warburg family, like most German Jews, once imagined that they could display their talents without restriction in Germany. However, with the rise of the Nazis, this fantasy was shattered, and their foundation in Germany was completely destroyed Some people say that the Jews in Germany are the most special group of Jews. They are undoubtedly the most outstanding group in the financial industry, but they have always been difficult to be tolerated by the local mainstream society in terms of identity. Within the Jewish nation, although German Jews still adhere to Jewish traditions, they are considered too "German" by Jews in other areas, and are sometimes even considered cold to their Jewish compatriots in other countries. The Warburg family, like most German Jews, was full of contradictions regarding their identity, but most of their family members were loyal to Germany and even fantasized about being able to display their talents without restrictions in Germany. However, historical evolution eventually shattered this illusion. The fate of the Jews in Germany changed from time to time with the changes of rulers. During the German Empire, they were liberated. The Jews cheered for this and invested in the economic construction of the new Germany. But it is also full of hidden worries: Jews are still restricted from entering the military, government agencies and universities; there are still strong anti-Semitic thoughts among the German Junker aristocracy. Of course, in the final analysis, it is for reasons of economic interests. In the early 20th century, the Warburg family gradually established a financial network across both sides of the Atlantic, and its economic strength was at its peak. Max Warburg was the most important economic think tank in the German government before and after World War I, and was still valued by subsequent rulers. The Warburg family is one of the most important conglomerates in Germany and has a prominent family status. However, the Nazis came to power and eventually destroyed the Warburg family's foundation in Germany. Regarding the actions of the Warburg family at the beginning of the Nazis, a New York Times report in 1933 stated that in 1933, a man named Sidney Warburg (considered to be a member of the Warburg family) published a pamphlet called "Sidney Warburg". The book pointed out that the consortium headed by the Warburg family and the Morgan family directly supported Hitler's rise to power through loans to Germany and obtained a large amount of economic benefits from it. The contents of the book were later sternly denied by the Warburg family. Regardless of whether what the pamphlet says is true, it is worth mentioning that after the Nazis came to power, the Warburg family's financial business was greatly affected. Although Max Warburg chose to join the Nazi-controlled Reichsbank in 1933, the Warburg family's main family business, M. M. Warburg Company, was still forced to sell due to the introduction of the anti-Semitic "Nuremberg Laws" in 1935. In 1938, Max Warburg was completely excluded from the company's board of directors by the Nazi forces. The Warburg family's financial business in Germany has reached a historical low. Along with all this, the overall fate of the Jews in Germany is in dire straits. In the late 1930s, terror and violence against Jews spread throughout Germany, and immigration became the most urgent and strong idea for most Jews. Max Warburg, who was forced to leave the family company, left the United States with regrets in 1938. He had been optimistic about Germany just a few years earlier, when the Nazis came to power, and had been harshly criticized by his cousin Sigmund Georg Warburg for leaving Germany for England. The war severely damaged the vitality of Germany's once glorious Warburg family. Even after the war, it was difficult to recover the transatlantic financial empire they had painstakingly built. In the meantime, although Sigmund Warburg re-established the Warburg family name in post-war Britain, he failed elsewhere. In 1982, Sigmund passed away, and the development of S. G. Warburg, which continued the Warburg family legend, gradually fell into trouble, and eventually it could not escape the fate of being acquired. Later, even the word "Warburg" was removed from the acquired Warburg company's name.

New York in 1927 is the most representative microcosm of the "Roaring Twenties". Driven by the economic boom and the wave of immigration, the city's skyscrapers are rising at a rate of one floor per week. The stock ticker on Wall Street spits out the myth of wealth around the clock. The moonshining and jazz music in the underground bar jointly create a national carnival. But beneath the veneer, gang-controlled unions, bribed politicians and a widening gap between rich and poor are eroding the city's foundations. While New Yorkers are intoxicated with the dream of "eternal prosperity," an economic crisis that is about to end this golden age is quietly brewing. This Tower of Babel, built of steel and desire, is actually standing on the edge of the cliff of history. As a latecomer, the author has checked a lot of information, hoping to use his own unfamiliar pen to present that period of history in the form of a story. Please bear with me if there are exaggerations and deficiencies.

Morgan Group: Morgan Stanley, one of the world's largest investment banks, with operating income of US$76.7 Billion in 2007. Morgan Bank (later merged with the Rockefeller family's Chase Manhattan Bank to form JPMorgan Chase Bank) is the third largest bank in the United States, with operating income of US$99.9 Billion in 2007. GE General Electric Company is the world's largest manufacturer of electromechanical equipment and one of the world's three largest aero-engine manufacturers. Sales revenue in 2007 was US$172.738 Billion. General Dynamics, a US defense conglomerate. In 2008, General Dynamics was the world's fifth-largest defense industry contractor. Operating income in 2007 was US$27.2 Billion. Grumman Aircraft Company is the world's third largest arms company and one of the major manufacturers of US aircraft carriers and fighter jets. IBM is the world's largest IT company with operating income of US$91.4 Billion in 2007. General Motors The world's largest automobile company, with operating revenue of US$207.3 Billion in 2007, AT&T, one of the world's largest communications service providers, with operating revenue of US$63.3 Billion in 2007, and U. S. Steel, once the world's largest steel company, with operating revenue of US$15.7 Billion in 2007. Rockefeller Group; Exxon-Mobil Oil Company, the world's largest oil company, with operating income of US$347.2 Billion in 2007 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, operating income of US$53.27 Billion in 2007. Its subsidiary Chase Manhattan Bank (later merged with Morgan Bank) is the third largest banking group in the United States, with total assets of more than 660 billion U. S. Dollars. Westinghouse Electric is one of the world's nuclear power giants, with total assets of more than 3 billion U. S. Dollars. United Airlines is the second largest airline in the United States, with 501 large passenger aircraft and 2007 operating income of US$19.3 Billion. Martin Marietta is one of the U. S. Arms companies and a manufacturer of the MK41 missile vertical launch system. Sperry Rand Company, one of the earliest computer equipment manufacturers in the United States, and the New York Times, one of the largest print media in the United States. Citigroup; Citibank, the world's largest financial group, with total assets of more than 1 trillion U. S. Dollars, operating income of 146.8 Billion U. S. Dollars in 2007, its subsidiary Boeing Company, the world's largest aircraft manufacturer, operating income of 61.5 Billion U. S. Dollars in 2007 (Citigroup is the majority shareholder) J. C. Penney, the largest store and drug store retailer in the United States, operating income of 19.9 Billion U. S. Dollars in 2007, Caterpillar The world's largest manufacturer of machinery and equipment, with operating revenue of US$41.5 Billion in 2007. 3M Company, a multinational company with a long history, produces more than 50,000 products, with operating revenue of US$22.9 Billion in 2007. United Technologies, Pratt & Whitney, one of the world's three largest engine manufacturers, is a subsidiary of Carrier Corporation, the world's largest air-conditioning equipment manufacturer. Sikorsky is the world's largest helicopter manufacturer, and Otis Elevator Company is one of the world's largest elevator companies. DuPont Consortium; General Motors, the world's largest automobile company, with operating income of US$207.3 Billion in 2007 (jointly controlled with Morgan) DuPont is one of the world's chemical giants, with operating income of US$28.9 Billion in 2007. Boston Consortium; First National Bank of Boston One of the oldest banks in the United States, with total assets of approximately US$200 billion John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, Bell Helicopter Company One of the world's major helicopter manufacturers, Raytheon Company The third largest arms dealer in the United States, the world's largest radar and missile manufacturer (it has not yet completed its controlling stake, but is in the process of controlling it) with operating income of US$23.3 Billion in 2007. Mellon Consortium; Alcoa, the world's largest aluminum products company, with operating revenue of US$30.9 Billion in 2007, Gulf Oil Company, one of the six largest oil monopolies in the United States, operating revenue of US$30 billion in 2007, Armco Steel Company, one of the largest steel companies in the United States, operating revenue of US$27.8 Billion in 2007 Rockwell International, one of the major arms companies in the United States, space shuttle manufacturer, Goodyear Tire Company The world's largest tire company, with operating income of US$20.3 Billion in 2007, Mellon National Bank The world's largest financial securities firm, with assets under custody exceeding US$18 trillion, Pittsburgh National Bank, General Reinsurance Company. Cleveland Consortium; Republic Steel Company The third largest steel company in the United States, Lex-Youngstown Steel Company, Armco Steel Company The world's 53rd steel company, with an output of 5.88 Million tons in 2007, National Steel Company, Goodyear Tire Company The world's largest tire company, 2007 operating income of 20.3 Billion US dollars, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, Chicago Consortium; Chevron-Texaco Petroleum The second largest oil company in the United States, with operating income of US$200.5 Billion in 2007 Bank of America The second largest bank in the United States, with operating income of US$117 billion in 2007, Deere & Company The largest agricultural equipment manufacturer in the United States, with operating income of US$22.8 Billion in 2007, Sears Department Store The largest department store in the United States, with operating income of US$53 billion in 2007, Tiffany Jewelry The largest jewelry retailer in the United States. California Consortium; Bank of America, the second largest bank in the United States, with operating income of US$117 billion in 2007. (It was Giannini's Bank of America, which later merged with Bank of America) Bank of the West, Wells Fargo, major banks in the San Francisco area of ​​the United States, with operating income of US$47.9 Billion in 2007, Lockheed Martin, the world's largest arms company, with operating income of US$39.6 Billion in 2007 (taken away by the Rockefeller and Mellon consortium) Litton Industries, the fourth largest arms dealer in the United States, manufacturer of fighter jets, destroyers, and cruise missiles. (Litton Industries is still in the hands of the California consortium) Northrop Grumman is the world's second largest arms company, with operating income of US$30.3 Billion in 2007 (taken away by the Morgan family and the DuPont family). Texas Consortium; First National Bank of Dallas, First City National Bank of Houston, Republic Bank of Dallas, Texas Commerce Bank. Tonic Corporation, the largest oil and gas pipeline transportation company in the United States, LTV Company, the fifth largest arms dealer in the United States, Hughes Aircraft Company, one of the American aviation manufacturers (bought from Morgan, the aerospace and defense business of Hughes Electronics was merged into Raytheon, and Raytheon also obtained half of the control of Hughes Laboratory. In 2000, Boeing acquired Hughes Aerospace and Communications Company, and divided the Hughes Laboratory with Boeing, General Motors and Raytheon, and the rest went to the Texas consortium.) Texas Instruments The world's largest integrated circuit manufacturer, with 2007 revenue of US$16.7 Billion. The Boston Consortium is composed of the top founding political families in the United States; the Lowell, Lawrence, Hamilton, Adams, and Lodge families joined forces with the emerging Kennedy family to form the Boston Consortium. The Cleveland Foundation is named after Cleveland, where it is located. In the second half of the 19th century, there were several wealthy families in the Cleveland area who were closely related to each other, mainly the consortium composed of the Mather family, the Hanna family, the Humphrey family, the Eaton family and other families. The Chicago Consortium is a consortium in the Midwestern United States. In the early 20th century, it was composed of the local wealthy families McCormick family, Wood family and the emerging Crown family. It was named after the Chicago area as the center of activity. The Texas Consortium is a new consortium that arose in Texas after World War II. It developed mainly by relying on the oil industry and the arms industry. Take K. W. The McKesson family, S. The Richardson family, H. L. Hunter family, J. The Brown family, J. A. Founded families such as the Elkins family and the Bush family are represented. Citigroup; jointly controlled by the Stillman and Rockefeller families, Citibank emerged as the settlement bank for the Rockefeller Group. The Morgan family acquired the New York Central Railroad Company of the Vanderbilt family during World War II. Then in 1968, the Morgan family acquired the Pennsylvania Railroad Company controlled by the Kuhn-Loeb consortium of Squid through acquisition. Morgan then merged the two railroad companies into one company. Oh, by the way, General Dynamics was acquired by the Morgan family from the Kuhn-Loeb consortium of Squid during World War II. The Morgan consortium was also extremely anti-Squid. Companies of the Morgan consortium did not allow Squid to be partners before the 1970s and 1980s. Westinghouse Electric of the Rockefeller Group was also acquired from the Kuhn-Loeb Group of Squid during World War II. In other words, the Kuhn-Loeb Group, the representative of Squid in the United States at the time, was divided up by established American families.

The writing is very obscure and difficult to read. Chapter 16: Starting a career, the author never explains the details clearly. The peace treaty was formulated to provoke the Brotherhood and another gang to fight each other without explaining the specific plan or the specific strength of one's own side. At the end of Chapter 16, only three people, the protagonist and three Polish veterans (one of whom appeared out of nowhere) completed the plan without firing a single bullet. He didn't even explain the person pretending to be Tony. He was completely transformed into a living person, appearing and disappearing suddenly. 1. I don't understand why the protagonist, who has no guns and no one else, has the courage to join two gangs with some people and guns. 2. I don't understand why such a protagonist can get a piece of the dock after the two gangs exit, while other gangs and forces are dead? . The author also did not explain clearly whether he was taking over the legacy of the two gangs or just putting it on the table for dinner. 3. Stock market plot. I don't understand this so I can't comment on it. Your readers are ordinary people, and you are writing about the U. S. Stock market in the 1800s. 99% Of readers don't understand it at all. At least you have to explain the rules clearly, the process, and the results. You didn't write about how much you earned. You just bought a luxury house. The money you earned can buy several blocks. The readers have no idea. To sum up, the description of the environment is very visual, and it is suspected of AI. You have no details about the storyline, and it looks the same as reading the outline.

Of the five sons of the third generation of the Rockefeller family, two are in politics, one became governor and the other became vice president. The Morgan family was represented in Truman Eisenhower's cabinet. For example, Charles Owen Wilson, the Secretary of Defense during Eisenhower's time, was originally the president of Morgan's General Motors. Not to mention the DuPont family, the U. S. Man. The top person in charge of the Hatton Plan was the son-in-law of the DuPont family who later became the president of DuPont. The next Secretary of State, Dean Goodham Acheson, who succeeded Marshall as Secretary of State, was originally the legal advisor of the DuPont family. Tom Clark, Truman's current Attorney General, had served as the personal lawyer of Pierre DuPont, the head of the DuPont family in his early years. ·After Andrew Mellon, the Mellon family had no one in the political arena until the grandson of the third generation of the family, Richard Mellon Scaife (1932 to 2014), was the largest backstage boss of American conservatives. He once gave one to two million in political cash to Richard Nixon. In the 1990s, Clinton's cheating was revealed by his support. The representatives of the Texas consortium in politics were the Bush family. Truman's White House chief of staff was named Steele. The family behind Citibank was also named Steele. The representatives of the Boston consortium were the Kennedy family. Oh, by the way. Senhower's White House chief of staff, Reverend Sherman Adams, was born into the Adams family, a prominent American political family. At the same time, the Adams family was also a member of the Boston Consortium. U. S. President Warren Gamelier Harding was the son-in-law of the Cleveland Consortium, and was relatively weak in this respect. I'm afraid they are the Chicago Consortium and the California Consortium. This also led to the California Consortium's Bank of America being taken over by Morgan and Citigroup. In addition, the California Consortium's arms company Lockheed was also merged by the Rockefeller family and the Mellon family to form Lockheed Martin. But the founder of Bank of America, the core bank of the California consortium, is Amadi Pietro Giannini, who is also an Italian. The most famous person of Italian descent in the United States, the founder of Bank of America, the core bank of the California consortium, is as follows; Amadi Pietro Giannini (May 6, 1870 - June 3, 1949) was born in San Jose, California, and was the founder of Bank of America in the United States. On May 16, 1870, Amadi Giannini was born into an Italian immigrant family in California. At first, the family ran a hotel. Later, because the business was not very good, they sold the hotel, bought 40 acres of land, and started to work as a small farmer. Although the life was hard, it was manageable. But something unexpected happened. One day in 1878, a grape farmer in the same village shot and killed Giannini's father because he could not repay the one-dollar loan he had borrowed from his father. This incident left an indelible psychological scar on the young Giannini, and he firmly opposed loan sharking after becoming a banker, which was directly related to this. Giannini's mother is a strong woman who has to take care of three children and manage the orchard. After living like this for a while, she married the kind-hearted coachman Scardina. Two years later, they sold the orchard and house and moved to the town of Saint-Noye. It wasn't until Giannini was 12 years old that they bought a house in San Francisco and opened a "Scadina Trading Company" to wholesale fruits and vegetables and became a middleman. Giannini was able to endure hardships, was enthusiastic and scheming, and soon became an important helper of the business firm. One day, he suggested to his stepfather: "I heard that oranges and grapefruits are selling well in the market recently. I asked about the Tustin Company in Saint-Anne with the best quality. How about we buy it and take a look?" Scardina was surprised: "Oh my God, how could you think of this! It's so far away. Only fools would buy oranges and grapefruits. "But it's worth it," said Giannini. Saint-Anne has a small population and this kind of stuff must be very cheap. As long as it can be shipped here, the price will be much higher and the profit will be huge." Scardina was dubious and bought part of it first. In fact, just as Giannini expected, both products were very popular. In the future, oranges and grapefruits, which were extremely rare in California, became California's specialties. This cannot be said to be due to Giannini. Giannini is not satisfied with the status quo, he also wants to make changes and do bigger business. In order to reduce the intermediate links and lower the purchase price, he personally went to the farmers' houses to purchase fruits and vegetables. Purchase contracts are entered into with farmers before crops are harvested. This requires a deposit, but the prices for vegetables and fruits are much cheaper than at the dock. In doing so, he not only took away the profits from the traffickers, but also made it cheaper than the traffickers. Farmers are also very happy, because they have received a deposit, the market for their crops is guaranteed, and they can reduce or even avoid losses caused by sudden climate changes. This approach is a remarkable initiative. Amadi, who is only 19 years old, is regarded as a business wizard and genius. Not only that, Giannini, who was only 19 years old, proposed the idea of ​​a "Farmers' Bank". Because in the process of operating this contract transaction, Amadi was deeply aware of the poverty of farmers. Especially those immigrants from Italy, in order to buy farm tools and seeds, they often had to use their farmland as security to borrow money from loan sharks, because banks refused to lend to poor farmers. From this, Amadi came up with the idea of ​​​​providing loans to these farmers. His idea was to use the loan to obtain the sales contract for the next harvest without charging interest. In fact, this was the prototype of his original "Farmers Bank" idea. In the days that followed, Giannini realized this idea. After several years of hard work, Giannini's career has been somewhat successful. In 1892, he married the daughter of banker Cornell. No one expected that this marriage would change Giannini's career trajectory. In 1902, his father-in-law Cornell unfortunately passed away. With the shares left by his father-in-law, Giannini entered the Bank of Columbus and became a director. After arriving at the bank, he quickly gained the respect and love of his subordinates. However, he and the founder of the bank often had disputes due to differences of opinion. Their views on the bank's operating policies were too different: one insisted on impoverishing and broadening the scope of business, while the other insisted on being conservative. Eventually Giannini decided to give up. He thought, since I had so many good ideas and suggestions, why not open my own bank? Why bother bowing your head under someone else's roof? At this time, a large amount of foreign capital poured into San Francisco, causing a confrontation between local American banks and foreign banks. But all these banks are either engaged in speculation or have their eyes on big companies. None of them think about the poor farmers who run small businesses. Giannini believes that only by targeting these farmers as loan targets can his future bank have a foothold. So, Giannini and his friends, a total of 10 people, agreed to jointly open a bank. Shareholders only account for 1/3 of the shares, and the remaining 2/3 are raised among ordinary people, including fishmongers, vegetable merchant bosses, and some rural farmers. In general, with Italian immigrants as the main target, the name is Bank of Italy. His idea was indeed a bit unconventional. At first, everyone did not understand it, but later they understood that only in this way can the bank's influence among the people be quickly expanded and a new field opened up. This is Amadi Giannini's superhuman insight. Later facts proved that it was precisely because of his business thinking that the Bank of Italy was able to rise rapidly from a very low starting point and eventually became the largest bank in the United States. It was not easy to raise stock capital at first, because Italian immigrants on the north coast had always been willing to hide gold coins under their mattresses rather than use them to buy stocks and become shareholders. The stock capital was not enough, so Giannini and several other promoters increased their investment, and then they collected enough shares. After some twists and turns, on October 17, 1904, the Bank of Italy officially announced its opening. Although the amount of deposits in the Bank of Italy has increased month by month since its opening, it is still far behind that of the Bank of Columbus. But Giannini is confident. In his bank, small business owners and farmers could get loans as low as $25 without guarantees. This was a far-sighted strategy. Those ordinary people who wanted to do business or invest in agricultural production were often unable to borrow money and were unable to do anything. Giannini firmly remembered the lesson that his father suffered misfortune because of just one dollar. He often visited farmers door to door and persuaded them to deposit money in his bank. His approach undoubtedly supports farmers and small business owners. Once these people make money, they will become loyal depositors of Italian banks - most people will have this kind of gratitude. It is here that Giannini's vision is reflected. On the morning of April 18, 1906, a massive earthquake occurred in San Francisco that shocked the world. Due to its suddenness, the earthquake caused huge catastrophic consequences, but fortunately, the place where the Bank of Italy is located did not suffer much damage. Faced with the tragic situation, Giannini personally supervised the transfer of 80,000 yuan in cash from the bank to a safe area. The transfer was successful and laid a good foundation for the bank to resume operations after the disaster. Two days later, major newspapers jointly launched an initiative to discuss post-disaster reconstruction work. Regardless of his humble status, Giannini attended this emergency meeting. At that time, all the businessmen attending the meeting asked the bank to issue loans, but the bank refused to do so for its own safety. The two sides had a heated argument. Suddenly, Giannini stood up and said: "I am Giannini from the Bank of Italy. We will officially open tomorrow! And it will be open-air!" This shocked everyone, and everyone could hardly believe their eyes and ears. On April 22, four days after the catastrophe, a first mate advertisement was published in the newspaper: "Italian banks are officially open, with the same hours, open-air operations, and are not threatened by earthquakes!" Surprisingly, as soon as the advertisement was published, more people came to deposit money than withdraw money, because in view of the fire caused by the earthquake, people thought it was safer to keep the money in the bank. The operation caused much regret among the bankers who refused to open their doors. After this incident, the Bank of Italy developed from a little-known small bank to a well-known large bank. From 1903 to 1907, the most serious economic crisis in the history of the United States broke out. The economic crisis spreads quickly like a plague, causing people to panic. Savers withdraw their deposits one after another, forming an avalanche that is out of control. Although the situation in California is not as serious as other places, the situation is inevitably precarious due to the impact of climate change. Giannini, who narrowly escaped the crisis, was surprised to find that only one bank in San Francisco was not affected, and that was the Bank of Canada. For this reason, he went to investigate and discovered the secret: It turns out that the Bank of Canada has branches across the country, and the branches form a network to collect deposits from all over the country and bring them to the head office. In this way, the bank has great flexibility. This is very different from the American financial system. In the United States, local banks have concentrated their gold into large banks on Wall Street. Once there is a crisis on Wall Street, banks everywhere will inevitably lose their protection. Giannini suddenly realized: he must have his own branch network! Subsequently, he began a great operation: gradually acquiring and merging some poorly operating local banks. The first to be annexed was a loan shark bank in Saint-Noye, Giannini's hometown. Although U. S. Law prohibits a single bank from acquiring the shares of other interbank banks, there are loopholes in the law. As long as it buys small shares other than the head family, and the total shares exceed half, the merger is legal. For banks like this that are not well run, small shareholders are eager to sell their shares. Therefore, Giannini's acquisition went smoothly. In 1910, Giannini acquired the Bank of San Francisco and the Mechanical Bank of San Francisco, and soon thereafter, he successfully acquired the Bank of San Mateo. But these are not Giannini's real goals. His goal is Los Angeles. In 1913, Giannini came to Los Angeles. When he was planning to buy another Union Bank that was about to go bankrupt, he encountered opposition from some local banks. Local newspapers ran headlines like "Fighting Italian Aggression." The clever Giannini took counter-action and took out a full-page advertisement in the next day's newspaper: "Poor Italy lends money to poor citizens and workers. Italy is a friend of the poor." At that time, Italy was indeed a poor country, with as many as 870,000 people emigrating overseas. At the same time, he also published his own advertisements in seven languages, targeting ordinary people and immigrants in California. Facts once again proved the correctness of his policy of "taking citizens as the main customers". In 1918, Giannini's Bank of Italy branches in California had grown to 24, becoming the largest branch bank in the United States. In the summer of 1928, Giannini, who became ill from overwork, left the dazzling world of Wall Street in New York and returned to his beautiful hometown of Milan, Italy, to recuperate. I am in Milan, Italy, but my heart is in New York, USA. Giannini always paid close attention to the situation on Wall Street in New York, thousands of miles away. One day, Giannini was suddenly shocked by a piece of news: "The stock of Giannini's holding company, Bank of Italy in New York, plummeted by 50%, and the stock of Bank of Italy in California also fell by 36%." It turned out that after the Bank of Italy acquired Liberty Bank of San Francisco, the financial giant Morgan suspected that Giannini was ambitious to control the banking industry in the United States. Therefore, under Morgan's control, the New York Federal Reserve Bank used the Bank of Italy as a suspected monopoly. Forced Giannini to sell 51% of the company's shares. Privately, the Morgan consortium secretly absorbed shares in Italian banks. And Giannini acted quickly and decisively. On the one hand, he made it conditional on withdrawing from the Bank of Italy in order to delay time. On the one hand, a new company was registered in Delaware, Pan American Co., Ltd., Whose largest shareholder was the Bank of Italy. But because its shares are dispersed among a large number of small shareholders, it is difficult for outsiders to suspect that it is a monopoly. In the name of this company, they bought the stocks of the Italian Bank, which was under the control of others and were plummeting, at a low price. In this way, they thwarted the conspiracy of Morgan and others to kill the Bank of Italy. Not only did Italian banks not collapse, they grew stronger. Later, it even annexed Bank of America and renamed all its branches American Commercial Bank. Giannini also truly created his own business empire. This is Giannini, with an everlasting sword and undiminished ambition, who can turn the tide at any time and survive crises safely. In June 1949, the financial tycoon Giannini, who had struggled all his life, finally came to the end of his life. At this time, his bank's total assets had reached 2 billion yuan. In sharp contrast, his entire inheritance only consists of private residences and other real estate worth 439,000 yuan! Because he is extremely pessimistic about money and firmly believes that amassing wealth will cut him off from the ordinary people he serves. This is exactly the same as his civilian style of opening a bank. Just a year before his death, Giannini donated all his 500,000 savings for medical research and educational scholarships for the children of bank employees. With his practical actions, he fulfilled his vow of "not for himself, but for the public." Although Amadi Giannini donated all his personal assets after his death, the Bank of America he founded during his lifetime became one of the core industries of the newly emerged California conglomerate after World War II. In 1952, Amadi Giannini's youngest daughter Correa, who was only 49 years old, became the first president of Bank of America. The five presidents did not choose to step down as president of the Bank of America until 1975 (this Correa could be my character or one of the candidates for the wife that the protagonist Ming Media is marrying), and the Italian-American family of Amadi Giannini has since become one of the important families in the California consortium.

Now I can't read any book without Goldfinger.

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At first on the boat, there was something to see, but after getting off the boat, I felt inexplicable. A group of Polish Free Army soldiers, if you ask them to do shipping, they might as well set up a security company for the safety of individuals and companies. It's hard to say in other countries, but in the United States, if you work as a security company, you can get connected with small arms. Even if you don't want to be in the small arms business, you still need to have security. Now that you have made your first money in the stock market, use finance as your starting point to find a way to seize an industrial direction. It is indeed a good choice to choose a Detroit car or engine. The finance and automobile industries can be said to be very compatible. I really don't understand, why do you want to make a three-color movie all of a sudden? Just to connect with the film and television industry? Just to stay ahead of others and make profits during the Great Depression? Why do I feel that it is not as easy as selling arms?

Taylor: The bank of a group of merchants turned into a bank of merchants The predecessor of Citibank was the New York branch of the First Bank of the United States, which was founded in 1791. In 1812, Samuel? Osgood reorganized it into the "City Bank of New York" - Citibank's early official name. In June 1812, Citibank was incorporated with an authorized capital of US$2 million and a paid-in capital of US$800,000. When it was first founded, the board members of Citibank were all big businessmen, which turned the original Citibank into a tool for them to provide credit financing for their own businesses. The bank director-related loans were "large in scale and had many defaults." In February 1814, for example, 12 of Citibank's 750 customers, or 12 bank directors, accounted for a quarter of the bank's total loans. Citibank's state of being "owned by and serving a group of businessmen continued until 1837. A financial crisis in 1837 brought Citibank to the brink of bankruptcy. In the end, the bank was rescued by Mr. John Jacob Astor, the richest man in the United States at the time and a real estate investor in Manhattan. Mr. Astor sent his representative Moses Taylor to serve as a director of Citibank. Taylor was a model of self-made man from poverty to wealth in that era. He single-handedly created a huge business empire integrating industry and finance: 1 commercial enterprise, 5 railroad companies, 3 financial companies including Citibank, 2 public utility companies and 1 communications company. Taylor served as a director of Citibank from 1837 to 1856, 18 years later. He served as president from 1856 to 1882. As a businessman and industrialist, Taylor transformed Citibank into a "bank owned by and for one merchant" (mainly controlled by Taylor and mainly serving Taylor's personal business empire, so that Citibank during this period did not have its own identity). In 1856, Taylor transformed Citibank from the Bank of New York into the National Bank of the United States. , The official name was changed to "National City Bank of New York." Taylor died in 1882, and his son-in-law Payne, who had been a director of Citibank since 1869, took over as president for nine years. Tyler, who took over Citibank during the financial crisis in 1837, left an important legacy to Citibank: "consistently conservative financial strategy" - cash strategy (Ready). Money), which enabled Citibank to "take risks" in many subsequent financial crises and stride forward over the corpses of failed banks. During the administration of Taylor and Payne, the United States had three banking crises in 1857, 1873 and 1884. In each crisis, Citibank's reputation for safety and reliability increased greatly. The crisis made Citibank the largest bank in New York City with $29.7 Million in assets, and the largest bank in the United States the following year. Stillman: Creating a Professional Manager Management Structure In 1891, the Citibank board of directors selected James Stillman, then 41, as president. Until this time, Citibank's management structure was still very limited. Simple: It is still a board of directors composed of a dozen businessmen each with their own business, and there is only one president and cashier as a full-time executive. Both Stillman and Taylor regard Citibank as a tool to support the development of their personal business empires. The difference is that Taylor is an industrialist, so he runs the bank like an industrialist, while Stillman is a financier and also uses finance. Perhaps this difference made Stillman the first person to start a professional manager to manage Citibank. After Stillman became president, he continued to increase his holdings of Citibank shares by purchasing from other shareholders and increasing capital for Citibank, starting from 1.1% And increasing to 1.1% In February 1892. 6.6%. In that era when there was no mature professional manager system, it was a very popular and reasonable corporate governance model for the owner-manager to purchase a large number of shares from the original owner and become the new owner-manager. It enabled the business owners-managers who were retiring or abdicating to realize the value of their businesses, and also enabled the new owners-managers to obtain a controlling share of the business. This dual transition of ownership and management forces the new managers of the enterprise to take care of the interests of the original owners while connecting their own interests with the enterprises they manage. During the 18 years from 1891 to 1909, when Stillman served as president, Citibank made rapid progress in its late-starting investment banking business, leading and participating in a large number of securities underwriting and corporate restructuring activities. Stillman was expanding the scope of banking business. Like Morgan, he reorganized many other companies and sat on their boards. At the same time, he also chose to reorganize and expand Citibank's board of directors. He also chose to introduce Mr. John Rockefeller to the Citibank board of directors, replacing the representatives of the Taylor-Payne family business with American industry giants, and also made Citibank at that time the capital settlement center of Rockefeller's Standard Oil. In 1909, Citibank was first established. After retiring from the position of bank president, Mr. Stillman became the chairman of the bank's board of directors. It can be said that the chairman of the board of directors of Citibank was a title created by Stillman as he stepped down as a consultant. Frank Vanderlip served as the president of Citibank. He was the first "modern payroll manager" of Citibank's previous presidents. They both held certain shares in Citibank, and were even the largest shareholders, so they did not take a salary at the bank. Vanderlip became president, and Mr. Stillman, the chairman of the board of directors, chose to move to Paris. At this time, the entire American business community, and those industrial tycoons who started their business, began to gradually withdraw from their daily involvement in the company. Management, company managers began to make financial decisions on behalf of company owners, and the personal relationships between tycoons who maintained business transactions gradually turned into relationships between institutions. As president, Vanderlip led Citibank for ten years, developing small and medium-sized enterprise customers in the United States, and at the same time establishing an international branch network to provide good services to large customers (at that time, American industrial companies began to expand overseas). In 1919, Citibank became the first head office in the United States. A bank with assets of $1 billion. In June 1919, Vanderlip resigned because his hope of obtaining a controlling stake in Citibank failed. Stillman's son, James A. Stillman, who had been elected as the second chairman of the board of directors of Citibank after his father's death in 1918, succeeded him as president (John Roy Stillman, the White House chief of staff under President Truman, was also a member of the Stillman family. John Roy Stillman started from 1 From 1946 until President Truman left office in 1953, he served as the White House chief of staff) Stillman Jr. Served until 1921 when Citibank suffered heavy losses in Cuba and resigned. The establishment of modern incentive mechanisms In 1921, Citibank's internal manager, 43-year-old Charles Mitchell, was elected president, and Swenson (a large landowner and entrepreneur in Texas) served as president. The chairman of the board of directors, however, made it clear that Mitchell was the "executive leader" of Citibank. In 1929, Citibank became the world's largest commercial bank. Mitchell resigned from the position of president and became chairman of the board of directors until 1933. Vanderlip left because he could not become an owner of controlling shares like the previous bank presidents, and Stillman Jr. Was unable to operate at the same time. He was not able to lead Citibank for a long time like his father. Without being able to own controlling shares and become owners, how to motivate capable professional managers to create value for shareholders has become an important issue for Citibank to continue to move forward. To this end, Citibank launched a bonus plan called the "Managers Fund" in 1923. The main content of the plan is to distribute the bank's profits in the following three parts: First, according to the bank's shareholder equity. The bank's excess reserves are withdrawn at a rate of 8%, and then dividends are distributed to shareholders at a rate of 16% per share. Finally, a managerial bonus fund is withdrawn at a rate of 20% of the remaining profits and distributed to senior managers at or above the vice president. This plan balances the risks and interests between the owners and managers: the owners provide the managers with a lower limit of compensation in the form of salary, and the managers provide the owners with a guarantee of a minimum dividend ratio. Owners and managers share the remaining profits in a ratio of 80:20. After being established as Citigroup in 1998, the company gradually adopted the long-term incentive plan that is commonly used in large American companies to grant restricted stocks and stock options to directors and senior managers. Since Mitchell, except when Perkins served as chairman of the board between 1933 and 1940, the chairman of Citibank's board of directors has always been C after retiring. The EO is held by a professional manager. However, under the strong leadership of the board of directors and an effective incentive mechanism, the professional managers who led Citibank produced continuous and stable returns for shareholders. In the third quarter of 1991, Citibank suffered a loss of US$885 million, resulting in Citibank shareholders not receiving a quarterly dividend of 25 cents per share for the first time since it began paying dividends in 1813. From Citibank. Bank to Citigroup, Back to basic banking after the crisis To bypass federal regulations restricting banking activities, Citibank established a bank holding company, First National City Corporation, in 1968. In addition to owning Citibank, which was then called First National City Bank, it also engaged in business activities other than commercial banking. At that time, several other major U. S. Banks also established similar bank holding companies. Widely recognized by consumers, First National City Corporation was renamed Citigroup in 1974, and First National City Bank was renamed Citibank. In 1998, Citigroup and Travelers Group merged into Citigroup. The company became the world's largest financial services group with total assets of US$698 billion, known as the "Global Financial Supermarket." John Reed, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Citigroup and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Travelers Group Sandy and Weill co-led the new company as co-chairman of the board. In November 1999, Citigroup became the first financial holding group in the United States to own both banking and insurance businesses. In 2000, Reed, who lost to Weill in the power struggle, became chairman and CEO. In October 2002, Charles Prince took over as chairman of the board of directors until 2006.

Brother, if your new book is still in this genre, I suggest you choose the time when the grandson of the financial tycoon jumped off the building in your article because there was also a stock market crash in that time period, or you can choose the time period just after the end of Prohibition after World War I. Both of these time periods have the opportunity to rise. As for the European immigrants, native Americans, or even members of the American families I have given you who can take care of their sisters like in your book.

Even though Marshall and MacArthur were of the same age and both came from military families, they were completely different people. Chief of Staff Marshall's father, Marshall Sr., Was a soldier in his time. Marshall's father, Marshall Sr., Had served in the Northern Army's Army of the Potomac (the Southern Army also had an Army of the Potomac). He was a lieutenant platoon leader under General Hood and participated in the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg. "But for Marshall, his father's military experience was of little use to him except when he applied for admission to the Virginia Military Academy. But Douglas is different. You must be aware of his father's influence in the Army even if I don't mention it. The famous Arthur MacArthur II. 1 He joined the 24th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment at the age of 7. He became famous in the Battle of Chattanooga (which took place in Tennessee during the Civil War) when he was less than 19 years old. He won the Congressional Medal of Honor and served as the commander of the regiment a year later, becoming the "Baby Colonel" known to women and children. This reputation was even more famous in the Spanish-American War. It reached its peak. It can be said that he led the troops to conquer almost the entire Philippines. After the war, the elder MacArthur served as the military governor in the Philippines for many years (before the Philippines became autonomous, it was jointly managed by the military governor and the administrative governor). (It was also during this period that the elder MacArthur and President Taft had a personal relationship.) He became a three-star lieutenant general and became the mainstay of the old lion (Theodore Roosevelt) in the army. The reason why President Roosevelt licked his face and asked MacArthur to come out was because of the unparalleled influence of this father and son (MacArthur himself once served as the commander of the US military in the Philippines) in the Far East. Like his father, Douglas was a born soldier. He grew up in the military camp and was always ranked first in the school when he was at West Point (MacArthur's graduation score was 98.43, Setting a record for West Point's graduation score, which has never been broken). The senior officials were generally optimistic. As soon as Douglas graduated, he first worked for his father as an adjutant, and then was selected by the old lion to join the White House's military advisory team. When he was still a lieutenant, he dealt with the president, the Secretary of State, the Department of War, and the chief of staff all day long, and was regarded as a training target for the future chief of staff in 1914. MacArthur's regiment was sent to Mexico to fight against the Villa bandits. He parachuted from Washington to a company as a company commander. He fought several battles in Mexico. After returning to China, I was still a second lieutenant. He suddenly became the secretary of the major of the Secretary of War. Marshall and MacArthur were just classmates at first. They were both strong and competitive, but they were academically inferior to each other. What really caused the two of them to have a quarrel was an incident that happened in France in 1918. " At that time, Marshall was the colonel (temporary rank) staff officer of the U. S. European Expeditionary Force Command, and Douglas was the brigadier general deputy commander of the 42nd Division (Rainbow Division). The war was almost over at that time, but Sedan was still in German hands, and the capture of Sedan was generally regarded as the last battle before the end of the war. The last battle of the First World War not only meant honor, but also meant the last credit and the last hope of promotion. No officer could let it go easily. At that time, the closest thing to Sedan was the 42nd Division, which was only about 8 miles away. Behind him was the 1st Division, then the 4th Division. The French were still rushing towards Sedan from more than 60 miles behind us. "In order to prevent the French from taking the lead, the U. S. European Expeditionary Force headquarters issued an order to each division. The general idea was that there was no need to wait for the French army. No matter which unit it was, it could launch an attack on Sedan as long as it arrived first. The defense line was no longer binding. Marshall was responsible for drafting this order." Originally, this order said that the cancellation of the line was to encourage frontline troops to fight bravely. As a result, the 1st Division, which was following closely behind the 42nd Division, received the order first and rushed into the 42nd Division's defense area with a roar. The two divisions were huddled together on the road to Sedan, and the troops were completely scattered. MacArthur was so angry that he had a fight with the men of the 1st Division, but was detained by the military police. " The then commander of the 42nd Division was ill and returned home. When MacArthur, the deputy commander, was detained again, the whole situation was completely messed up. When the two troops finally reorganized, the French had arrived. At that time, the 4th Division was responsible for blocking the rear and blocking the French from passing. The French were not allowed to pass. The Chinese directly set up heavy artillery, claiming that as long as they did not enter the city, no matter whether they were Germans or Americans, their artillery shells would continue to be fired into the city! The two sides argued for several days, but before they could attack, Germany announced its surrender. This was originally a battle. It was just a mistake, and it was not Marshall's fault. But Douglas did not think so. He believed that if there was no common sense order (the order drafted by Marshall was indeed substandard, the existence of the defense boundary line has its basic meaning, and its cancellation would easily lead to chaos in the army's command and formation). Sedan had long since fallen into the hands of the 42nd Division. Moreover, Marshall had served as the acting chief of staff of the 1st Division, and the 1st Division received the order an hour before him. He believed that Marshall deliberately wanted the 1st Division to take away his credit. " Well, this kind of thing is what the public says. And Douglas was not a person who could swallow his anger, so after he became Army Chief of Staff, Marshall was driven to the National Guard by him. If his old boss, General Pershing, hadn't given Marshall a last-ditch hand, he would have gone home to sell coal. " In 1932, Marshall would leave the regular army and be transferred to the Illinois National Guard Division as the division commander, which was MacArthur's fault. Fortunately, Pershing still remembered his staff adjutant, otherwise there would be nothing wrong with Marshall in World War II. So Marshall and MacArthur would have to publicly quarrel. This is difficult. It's strange that the personnel appointments of the U. S. Army in the Pacific battlefield were so strange. Eisenhower, Middleton and other old friends of MacArthur were sent to Europe. Collins, Collett and others who had done well in the Far East were also transferred (Collett was transferred to Europe as the commander of the 7th Army after more than a year). Marshall obviously guarded against MacArthur.

Man, I personally feel that your writing is very good, but there are two problems. First, you change the map when the American novice village has not been around for a long time. You should change the map slowly and wait for you to have fun in the United States before changing the map during a big event, such as meeting Mustache or choosing a family cooperation among the ones I sent you to introduce the status of various countries in the world at that time instead of traveling to half of Europe because of a movie and technology. This is a bit too deliberate. The protagonist with good technology can take it, but now the protagonist is not worthy of participating in Desu. Among the technologies that Yingdu wants, the protagonist has just been to the United States for a year and is still in the novice protection period. Second brother, the share of the negotiations for acquiring the film company you wrote is very good, but you wrote too much about Chaplin and film industry figures in the later period. Since you started in finance, you should write about this first or engage in the automobile and military industry. Especially since it is about to collapse in 29 years, you should write about advance layout, or you should write about the layout of the military industry or the automobile industry, because the second season will start in ten years, and these two industries are about to explode. Movies can be interspersed, but you must not directly introduce the movie in such a large space, because writing this way will not feel refreshing and exciting. What this kind of book wants is refreshing and exciting.

After being convinced, the company I set up with my own money ended up being given to others. Every time I go there, I still feel like I am the boss, sb

It is still recommended not to climb too fast. It is actually a good way to enter the industry through technology-influenced movies, but you need to think more about the core principle, which is that a company should focus on the areas in which it is best at and can continue to build competitive advantages. In that era, companies that could go through w1w2 and not fail but continue to grow were all trying to make their own technology the best in the world. It seems that if you want to pursue value investing and follow Barrett's path through equity influence, then you should try not to make your own products and technologies, and write more about family, friends and other interpersonal relationships. I think this is your advantage. It will be more tense to portray the flesh and blood of people slowly building a business empire.

The woman who inherited more than 200 million US dollars before World War I, the woman with the most jewelry at the time, and the original owner of Mar-a-Lago

It's really well written, just a little plain, but it makes me feel peaceful when I read it.

Also, brother, don't post the synopsis. We know this story is very long and has just begun. We want to see a complete story, so don't post the synopsis. If you really want to, what we hope to see is that you adjust your mentality and re-post the book with a different name, so that we can see a complete story and your synopsis, not a concise version of the synopsis. Such an synopsis has no meaning. Your fan Rick Astor 😁😁

The Taft family, the top family in the American Republican Party, is also one of the three founding families of the Yale Skull and Bones Society. The Taft family has been a member of the Republican Party since the Civil War. The first generation of the Taft family was the Secretary of War and the Attorney General under President Grant. The second generation served as Deputy Attorney General, Governor of the United States, and Secretary of the Army (at that time, the Secretary of the Army had very powerful powers, not only managing the U. S. Armed forces, but also managing the colonies captured by the United States after the Spanish-American War. Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guangzhou) Island, Panama, even Hawaii and Cuba, were all within the jurisdiction of the Secretary of War. So Taft was actually the Secretary of Colonies of the United States. After serving as Secretary of the Army for seven years, Taft Sr. Ran for president and was successfully elected. After the expiration of the presidential term, President Taft Sr. Served as the Chief Justice of the United States until President Taft Sr. Died in 1930. Moreover, their children had a tradition of joining the military. President Taft Sr.'S second son Charles participated in World War I. Therefore, in addition to having great influence in the Federal Senate, the Taft family also has strong influence in the fields of the Federal Department of Justice, the Federal Supreme Court, and the Federal Department of the Army. The famous American boss Stimson is President Taft's favorite disciple. Stimson is also a member of the Yale Skull and Bones Society and the senior of Robert Alfonso Taft, the eldest son of President Taft. President Taft Sr.'S youngest son, Charles Phelps Taft, stayed in his hometown of Ohio. However, the personality differences between the two brothers were so great that in 1927, President Taft Sr.'S youngest son, Charles, refused to support his older brother, Bert Alphonso Taft, in his candidacy for the leadership of the Ohio Republican Party. And his brother Robert Alphonso Taft was also a grudge-bearing man, so when President Taft Sr.'S youngest son Charles ran for governor of Ohio in 1952, Robert Alphonso Taft also refused to support his brother Charles because Robert Alphonso was missing. With the support of Thor Taft, Charles's bid for governor ultimately failed. Therefore, in 1955 (Robert had died at the time), Charles ran for mayor of his hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, and was finally elected. This also made the influence of the Taft family completely entrenched in his hometown of Ohio. Moreover, the Taft family also had conflicts in their interpersonal relationships. Originally, the relationship between President Taft Sr. And President Theodore Roosevelt was very good at first. Even Taft Sr. Was elected president because of President Theodore Roosevelt's support. However, in the later period, President Theodore Roosevelt wanted President Taft Sr. To be the president according to his ideas, so the two people fell out. There was also a bad relationship between the Taft family and the MacArthur family. Originally, the relationship between President Taft Sr. And MacArthur Sr. Was good at the beginning. The elder MacArthur's popularity reached its peak during the Spanish-American War. It can be said that he led his troops to conquer almost the entire Philippines. After the end of the Spanish-American War, MacArthur Sr. Served as the military governor of the Philippines for many years (before the Philippines became autonomous, it was jointly managed by the military governor and the administrative governor) (old MacArthur and President Taft took office almost at the same time as the administrative governor and military governor of the Philippines. Before that, the two had a close personal relationship because they were both close confidants of President Theodore Roosevelt. However, during their tenure as governors-general of the Philippines, MacArthur Sr. A conflict occurred, and the final result was that MacArthur Sr. Was transferred back to the United States. In the following years, MacArthur Sr. Served as commander of the Colorado Lake District and the Eastern Military Region. During the Russo-Japanese War, MacArthur served as a military attache and senior military observer in Japan. In August 1906, he traveled throughout Asia to observe the military and military situations of various countries. After returning to China, he served as commander of the Pacific Military Region. However, Because MacArthur Sr. Criticized the current status of the U. S. Army at that time, and had deep conflicts with President Taft Sr., Who was then Secretary of the Army, MacArthur Sr. Failed to become the Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army. After that, MacArthur Sr. Refused to be transferred to the commander of the Eastern Military District of the United States. In June 1909 (Taft Sr. Was elected president), knowing that there was no hope of promotion, MacArthur Sr. Finally chose to retire and live in seclusion. Three years later, he died suddenly while delivering a speech to a group of veterans of the Civil War. This incident eventually brought the relationship between the MacArthur family and the Taft family to a freezing point, so that when MacArthur participated in the Republican primary in 1952, the primary failed due to the obstruction of Robert Alphonso Taft, the eldest son of President Taft, who was the leader of the Republican Party.)

1. There are too many characters, interspersed with multiple countries, and no introduction to the background of the characters and the competitive relationship between the relevant companies. The audience is dazzled and the plot is foggy. I have been a long-time reader of Meiyu for more than ten years, and I still know some about the relevant people and companies. I believe that more readers are already confused. 2. A lot of effort is put into describing the characters' clothing and accessories, which is so cumbersome that it affects reading. 3. The protagonist is easy to understand when it comes to finance and technology. After all, rebirth has an information advantage. Why is there suddenly a move to cross-border distribution? Anyone who has read enough entertainment articles will know that with the box office monitoring methods of that era, it was easiest to buy out a cross-border distribution. When it comes to box office sharing, do you still expect partners and theaters not to steal the box office? To sum up, the recent plot is really strange. I hope the author can clarify the protagonist's motivation and strategic direction.

Can't type and send screenshot

On the first day of the month, three chapters are presented! Thank you for following us all the way. Let's get back on the road in the new month. If you have monthly tickets or recommendation tickets, please support us and let the story continue to be hot! Goodbye, thank you! 🙏

Skull and Bones Family, Democratic Harrison Family (Railway finance tycoon political family) Republican Taft family (the Walker family, the founder family of Skull and Bones), Hutney family, (arms railroad tycoon family) Bush family, (political finance family) and another founding family of Skull and Bones, the Russell family (the largest opium trader in China in the United States, Qi Chang Yang Company belongs to their family), Russell family (also the founding family of Skull and Bones) The family that made their fortune selling opium) the Grant family (the family of the commander-in-chief of the Northern Army during the Civil War) the Ponty family (a family of railroad, military, industrial, and political tycoons) the Lord family (one of the American chemical giants, an important force in technological innovation and industrial development.) The Garfield family (the family of the 20th president of the United States) the Harrison family (the top American family, who produced two presidents, his grandfather and grandson) the Rockefeller family. William Howard Taft (Member of 1878), the 27th President of the United States and Chief Justice of the United States. Robert Alphonso Taft (1913) U. S. Senator and leader of the Republican Party in the U. S. Senate. He served in the U. S. Senate for 14 years until his death. (1939-1953) Henry Lewis Stimson (member of 1888) was a famous American strategist and the implementer of the first golden age of "Skull and Bones". From 1911 to 1913, he served as Secretary of War (he was President Taft's protégé) and from 1928 to 1929, he served as Governor-General in the Philippines. He served as Secretary of State from 1929 to 1933. After President Roosevelt was elected in 1933, Stimson served as a special adviser to the new Secretary of State (because of the very good relationship between Stimson and Cordell Hull, the longest-serving Secretary of State in the United States), guiding the new Secretary of State to familiarize himself with foreign affairs, which became a legend for a while. After Japan and Germany became the source of war in Asia and Europe, they called on the United States to abandon isolationism. After the outbreak of World War II, he actively advocated interventionism and advocated supporting anti-fascist countries. From 1940 to 1945, Stimson was re-elected as Secretary of the Army in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. (Stimson was also the chief director of the Harmanton Project) During his more than 30 years in politics, he served seven U. S. Presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolinch, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt and Truman. Stimson was a power-hungry political roly-poly. William Averell Harriman Harriman, (Member 1913) New York, November 15, 1891 - Yorktown, New York, July 26, 1986), American businessman, diplomat, politician, member of the Democratic Party of the United States, born into a wealthy and privileged family, his father was Edward Henry Harriman, the American railroad king in the late 19th century. He attended the elite Groton Preparatory School as a child, graduated from Yale University in 1913, and was a member of the Yale University Skull and Bones Society. He began his business career with the Union Pacific Railroad, which his father reorganized in the early 20th century. During World War I, he evaded military service and invested the inherited industries into new enterprises. In 1918, he became a merchant shipbuilding company and soon owned the largest fleet in the United States. Two years later, he established the International Investment Company and Harriman Brothers Bank named after him on Wall Street. In 1932, he became chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad and the Illinois Central Railroad. He was involved in politics and diplomacy during the Great Depression, and although he opposed many New Deal programs, with the help of their mutual friend Harry Lloyd Hopkins, he was absorbed into the Democratic Party and Franklin Roosevelt's administration, serving as chairman of the Department of Commerce's Corporate Advisory Council and actively supporting the National Recovery Administration. In the early years of World War II, the president needed his business talents and his close ties with Europe. In 1941, he served as the special representative of the President of the United States to the United Kingdom. Later, he served as the liaison representative of the Shipping Adjustment Bureau and the Bureau of Production and Resources in the United Kingdom, presiding over the implementation of the Lend-Lease Act. US$30 billion in aid was given to the Commonwealth, US$10 billion to the Soviet Union, and US$1 billion to China. In September of the same year, he led a delegation to attend the talks between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Britain in Moscow. He served as ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1943 to 1946 and met with Stalin on many occasions, where he gained Stalin's trust and earned a reputation as an expert on the Soviet Union. He has attended major international conferences in Quebec, Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. Later in the war, he suggested that the U. S. Government adopt a tough policy toward the Soviet Union on Eastern European issues. Still active in politics after the war, he served as the U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1946) and the U. S. Secretary of Commerce (1946-1948) during the Truman administration. During his tenure, he was committed to the de facto Marshall Plan, which was developed to rebuild the European economy after World War II. During the Korean War, he held various positions, including special adviser to the National Security Council, U. S. Representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and administrator of the Mutual Security Agency. In the early 1950s, Harriman aspired to become president or secretary of state. In the 1952 presidential election, when voters abandoned the Democratic candidate and elected Eisenhower, he was successfully elected as the governor of New York State in 1954 (1955-1958). Politics was considered a weak link for the businessman-diplomat, who failed in his bid for re-election. In the early 1960s, during the terms of Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, Harriman's diplomatic talents were once again put to use. He held multiple positions in the State Department and performed various major diplomatic missions as a presidential envoy. He led U. S. Delegations to resolve crises in Congo, Laos, and Vietnam. Arguably, his greatest achievement was the signing of the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, a limited liability agreement signed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and many other countries to ban nuclear testing on land and in space. In the 1970s and 1980s, Harriman made several private trips to Moscow, and often provided his private views to sitting presidents. He is the author of "Special Envoy: Dealing with Churchill and Stalin" and so on. Oh, by the way, Harriman's wife Pamela Beryl Harriman is the former daughter-in-law of British Prime Minister Churchill. Mrs. Harriman had a son with Churchill's son. In 1945, he divorced Churchill's son. By the way, she was also the biggest financial backer when President Clinton was running for president. John Hay Whitney (Member of the Class of 1926) was born on August 27, 1904, in Ellsworth, Maine, USA. His ancestor John Whitney was a Puritan who crossed the sea on the "Mayflower" with William Bradford and landed in Massachusetts in 1635. John Hay Whitney's father, Penn Whitney (Class of 1878) (a cabinet secretary under President Taft, the two were classmates and friends), and his grandfather, William Collins Whitney (Secretary of the Navy from 1884 to 1889), played important roles in rebuilding the Navy after the Civil War. In 1865, he became a lawyer in New York City and actively participated in the activities of the local Democratic Party. In 1884 he promoted the Democratic presidential nomination of Grover Cleveland. After Cleveland took office, he appointed him Secretary of the Navy. The U. S. Navy was not taken seriously after the Civil War. Under his leadership, funding for the Navy more than doubled. He implemented a huge ship construction project and built the "Maine" battleship and other ships. After President Cleveland failed to be re-elected, he chose to return to New York, presided over the city's public transportation company, created a high-speed transportation system, and continued to actively participate in Democratic Party activities. John Hay Whitney's grandfather was the 37th U. S. Secretary of State John Milton Hay. (John Milton Hay was also President Lincoln's personal secretary) John Hay Whitney's mother's name was Len Hay Whitney. John Hay Whitney's father, Penn Whitney, was a neighbor of the James Duke family (founders of the American Tobacco Company and the American Duke Electric Company). Therefore, John Hay Whitney's uncle, Oliver Hazzard Penn Whitney, became James Duke's business partner, and together they founded the American Tobacco Company. John Hay Whitney graduated from Yale University in 1926 and went to Oxford University in England to continue his studies. During his studies in England, due to the death of his father, Whitney interrupted his studies in England and returned to the United States. After his father's death, he inherited the $20 million property left by his father, Penn Whitney (equivalent to more than $200 million today). At the same time, his family patriarch Amos Whitney was the founder of the Pratt & Whitney Group, one of the two largest aero-engine manufacturing companies in the United States. After the death of his father, Penn Whitney, John Hay Whitney became the majority shareholder of the Pratt & Whitney Group's board of directors. After that, John Hay Whitney inherited assets of $6 million from his mother, Helen Hay Whitney, four times. John Hay Whitney also inherited his love of horse racing from his father's generation and passed this hobby on to his sister, Joan Whitney Payson. Jock and his sister ride racehorses at their family's Green Stables estate in the United States. In 1928, John Hay Whitt was elected as the youngest member of the American Horse Racing Association. In 1929, John Hay Whitney was working as a clerk for the Lee, Higginson Company, where he met Longbourne Mead Williams, who was working for the Freeport Texas Company. Son of Founder, Freeport Texas Co. It is a company that produces sulfur minerals. William accepted John Hay Whitney's aid to purchase stock in his company, thus ousting the chairman of the board. Later, John Hay Whitney soon became the largest shareholder of the company, which also allowed William to reorganize the company and gain actual control. In 1933, William became the chairman of the board of directors of Freeport Texas Company, and John Hay Whitney also became the boss behind Freeport Texas Company. After divorcing his first wife in 1940, John Hay Whitney married Betsy Cushing Roosevelt again in 1942. Betsy Cushing Roosevelt was also divorced. Her ex-husband is James Roosevelt, (the son of President Franklin Roosevelt and with whom he has two daughters, Kate and Sarah) Whitney Corporation is one of the oldest venture capital firms in the United States. John Hay Whitney and Schmidt co-founded the venture capital firm in 1958 when John Hay Whitney was the U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (because John Hay Whitney was one of President Eisenhower's biggest supporters, he appointed John Hay Whitney after Eisenhower was elected president. Whitney served as the U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. John Hay Whitney played an important role in the development of British-American relations during his tenure.) His company acquired the New York Herald Tribune. John Hay Whitney served as publisher from 1961 to 1966. Whitney also owned multiple newspapers, magazines, and radio stations. John Hay Whitney died in 1989. (John Hay Whitney served in the U. S. Air Force Staff as an intelligence officer during World War II. It was also during his service in World War II that John Hay Whitney and Eisenhower met and became friends. He was once captured by the German army in southern France, but the German army transferred him by train. During the move to the prisoner of war camp, it was ambushed by Allied artillery fire, so John Hay Whitney was able to escape successfully) Robert Lovett (Member of 1918) On September 14, 1895, Robert Lovett was born in Huntsville, Texas, USA. In 1918, graduated from Yale University. From 1919 to 1921, he studied law and business administration graduate courses at Harvard University. In 1926, he became a partner of Brown Brothers. From 1940 to 1945, he served as Air Force Assistant to the Under Secretary of the Army. From January 1947 to January 1949, he served as Deputy Secretary of State of the United States. From October 4, 1950 to September 16, 1951, he served as Deputy Secretary of Defense of the United States. From September 17, 1951 to January 20, 1953, he served as Secretary of Defense of the United States. From 1961 to 1963, he served as an adviser to US President John F. Kennedy. He died in New York on May 7, 1986, at the age of 91. Henry Luce (Member of 1920) was the founder of the American "Time & Life" publishing empire and the famous advocate of the "American Century" dogma. Harold Stanley (Member of 1920) (co-founder and major shareholder of Morgan Stanley Investment Bank in the United States) Henry P. Davoson (Member of 1920) is the main collaborator of Morgan Stanley Investment Bank in the United States and the leader behind the American financial network. Prescott Bush (father of Bush Sr.) Was born on May 15, 1895. In many ways, he carries the style of the male Bush family. Since then, members of the Bush family have been students at Yale University, and Prescott Bush joined Skull and Bones while at Yale University. Have a golden voice. When World War I broke out, he immediately ran to Europe and surrendered to General Pershing. This kind of adventurous spirit is enough to make old Obediah proud. After the war, he married a beautiful woman named Dorothy Walker. The wedding was held at a small seaside church called St. Anne's in Port Kenabong, Maine. Dorothy Walker was born in the Walker family, a Wall Street financial giant, so Prescott made quite a fortune when he started doing business. He later uncovered a plot to embezzle the rubber company owned by his father-in-law. He suddenly became famous. His upright character won the respect of everyone, and his talent allowed him to successfully stand on Wall Street and become a legend on Wall Street. Later, Prescott Bush joined the U. S. Republican Party and was elected to the Connecticut Senate, and had a close relationship with President Eisenhower. The great-grandson of Lytle Harrison (1876~1956), the ninth president. Served as an admiral in the U. S. Navy during the Spanish-American War. James Rudolph Garfield (1865-1950) The third child of President James Abram Garfield and Lucretia Rudolph. When James Garfield was 15 years old, he accompanied his father to visit his mother on the New Jersey coast. At the train station, a man stepped out of the crowd and shot his father. Garfield became the second U. S. President to be assassinated. As Jimmy grew up, he became more and more interested in sports, especially lawn tennis and the newly invented baseball game. Perhaps because of his friendship with his brother Hal, he also became obsessed with the law. After graduating from Columbia Law School in 1888, Jimmy married the daughter of a railroad president. They moved to a large house in Ohio, where Jimmy raised cattle, but did not give up his passion for law and opened a law firm with his brother Hal. Perhaps because of his name, James Garfield was elected as a state legislator before he was 30 and began his political career. President McKinley, who was also later assassinated, assigned James to the newly created U. S. Department of the Interior to oversee and evaluate the work of government employees who had just been dismissed due to partisanship in a corrupt system. James also served in the Department of Labor and Trade. During the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, he was responsible for investigating monopolies and controlling practices in the meat, oil, and coal industries. Because of his investigative work, Roosevelt appointed him Secretary of the Interior. He held this position until Roosevelt left office in 1909.

William Joseph Donovan (1883-1959), director of the U. S. Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency), graduated from Columbia University. After President Franklin Roosevelt came to power, he was very dissatisfied with the current situation of the U. S. Intelligence agencies and had to constantly coordinate disputes between various intelligence agencies. At the end of 1938, in order to expand counterintelligence work, he earmarked $300,000 for the FBI, much to the disbelief of other intelligence agencies. FBI Director Edgar Hoover took the opportunity to draw up a plan that required occasional exchanges of intelligence with the Army and Navy Intelligence Departments, but the two agencies did not buy into his plan. At the same time, other non-military intelligence agencies such as the State Department and the Treasury Department are unwilling to weaken their intelligence functions because they feel that the FBI is too arrogant. The intelligence community was at loggerheads. The cunning and cunning Hoover found an opportunity to push this mess back to the White House. President Roosevelt panicked. At this time, Hitler had already occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia, and Germany, Italy, and Japan had all begun to take action. The international situation was very tense. Not only could these domestic intelligence elites not be able to hand over what he wanted, they were even arguing endlessly for control! Therefore, in 1939, the President issued a secret directive to hand over all intelligence, counterintelligence, and enemy sabotage work to the FBI and the Army and Navy Intelligence Departments. At the same time, he authorized the FBI to conduct counterintelligence and security efforts against Axis spies in Latin America. With the lightning-fast offensive of the German army, Hitler marched all the way through the European battlefields. After occupying France, he faced off across the sea with Britain, which was almost the "only one left". Roosevelt was distraught and began to support besieged Britain. However, the long-term inefficiency of the intelligence agencies and the rigid thinking of the State Council were always at odds with him. He was really uneasy about these fixed intelligence channels, so he began to reuse private intelligence networks. He bypassed government regulations and directly selected and used some people who were extremely loyal and reliable to him and who were directly responsible to him personally. Among these people are diplomats, military personnel, journalists, writers, celebrities, and some of his personal friends. The founder of the CIA, William Donovan, was one of them. Donovan was Roosevelt's classmate at Columbia University Law School. Both of them were hard-liners at heart. They always had to express their opinions when looking at issues. They often got into arguments because of disagreements. To outsiders, it looked like they were having an argument, but in fact, the two had a very good relationship in private. Donovan is strong, brave, and determined, and is extremely excited and active on the battlefield. During World War I, he accompanied Army General Pershing on his expedition to Mexico, and for a period of time he marched long distances every day. His men complained, and the always energetic Captain Donovan yelled at them: "Look at me, I didn't fall down or gasp for air, why can't you bear it!" Someone behind the team whispered: "We are not like you, Savage Bill." From then on, the nickname slowly spread. Unexpectedly, Donovan was very happy when he found out and regarded himself as "Savage Bill". By the end of the war, "Wild Bill" had been promoted to colonel and became a highly decorated combat hero. After retiring, Donovan wanted to pursue an official career to realize his political ambitions. But he was unlucky, and his several consecutive campaigns for governor ended in failure. In 1924, he served as Deputy Attorney General of the United States, and future FBI Director Edgar Hoover was his subordinate at this time. When his friend Herbert Hoover was elected president, he always thought he would be appointed Secretary of Justice, but due to various reasons, he failed to do so. Donovan left and opened a law firm on Wall Street. Later, the White House invited him to serve as Deputy Secretary of the Navy, but he felt uninterested and refused politely. Donovan is a typical American. He has an extremely generous personality and a wide range of social contacts. The business of his law firm has been booming and he soon made a fortune. However, this man was a restless man, and making money was nothing compared to his ambition. He soon handed over the firm to his partners and went to inspect various battlefields in Europe. He witnessed Germany's ferocious offensive in Europe, analyzed the activities and trends of the Axis powers, and inspected the resistance movements of Britain, France and other countries. After returning home, he wrote a lot of analysis reports, and finally came to the conclusion that the United States should prepare for a comprehensive war as soon as possible. On this point, Donovan's views were consistent with those of his old classmate Roosevelt, but he was much more radical. At that time, there was still debate among the American elite about whether to participate in this war. "Savage Bill" was very angry about this: "How can you be coy like a woman when such a cruel and ruthless demon is in power!" In July 1940, Donovan received an invitation to come to Roosevelt's Oval Office to talk about his views on the national situation and Britain. His audience consisted of four: the President, Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Secretary of War Henry Lewis Stimson, and Secretary of the Navy Harold Stark. Donovan was in high spirits and gushed, repeatedly emphasizing that the United States should be prepared for war and provide Britain with the necessary assistance in a timely manner to fight the Nazis. In addition, the United States also needs to establish a "unified foreign intelligence agency." This coincided with Roosevelt's thinking at the time. At this time, Washington had just received two completely contradictory intelligence reports. The ambassador to the United Kingdom, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Pessimistically believed that the British would surrender before resisting for long, while other staff in the embassy insisted that the British resistance movement would be able to persist. In order to truly understand the actual situation in Britain, after the secret talks, Roosevelt assigned Donovan to go to Britain to examine its morale and strength in fighting the Nazis, and to learn about its intelligence work and counterintelligence experience. In December 1940, Donovan came to the UK and received the most solemn welcome. The increasingly tight Britain has been desperately seeking the United States to join the war, and has carried out preliminary cooperation with the United States on the exchange of secret intelligence. The British hoped to maintain the stability of this intelligence cooperation, and also hoped that intelligence cooperation would prompt the United States to see the situation more clearly and join the war as early as possible. Therefore, they had been trying their best to convince Roosevelt that the United States needed to establish a coordinated and unified intelligence agency. Donovan's visit was an important opportunity. Stewart Menzies, Director of the British Secret Intelligence Service, personally accompanied Donovan throughout the visit and assured him that he could meet anyone he wanted to see and learn anything he wanted to know. Moreover, if the United States decides to establish a unified intelligence agency, British intelligence agencies are willing to provide necessary assistance. Accompanied by Menzies, Donovan saw various preparations made by the British to resist the Nazis, saw the latest secret weapons invented by the British, and also learned about the experience, training methods and some basic techniques and tactics of British intelligence work. He was also received by Prime Minister Winston Churchill and King George VI, who repeatedly emphasized the importance of espionage to him. Donovan's optimistic report after returning home strengthened Roosevelt's determination to abandon neutrality and aid Britain. At the same time, Donovan proposed to the president to follow the British approach and establish a specialized agency to be responsible for foreign intelligence work, collect enemy information, and provide analytical opinions to the president. Roosevelt was a little tempted by this proposal, but the Army and Naval Intelligence Departments and the FBI were unanimously opposed. They were worried that Donovan's agency would infringe on their authority, and they all refused to work with this "arbitrary" and "lawless" man. Donovan, regardless of this, relentlessly approached Roosevelt; British intelligence officer Stephenson, known as "Little Bill", used his special relationship with the White House to defend him. On June 22, 1941, Germany went to war against the Soviet Union. The severity of the situation has greatly exceeded previous expectations. Roosevelt quickly made a decision to establish the U. S. Intelligence Coordination Bureau, with Donovan as director. In July 1941, Donovan obtained a grant of $450,000 from the Bureau of Budget and began work in several dilapidated buildings near the White House. He used flexible social skills to attract a large group of elites. There were well-known scholars from Harvard University, famous poets, businessmen and tycoons, bankers, film directors, playwrights, etc., All of whom were prominent figures A few months later, the Intelligence Coordination Bureau's expansion capabilities surprised everyone: its staff soared from the initial dozens to more than 600 people, and it had offices of various sizes in many places in Washington and New York. But Donovan is not satisfied yet, he wants to double the size of the organization! Donovan completely ignores the relevant administrative regulations and recruits talents of all identities. Whether they are gangsters or people with different political leanings, he doesn't care at all, as long as they have a certain skill. Most of the people recruited know nothing about intelligence work, and they don't even have the simplest institutional knowledge of receiving daily work supplies. But Donovan doesn't care about this at all. He wants to train these "potential people" into top-notch intelligence personnel through formal training. In some secret schools, British intelligence experts serve as teachers, teaching people from the Special Operations Division of the Intelligence Coordination Bureau various covert action skills, including mapping, assassination, demolition and combat, etc. The work of the Intelligence Coordination Bureau is divided into two parts: public and covert. Public activities mainly involve scholars conducting specialized analysis and research on intelligence, while covert work mainly refers to sabotage and subversive activities behind enemy lines. The Coordination Bureau is composed of five professional agencies: the Secret Intelligence Division, which is engaged in espionage work; the Special Operations Division, which is engaged in sabotage and subversive activities; the Counterintelligence Division, which is engaged in espionage prevention; the Psychological Operations Division, which creates and disseminates black propaganda; and the Training Division, which trains guerrilla detachments that break into enemy-occupied areas. In addition, there are also logistics departments such as financial management, communication, and personnel recruitment. The Research and Development Division is another important department under the Intelligence Coordination Bureau. It is mainly composed of inventors and scientists and is responsible for developing various intelligence tools, forging various types of identity documents, and developing special weapons specifically for use by agents. They invented many silent pistols and sophisticated explosive devices used in assassinations. There is an exquisite device called "Casey Jones", which is specially designed to destroy railways. It uses magnets to attract the lower part of the locomotive and electric eye, so that the train will only explode when it enters the tunnel, causing even greater damage. The Intelligence Coordination Bureau developed rapidly. Donovan continued to provide various intelligence reports to Roosevelt. The president was satisfied with his work. However, at this time, its status was far from reaching the height Donovan expected. Roosevelt's suspicious character made him distrust the intelligence provided by any one agency or person - there were at least 10 intelligence channels in operation. The Army and Navy Intelligence Departments and the FBI were worried that the expansion of the Intelligence Coordination Bureau would endanger their own interests, so they were very repulsive to it and refused to provide some secret information. In short, they did many things to hinder Donovan. After the Pearl Harbor incident, with Roosevelt's support, Donovan increased the scope and intensity of the Intelligence Coordination Bureau's activities. He even once took over from his old friend Stephenson a job that the British spies had previously done, which was to conduct secret searches at the Spanish Embassy in Washington on a regular basis and secretly photograph the code books and important documents of the pro-Axis Franco government in order to assist the British in conquering the German "mysterious" secret code. But this secret move made FBI Director Hoover very angry, because this was his business. Hoover was so angry that when agents from the Bureau of Intelligence and Coordination infiltrated the embassy again, the FBI dispatched vehicles, turned on bright lights, and blasted sirens, and finally arrested the panicked agents. Donovan was shaking with anger. He and Hoover quarreled all the way to Roosevelt, but the president did not reprimand Hoover out of his own considerations. Instead, he ordered the task to be transferred to the FBI. In order to improve the current chaotic intelligence situation, in early 1942, Roosevelt once wanted to disband the Intelligence Coordination Bureau and assign its various agencies to other intelligence departments. Donovan fought so hard to keep the idea from being implemented that he found an unexpected ally in the Joint Chiefs of Staff, America's top military body. The latter firmly believed that the United States must have an agency dedicated to secret work against the enemy, and Donovan convinced them that the Intelligence Coordination Agency was the best executor. Great European Infiltration In 1942, Prime Minister Churchill issued an order to "set fire to Europe", which played into Donovan's plan. He sent a large number of people from the Strategic Intelligence Service to the United Kingdom for training. After returning, they were divided into multiple special operations teams to carry out special military missions in various places. Most of them were subversive and sabotage activities such as "burning, killing, smashing, and robbing." Donovan's task forces were spread throughout the world, except for the Navy in the Pacific and General Douglas MacArthur's department, which prohibited them from getting involved. Sometimes he himself asked to participate in certain adventures, even though this was not allowed given his status and rank. Under the leadership of Donovan, the Office of Strategic Intelligence has an extremely free style, and everyone here is trained to be bold. Since many of its agency staff are temporarily employed and there is no formal hierarchy, it is even more chaotic. At the end of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services conducted an operation plan code-named "Paper Clip" to search for German scientists and bring them back to the United States to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Soviets. A lieutenant named Rhodes encountered an uncooperative American colonel during a mission. The colonel accused him of his actions and refused to hand over the scientists. Rhodes actually pulled out a pistol and pointed it at him, and directed his team to surround the scientists. He was later tried by a court-martial for this reckless act, but Donovan admired the courageous move and provided testimony and defense for him. He said that he was annoyed by Rhodes's disregard for military discipline, but he "would rather see a lieutenant who has the courage to disobey orders and resolutely complete the mission, rather than a subordinate who follows the rules and only cares about his own climb." Donovan's eclectic employment standards and long-term practical experience have led to the emergence of many outstanding agents in the Office of Strategic Intelligence, many of whom later Directly becoming senior officials of the CIA, four people also became the director of the CIA - Allen Dulles, who directed the spy network against Germany in Switzerland; Richard Helms, who worked as a journalist and participated in anti-Nazi secret activities; William Colby, who parachuted into Norway and France as a member of the Jedburgh Commando to carry out sabotage missions; William Casey, who led the German intelligence team. Among them, Dulles' performance was the most outstanding. (For the detailed process of Operation Sunrise, which disrupted the German army in Italy, see Allen Dulles' entry) In April 1945, Roosevelt died and Harry Truman took over as president. President Truman himself did not like to engage in secret organizations. Various intelligence agencies in Washington took the opportunity to report the OSS's conditions, including organizational expansion, overstaffing, corruption and incompetence, serious pro-Britishness, etc. The media also began a new round of criticism. All of this made Donovan feel that something was wrong, and he clearly saw that the Office of Strategic Services would probably cease to exist after the war. He tried to save the situation and ran around for it, but at this time his influence on the White House was no longer what it used to be. In September 1945, Truman ordered the dissolution of the Office of Strategic Intelligence (my suggestion is that the protagonist can pull Donovan to check Hoover). He expressed his gratitude and appreciation for Donovan's long-term outstanding performance, but in peacetime, "this talent is no longer needed", but comforted him by saying, "The government's post-war intelligence agency will be based on the organization you founded." On September 28, at the headquarters of the Strategic Intelligence Service, Donovan announced the disbandment to his subordinates with a trembling voice. He thanked them for their outstanding work during the war, praised their bravery and dedication, and affirmed that this work will be of great significance to the United States in the future. Finally, he glanced at the familiar building again and left alone. William Joseph Donovan died in 1959.

Brother, I still feel that you are quite suitable for writing this type of book. Please sort out the information I sent you and put it into the new book. Your problem is that foreign maps are opened too fast. Next time, you will have fun opening foreign maps in the United States. Anyway, there are still at least ten years before World War II. If the timeline of your next book is earlier, there will be no rush. There is plenty of time to slowly write about the state of the world at that time. I hope your next book will be in the United States.

Brother, I won't talk about others, but Brother Zhilu really likes your book and left you a message at four o'clock in the morning. Do you still continue to write? So prepare your new book and send it out soon

After posting so much information, I also read it when I had time. After reading it, I found that the famous families in the United States and Europe who survived World War II all had two talents. In that era, it was not easy for men and women to have high net worth. Before I read her information, I thought Barbara was a prodigal orphan. It turned out that her father was one of the top financial tycoons, and her stepmother was one of the first female billionaires in the United States.

Dude, I just want to ask if it is a foreign language.

Didn't you say it would be released after the holidays? I'm 17 today

Brother, hurry up and publish a new book. I took a look. Are you updating this book? Why don't you write a new book? Ask the editor to see if he can repost it. The ideas in this book are very good, but it was a bit too hasty in the past.