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Diet Working-class people rely on bread for daily nutrition. Tables drawn up by factory budgeters in the 1840s listed essential food items, including bread, cheese, butter, sugar, tea, salt and potatoes. A little bacon or other meat is just a condiment. The workers' diet contains very little protein and fat, which is incomparable to that of people of a higher class. In cities, workers who don't have time to cook can also buy ready-made food on the street. Street vendors sell coffee, lemonade, ginger wine, roasted potatoes, hot pea porridge, sandwiches, meat pies, fruit pies and more. The main food for rural workers is bread, potatoes and tea. Compared with meat, tea is much cheaper, and drinking tea avoids drinking raw water, which is very good for health. Bacon is only a condiment once or twice a week, and these bacon are usually fatty and of poor quality. They are basically cured pork, not authentic bacon. Only when the harvest is good can farm workers drink milk and eat cheese. In 1863, a doctor talked to some rural laborers and found that 30 percent had never eaten any meat other than bacon once in a year. By contrast, the percentage of urban workers who had eaten no other meat was about 20 percent. Because of the difficulty of storing food, the poor buy only small amounts of food at a time. At home, children would go to the grocery store to buy half a penny of butter, but for adults, shopkeepers would generally not sell such a small amount. By the end of the 19th century, the food of the working class had improved somewhat. This is due to the large-scale import of cheap wheat from North America and the possibility of meat imports from the United States and Australia as refrigeration technology improved. From 1877 to 1889, the working class's food expenditures dropped by 30%. Reports from the 1880s show that working-class households had an increased variety of foods, including jam, margarine, eggs, milk, coffee, cocoa, canned salmon and sardines, and increased amounts of butter and cheese. The middle and upper classes can afford a wide variety of food. However, due to the lack of refrigeration means, even very good people cannot eat meat as they wish, and can only make decisions based on the local meat supply. Usually, people would drink some beer while eating (those working class people who couldn't afford it would drink tea instead). Both beer and tea are healthier and hygienic than boiled water. Milk was not easy to drink, even in rural areas, and storage of milk was not solved until the late 19th century. Before the birth of pasteurization, drinking milk was one of the main culprits in transmitting tuberculosis bacteria. In addition, there were other food issues at the time, such as adding alum and chalk powder to bread to whiten it, and using copper salt to pickle food. The problem was curbed with the passage of the Food and Drug Act in 1872. By the end of the nineteenth century, foods and vegetables from Europe were available to the middle and upper classes (and also the working class). At this time, bagged food and branded food appeared, improving the quality of food. Thomas Lipton also founded a chain of food stores, which worked very well. In the Victorian era, if there were many guests in a country house, a hearty breakfast would be served at 10 o'clock in the morning. But generally, it doesn't need to be very formal. People help themselves to food from the sideboard trays, including eggs, toast, and maybe some hot meats. Fish, pork tongue, ham, meat pie, mushrooms, bacon, and waffles will also appear on breakfast. If there are not many family members, they will eat together. If it is a big family and there are guests, breakfast is at 8 o'clock, and the meal is served when it is ready. The first thing the servants do in the morning is to bring a basin of hot water to the room and knock on the door. When dressing, they will prepare a cup of tea or coffee and a small snack. In middle-class families, breakfast is served earlier and in a smaller setting, so the husband will have a nice lunch at his club or at his workplace. Many companies, including banks and law firms, provide lunch to senior employees. The wife eats at home. Children also eat with their mothers unless there are guests. Children's lunch is their main meal, and their supper is bread and milk or something else before going to bed. Afternoon tea became popular in the 1840s and was usually enjoyed from 4 to 5 pm. This is often considered a ladies' time, and sometimes men are also present. A servant would bring a pot of boiling water to the living room, along with a tea caddy and teapot. The hostess will make tea and strain out the tea leaves, and then the servant will hand the cup to the guest. In addition to tea there are also small cakes, bread and butter and other delicious finger-friendly items. Afternoon tea is not actually a meal, it can only be a way of entertaining. With the popularity of afternoon tea and the abundance of lunch, dinner time has become very late. Middle-class families in the city usually have dinner at home between 6 and 7 pm, while residents in the suburbs have to postpone it because of the long distance. Fashionable people have dinner at 7:30 or 8:00. In lower middle-class and working-class families, main meals are from mid-afternoon to 2 p. M. On Sundays, except for the upper classes, dinner time is 2pm. It's the biggest meal of the week and the whole family sits together and enjoys it. The Sunday dinner for wealthy families was still in the evening. Formal dinners can be very ritualistic. At the end of the 19th century, dinner parties were held at 7:30 or 8:30 pm. Guests will arrive as scheduled. Generally speaking, guests cannot be late for 15 minutes, otherwise it will be rude. However, in the countryside, you can be a little later due to traffic reasons. People gather in the living room, and the host tells each man which woman he will sit with. The woman may not be his wife, and couples generally do not sit together, but they can talk to each other. After all guests arrive, they can be seated, and there is no drink before the meal. There are many courses at a formal dinner, but you don't need to eat them all. Servants would bring bowls and plates, and guests would be given a menu, told what the next course would be, and told whether they wanted it or not. Servants will provide corresponding wine for each course. The host and hostess do not offer drinks or food to their guests. People don't use food as a topic, but talk about other things. After the dinner is over, the servant will come and take away the plate, leaving only the flowers on the table, and will use a silver knife to pick off the crumbs on the tablecloth. After dessert, the servants left. After this the servants remained in the dining-room, but they would do nothing unless summoned. After a short time, the hostess will signal to the woman to her husband's right (the wife of the most important male guest of the evening) and stand up. When the ladies leave, the gentlemen stand up, but then sit down again, drink some brandy or wine, and start talking. The ladies drank coffee in the living room. But the men drank only for a short time. They then joined the ladies in the living room. The guests leave at 10:30 or 11:00. Dinner parties held in hotels or restaurants also appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. Before then, middle- and upper-class women generally did not eat in public, even in the presence of their husbands, unless traveling. Recommended books: "Sherlock Holmes and the Victorian Era"

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Personally, I think Britain in the 19th century can be divided into two stages. The first one is actually before 1837, when King George III and King George IV ruled Britain respectively. During this period, due to the influence of Napoleon, Britain was in a state of foreign war for a long time, and the country was in the era of the Industrial Revolution. Social changes were taking place, and people's lives were greatly improved. In rural areas, the agricultural revolution has been initially completed, and the degree of agricultural commercialization is high. In cities, the middle class emerged and the working class was born. In 1837, George IV died, and his daughter Alexandra Victoria succeeded to the throne as King of England and Elector of Hanover. She became Queen Victoria. She reigned for 63 years (1837-1901). During this period, Britain completed the Industrial Revolution, expanded its colonies overseas, and established a huge British Empire, known as the "empire on which the sun never sets." The Victorian era is considered the pinnacle of the British Industrial Revolution and the heyday of the British Empire's economy and culture. During the Victorian era, Britain's politics, economy, and society were all changing rapidly. Its industrial production capacity was greater than the world's total, and its foreign trade volume exceeded that of any other country in the world. Britain's wealth has attracted the attention of the old and new worlds. With the rise of the middle class and working class, the British demanded that the "old system" formed since the "Glorious Revolution" be gradually changed. Through the parliamentary reforms of 1832 and 1867, the British established a modern government system, civil service system, judicial system, parliamentary election system, etc. The Victorian era was famous for its advocating moral cultivation, modesty and politeness. It was also a prosperous and peaceful age where science, culture and industry were greatly developed. The development of printing promoted the unprecedented prosperity of literature and art. During this period, the progressive concepts of gender equality and racial equality were also formed. The abolition movement in the United States was the embodiment of this progressive idea. That era was very particular about food. In the Victorian era, there was the earliest cooking school in history. Cooking books written by famous chefs were popular in Britain. In this era, people were the first to write down specific cooking methods, such as the amount of seasonings, etc. In books. Some small kitchen utensils also became popular, such as can openers, and many dining etiquettes were developed during the Victorian era. The tide of scientific inventions in the Victorian era was surging. The Victorians believed in scientific progress and were full of optimism and confidence in the industrial revolution. The emergence of steamships brought unprecedented prosperity to transportation and trade, and railway transportation extended in all directions, running from east to west, north to south. The literary and artistic movements of the Victorian era included classicism, neoclassicism, romanticism, impressionist art, and post-impressionism. The art world presents a star-studded spectacle. The Victorian era also produced many great writers, poets and their handed down works, such as the British female writer Charlotte Bronte ("Jane Eyre") and the famous realist novelist Charles Dickens ("Oliver Twist"). It can be said that Britain in the 19th century was a century of comprehensive prosperity in economy, society, science, and culture, so much so that later generations said that the 19th century was the century of Britain.

The Victorian era The Victorian era, preceded by the Georgian era and followed by the Edwardian era, is considered the peak of the British Industrial Revolution and the British Empire. Its time limit is often defined as 1837 to 1901, the reign of Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria). During this period, the British Empire reached the top of the world, with its territory reaching 36 million square kilometers. The British Empire's economy accounts for 70% of the world's economy, and its trade exports are several times more than the rest of the world combined. Together with the Edwardian era, it is considered the Golden Age of the British Empire. Some scholars believe that the year 1832, when the Reform Act 1832 was passed, should be regarded as the beginning of a new cultural period. Chinese name Victorian era Foreign name Victorian era Start 1837 End 1901 Victoria Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to be called "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Queen of India". Her 63-year reign (June 20, 1837 to January 22, 1901) was the most powerful period in the so-called "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets" in Britain. During her reign until her death and the beginning of World War I in 1914, Britain was called the Victorian Era. After 1914, the Victorian Era ended. Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (May 24, 1819 - January 22, 1901) inherited the throne in 1837 (she was 18 years old at the time). She was the longest reigning monarch in British history after Queen Elizabeth II, with a reign of 64 years. In 1837, the 18-year-old Queen Victoria ascended the throne. The new queen wrote in her diary before taking the throne: Since God has placed me on the throne of this country, I will try my best to fulfill my duties. I am still young and may be inexperienced in many aspects, but I am sure that there are few people who share my good intentions and sincere hopes for the country and the people. The Queen fully fulfilled her promise: she performed the duties of a constitutional monarch in an exemplary manner throughout her life, and was therefore deeply loved by the people; she was also a model of the morals of that era, a good wife, a good mother, a typical lady, and an excellent housewife. She lives a rigorous life, works hard, and has a strong sense of responsibility for others. In the eyes of many Chinese people, she is the epitome of that era, and her long 63-year reign was the pinnacle of the country's prosperity. Victoria's reign is called the "Victorian Era". She enjoys a high reputation among all the British kings, not because she did any sensational things, but because she did nothing but only abide by the duties of a constitutional monarch and set an example for her era. Characteristics of the Era The Victorian Era is considered the peak period of the British Industrial Revolution and the heyday of the British economy and culture. At that time, the British economy accounted for 70% of the world's economy. The tide of scientific inventions in the Victorian era was surging. The Victorians believed in scientific progress and were full of optimism and confidence in the industrial revolution. The emergence of steamships brought unprecedented prosperity to transportation and trade, and railway transportation extended in all directions, running from east to west, north to south. The literary and artistic movements of the Victorian era included classicism, neoclassicism, romanticism, impressionist art, and post-impressionism. The art world presents a star-studded spectacle. The Victorian era also produced many great writers, poets and their handed down works, such as the British female writer Charlotte Bronte ("Jane Eyre") and the famous realist novelist Charles Dickens ("Oliver Twist"). Social Atmosphere The Victorian period was famous for advocating moral cultivation, modesty and politeness. It was also a prosperous and peaceful age where science, culture and industry were greatly developed. The development of printing promoted the unprecedented prosperity of literature and art. During this period, the progressive concepts of gender equality and racial equality were also formed. The abolition movement in the United States was the embodiment of this progressive idea. The middle and upper classes of that era were very particular about their diet. They imported various exotic spices and seasonings from distant countries and used them in their elaborately cooked food. The Victorian era had the earliest cooking schools in history, and cooking books written by famous chefs were popular in Britain. In this era, people were the first to write down specific cooking methods, such as the amount of seasonings, etc. In books. Some small kitchen utensils also became popular, such as can openers, and many dining etiquettes were developed during the Victorian era. During this period, afternoon tea was popular in Britain. The nobles had rich breakfasts, simple lunches and late dinners. It is said that Queen Victoria's lady-in-waiting, Duchess Anna, felt very hungry every afternoon, so she asked the servants to bring some small snacks to eat. Many people followed suit, and afternoon tea gradually became a routine ritual. In fact, a colorful tea culture has been formed around this afternoon tea custom. Tea rooms began to be set up in elegant hotels, and there were teahouses open to the public on the streets. Tea dances became a social form, where ladies of the Victorian era met with their boyfriends. This fascinating era did not end with the death of Queen Victoria. Many historians believe that the real end of the so-called "Victorian Era" was after the end of World War I. In 1936, the Crystal Palace built during the first World Expo collapsed, announcing the end of the Victorian era. Economic Rise and Fall In the middle of the Victorian era, Britain reached the top of the world in terms of power. At that time, its industrial production capacity was greater than the rest of the world combined, and its foreign trade volume exceeded that of any other country in the world. Britain's wealth has attracted the attention of the old and new world. In 1851, a Frenchman attended the Exposition held at the Crystal Palace and said: An aristocratic country like Britain has successfully fed its people; while France, a democratic country, will only produce for the aristocracy. Therefore, Britain in the mid-Victorian period was proud of their unrivaled position. It was the trade center of the world at this time. History records that "the plains of North America and Russia are our cornfields; Chicago and Odessa are our granaries; Canada and the Baltic Sea are our forest farms; Australia and West Asia have our sheep lands; Argentina and the western grasslands of North America have our cattle; Peru transports its silver; The gold of Africa and Australia flows to London; the Indians and the Chinese grow our tea; and our coffee, sugar cane, and spice plantations spread throughout the Indies; Spain and France are our vineyards; the Mediterranean is our orchards; and our cotton fields, which have long grown in the southern United States, are spreading to all the warmer regions of the earth. However, starting in the 1970s, Britain's global industrial dominance began to lose its position, and other countries caught up, with the United States and Germany being the most prominent. Taking the gross national product as an example, in the 10 years from 1880 to 1890, the annual growth rate of the United Kingdom was 30%, that of Germany was 29%, and that of the United States was 41%. In the 10 years from 1890 to 1900, the rate was 34% in the United Kingdom, 34% in Germany, and 38% in the United States. However, from 1900 to 1913, the average annual growth rate in the United Kingdom was only 24%, while Germany increased by 30%, and the United States increased by 39%. In 1880, more than 40% of the world's total manufactured exports were from the UK. By 1913, the proportions of the UK, Germany and the United States in the total manufactured exports had become 29.9%, 26.4% And 12.6%. The UK's downward trend was very obvious. Of course, this is only a relative decline. In absolute terms, Britain is still the richest country in the world. One of the most distinctive features of the Victorian era is its wealth. This has always been the case to this day. Britain has always been one of the richest countries in the world. However, this kind of wealth is more like a sin. In the Victorian era, the distribution of wealth was always uneven, and the contrast between rich and poor was very obvious. On the one hand, there is the palace-like manor life of the nobles; on the other hand, there are the dilapidated thatched huts of the farmers. On the one hand, it is the comfortable life enjoyment of factory owners; on the other hand, it is the desperate struggle for survival of unemployed workers. People's living standards vary greatly, and there is a gap between heaven and hell in a country. During this period, Disraeli, the famous British Conservative Prime Minister, once described Britain as a country of "two nations". "When the hut is uncomfortable, the palace will not be safe." Correspondingly, the political system that the British are proud of, including the government system, civil service system, judicial system, parliamentary election system, etc., Are all out of tune with the times. It should be said that the political systems established by Britain after the "Glorious Revolution" were the most advanced in the world at that time. However, as time passed, during the Industrial Revolution, with the rapid development of the economy and the drastic changes in the social structure, this system became increasingly out of date and became a disharmonious shadow in the midst of prosperity. Let's just take parliamentary elections as an example. In 1715, voters accounted for 47% of the total population, but by 1813, they only accounted for 25%. In 1793, the "Friends of the People", a group composed of Whig parties, issued a report stating that of the more than 400 seats in England, 256 seats, accounting for more than half, were elected by 11,075 voters. A small number of voters is most beneficial to the nobility, allowing aristocratic oligarchs to use vote-buying to manipulate elections. In this way, in the 18th century, vote-buying was prevalent, and almost every member of Parliament was bought with money. Members spend money to enter parliament, and they must expect the government to spend money to bribe them. As a result, corruption prevailed in the political world. This was the "corrupt old system." In short, after entering industrialization, Britain was intoxicated by its many achievements and indulged in the infinite pride of its world hegemony. They attributed all this to the superiority of the British system, without even thinking that its system still had many structural shortcomings. It is hesitant to make timely changes to its system. As a result, its system development lags behind social and economic development, accumulating various problems. This is very detrimental to its status as a powerful country. This is a potential risk for the United States to catch up in the future. In fact, it was not until the second half of the 19th century, when Britain passed the peak of its strength, that many people began to reflect on the national system, and then began the reform era of major adjustments to the political system. Although these adjustments and reforms have eased social conflicts and eliminated long-standing abuses, it will be difficult to return to the position of global leader at this time. At that time, Britain stepped down from its position as global hegemon. But to this day, Britain's economy, politics, military and other aspects have a strong influence in the world and control the world's public opinion. A country or nation should examine its own shortcomings and deficiencies at any time, and constantly make corresponding adjustments according to the needs of the times. Otherwise, hidden dangers in its advantages will affect the overall situation. The British lesson is worth thinking about.

Architectural Features At that time, many buildings representing the styles of various periods also appeared. During this period, the architecture of the Western world reproduced in simple forms the classical styles of previous eras, such as Greek style, Gothic architectural style, and Renaissance style. During the Victorian era, Britain's politics, economy, and society were all changing rapidly, and the most significant result was the rapid growth of the wealthy middle class. The possession of wealth and the improvement of status have aroused the consciousness of the middle class to change their living environment and interior decoration style. They are eager to clarify and flaunt their achievements in residential buildings. As a result, the "Victorian style", which is mainly decorated, came into being. The Industrial Revolution made mass production possible, and "An-style" design and manufacturing became a convenient, cheap, and universal standard. This brought the easiest opportunity to the Victorian style, which liked to freely combine all styles of decorative elements, and eventually defeated various other styles. In fact, it is difficult to accurately classify the Victorian style. It actually includes various decorative elements, the mixture of styles and the use of innovative decoration without obvious style basis, which are typical features of the design of furniture and other supplies at that time. In architecture, the most direct manifestation is that the revival of various architectural styles in history formed a trend throughout the Victorian period. The Gothic Revival style was first highly praised in England. The emerging wealthy merchants and bourgeoisie aspired to a life equal to that of the nobility. They had no interest in stylistic accuracy, so they often randomly used elements of several styles: Renaissance, Romanesque, Tudor, Elizabethan or Italianate. However, the reinterpretation of these styles in the Victorian period was not just a simple copy, but added more modern elements, used new building materials, and improved the original construction methods. In a sense, it improved the original style and was a fusion of multiple styles. There is no doubt that due to Britain's status and influence in the world at that time, the United States and the then British colonies of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and other places also became popular in the Victorian style. The difference is that they all use locally available materials and production techniques, and timely transform the style of the houses according to different local climate conditions. For example, in the United States, at least eight different styles were formed during this period, such as the Gothic Revival and Italianate style at the beginning, the Paste style next, the American Queen Anne style, Richardson Romanesque, Rooftop style and Colonial Revival style in the late 19th century. At the same time, Egyptian and Oriental features were also integrated into it. These styles overlapped each other in time and had no particularly obvious beginning and end. Most residences are mixed styles, and personal interpretation is very rich. The development of new materials and new technologies during the Victorian period brought a completely new type of objects. Plywood, iron and brass tubes can all be used to create simple and practical objects, which are also suitable for decorative design. They enrich the decoration. Much of the Victorian design was decorative, with furniture adopting curvilinear forms, projecting ornamentation and intricately carved frames, with decorative details reproduced by machine. Indoor furniture should be both comfortable and gorgeous. The cushions match the wooden frame and tend to be thick and protruding, with some folds and curls. The springs in the cushions are used to support the soft and full surface, with refined and gorgeous woven patterns as the standard for its external covering materials. These pieces of furniture are large in size and excessively decorated, and are a symbol of status. Decorative ceilings were popular during the Victorian period, and ceilings in large residences provided ample opportunity for plaster. Plaster roses and large circular reliefs continued from the Neoclassical era and were widely used in various revival styles. Delicate hanging flowers, ribs and flowers and festoons. Just like the patterns of the cornices, they fully express their essential characteristics. Widely popular, bas-relief is a compressed, lightweight wallpaper with moldings used to add texture to a plain ceiling. Wallpaper is also a particularly popular wall treatment. It can be used on wooden siding or plain whitewashed walls. The pattern may be geometric, floral, or even landscape. The wallpaper edge is finished with an egg arrow or Greek molding to create the right composition. In some simple residences, flat pine floors are generally used, covered with carpets, and then colored and polished with beeswax and rosin. Small pieces of differently colored hardwood laid in geometric patterns are also good choices. Halls are usually decorated with oil-painted ceramic tiles laid in geometric patterns. Decorated tiles provide a durable and easy-to-clean surface and are popular in halls and bathrooms, where rich colors and textures make for a splash of color. Literary Characteristics Victorian literature, as a product of an era, is naturally characterized by grandeur and diversity. It is multi-faceted and complex, reflecting various great changes in people's lives from all angles, including romantic and realistic. This era also gave birth to a large number of literary giants who stood tall and towering above the sky. Novel During this period, novels were widely popular and prosperous. Famous novelists include critical realists such as Dickens, Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, Mrs. Godskell (1810-1865) and Trollope (1815-1882). On the one hand, these critical realist novelists re-advocated the realism of the 18th century. On the one hand, they shoulder the responsibility of criticizing society and safeguarding the interests of the people. Although their creative perspectives and styles are different, their common feature is that they care about the lives and destiny of the people. They were deeply indignant at the poverty and injustice in the area. The true portrayal of people's lives and the ruthless criticism of the social system in their works awakened the public's awareness of social problems and social development. At the end of the 19th century, there was also a brave female novelist named George Eliot. Hardy, a literary writer who exposed and criticized social ugliness and boldly attacked traditional Victorian moral values Essays The Victorian era also produced many great essayists, such as Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) and Thomas B. McCaw and J (1800-1859), Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), John Henry Newman (1801-1890), John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), John Ruskin (1819-1900) and Thomas Henry Haxley (1825-1895), etc. Many of them, along with critical realist novelists, exposed and criticized the dark side of society and had a decisive influence in the ideological field. They created a large number of important reviews of historical events, religious treatises, essays and speeches on various topics. At the same time, they developed British prose and literary criticism to a new high point. The most famous prose works at that time included Carlyle's "The French Revolution" (1837) and "Chartism" (1840), Macaulay's "History of England" (1849-1861), Ruskin's five-volume "Modern Painters" (1843-1860) and some of Haxley's speeches. Poetry Victorian poetry was characterized by novel styles and innovative expressions. Among the poets who attempted this reform was Robert Browning, who created a poetic novel that incorporated the ways of shaping characters in novels into poetry. This changed the focus of poetic novels from simply narrating stories to exploring the inner world of characters, making the poetry of the Victorian period contain elements of psychological analysis. Other poets, such as Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883), Dante G. Rossetti (1828-1882) and his talented sister Christina (1830-1894), Gerald M. ·Hopkins (1844-1889) and Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) both made great attempts at poetic reform and opened the way for modern poetry in the twentieth century. Victorian literature truly reflects the reality and spirit of the times. The high degree of vitality, down-to-earth spirit, good-natured humor and unfettered rich associations reflected in it are unprecedented. In all areas of literature, the works of this period prepared the world for the new century.

Clothing Characteristics Victorian style refers to the clothing style of Queen Victoria during the reign of British Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. The clothing characteristics of women in this era are the extensive use of lace, gauze, ruffles, ribbons, bows, multi-layered cake cutting, ruffles, shirring and other elements, as well as palace styles such as stand-up collars, high waists, princess sleeves, and leg-of-mutton sleeves. With the prevalence of retro trends, this gorgeous yet subtle feminine style is giving us a refreshing feeling. Key Materials Lace The antique-looking lace material is the number one representative of the Victorian style. High-quality lace is labor-intensive and inexpensive, giving it the precious feel of haute couture. Nowadays, the use of advanced technology has made the lace in the market softer, breathable, and easy to iron, so it has begun to be used on a large scale in clothing. In the Victorian era, women liked to expose the lace of their underwear on the neckline, cuffs, and skirts. Even afternoon tea, which was popular at the time, had to be covered with white embroidered lace tablecloths and napkins to make it look full of emotion. This shows the importance of lace in the Victorian era. Nowadays, in addition to pure lace tops, lace has also been applied to parts of clothing with superb splicing technology, such as collars, plackets, cuffs, hems, etc., And is mixed with other materials to create a more gorgeous and complicated effect. On the other hand, the combination with stiff materials also makes the lace material more adaptable. It can be worn safely even if the body shape is more plump. Now, the use of high-quality lace will become ubiquitous. Ruffles The gentle ruffles reappear this season, transforming the classic and noble temperament of the new era. What is different from the past is that this season's ruffles have got rid of the petty and petty style. After incorporating the British royal temperament, they have been greatly stretched out, and the shape is more majestic, spreading softly and flyingly across the entire shoulders and chest. On the other hand, the ruffles are also matched with the cutting of the round skirt and modified with drapey lines, blending the Victorian era and the Edwardian era, giving it a more aristocratic and elegant charm. The most famous one is the Victorian-style cake skirt. This season, whether it is a knee-length cake skirt paired with casual clothes or a long cake skirt for a cocktail party, it is very popular and can highlight the gorgeous and elegant spirit of the Victorian style. Buttons Under the elegance of Victoria, buttons are no longer insignificant. Exquisite and elegant materials have become details that you cannot ignore. Imitation pearl buttons are very elegant, and the more popular ones are wrapped buttons, which are wrapped in silk or satin made of the same material as the clothing, giving a seamless decorative feel. At the same time, it also reflects the meticulous workmanship as if it were hand-made. Don't underestimate this row of small buttons, it is the key element to ensure that your little Victorian dress can withstand the picky! Bowknot Tie a bow with a shiny ribbon for decoration, because the bow is also an important symbol of the Victorian era. The difference is that the Victorian bow is more particular about the long ribbon behind the knot. Thick and wide ribbons or slender strings are no problem! Key styles Stand-up collar Women in the Victorian era tended to dress conservatively, using layered techniques to create a sense of luxury, and the stand-up collar was the most important symbol of their style. Sometimes, an exquisite package is more mysterious, sexy and charming than nakedness. Therefore, this season, small stand-up collar shirts are extremely popular. The cotton material has a pure atmosphere like a student, while the lace material has the elegance of a mature woman. With the combination of important elements such as bows, exposed at the collar of the coat, it looks very gorgeous, warm and fashionable. Leg of Lamb Sleeve The so-called leg of lamb sleeve, as the name suggests, means that the sleeve is like a leg of lamb, with the upper end open and a long section close to the wrist tightened. This sleeve type with European classical beauty is now becoming popular. Whether it is silk tops or knitted sweaters, this sleeve type is used. While emphasizing the fluffy and stylish upper body, the key is to shorten the length of the top relatively. In addition to leg-of-mutton sleeves, princess-like puff sleeves and lantern sleeves are also very popular. The fluffy lantern sleeves can highlight the slenderness of the forearms and wrists. A popular way to match them is to wear a three-quarter sleeve jacket and expose part of the lantern sleeves, which is also very beautiful. High waist The high waist line of the Victorian era is slightly different from the high waist line of the Napoleonic era. Instead, the high waist design emphasizes the overall slender line. The pleats and shirring of the curves are emphasized on the chest and waist. At the same time, it has obvious waist characteristics, which is both slender and plump, making the proportion of the dress more perfect. Pleats Pleats and pleats are key words of the Victorian style. Vertical lines are used to create subtle beauty, and pleats are used to create a sense of magnificence. Therefore, both shirts and skirts have wrinkles, and reverse pleats on the cuffs are also used more often. Makeup Features Whether it is clothing or makeup, romantic purple is the protagonist. Light lavender purple eye makeup is as sweet and leisurely as afternoon tea. It is most suitable for matching with various Victorian-style clothing and complements each other. In addition, smooth and elegant buns are now back, or long wavy hair parted in the middle, breaking the lazy and loose image of spring and summer, advocating refinement and solemnity. Corset Although corsets were also popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they were mostly used by upper-class women. By the eighteenth century, even fashionable young men would wear corsets. In the Victorian era, the Queen used herself as a fashion teaching material, and even the middle and lower classes, such as maids, also wore corsets. In other words, the only difference between women's underwear at that time was whether the corset was decorated or not, and the waistline gradually exceeded the limit, and there were even operations to remove a few ribs. Major Events 1840: New Zealand became a British colony, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed 1842: The Mines Act of 1842 was passed, the Illustrated London News began to be published, Hong Kong became a British colony, the Treaty of Nanking was signed 1845: The Great Famine in Ireland began br>1846: Abolition of the Corn Laws 1848: Cholera pandemic 1850: The Roman Catholic hierarchy is reestablished in Britain 1851: The Exhibition of Industry of All Nations is held 1854: Crimean War 1857: Indian Mutiny 1858: The British East India Company was abolished and India became a British Crown Colony 1867: The British North America Act of 1867 was passed, and British North America became the Dominion of Canada 1870: The Elementary Education Act of 1870 was passed 1878: 1878 Park Treaty of Forest, Cyprus became a British crown colony 1882: British troops occupied the Suez Canal, and Egypt became a British protectorate 1884: The Fabian Society was established 1888: Jack the Ripper murdered multiple prostitutes in London 1901: Queen Victoria died. The accession of Edward VII Visual Arts The Gothic Revival in architecture John Ruskin Bowen, the first important British art critic Inspired by John Ruskin, the Pre-Raphaelites in art The Clique William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement Influenced by the aesthetic ideals of the American painter James McNeill Whistler.

What were wages and prices like in Victorian England? I have always felt that 1 shilling = 12 pence. As a subsidiary currency, the face value of pence is too high. In the 19th century, the daily wage of an ordinary British casual laborer was 2-3 pence, and the daily wage of ordinary workers was 4-6 pence, and a pound of beef cost 2-4 pence. Since the minimum face value of currency is 1 penny, do those daily expenses of those extremely low-value odds and ends become quite high because of the minimum price of 1 penny? If the term 'prosperous age' is applied to the world outside China, then for Britain, the 'Victorian Era' is undoubtedly a prosperous age. The time limit is often defined as 1837 to 1901. During the 63 years of Queen Victoria's reign, the British Empire reached the top of the world, with its territory reaching 36 million square kilometers. Someone once described it like this in 1865: 'The plains of North America and Russia are our cornfields; Canada and the Baltic Sea are our woodlands; Australia has our sheep farms; Peru sends silver, South Africa and Australia gold flows to London; Indians and Chinese grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar cane and spice plantations are spread across the East Indies. Long cultivated in the southern United States, our cotton has spread to every warm region on earth. ' But today we are not talking about how strong the country is and how wise its leaders are. We are discussing how the Victorians in the 1860s spent their daily lives in such a prosperous era. Getting up and washing For the working class, which accounted for the largest proportion at that time (nearly 70%), such as carriage drivers, the time to get up may be 3 a. M. Many people couldn't afford a watch, so there was a special profession at that time, the 'window knocker'. To engage in this profession, you needed to invest in one or three work supplies: a watch, a long wooden pole, and a lantern. You need to walk up and down the street throughout the night and tap on the customer's window glass with a long pole according to the time agreed in advance with the customer. This kind of wake-up call service only earns about one penny each time. Who is knocking on my window? In the 1860s, the average weekly wage for male manufacturing workers in northern England was 9 shillings and 6 pence (1 shilling = 12 pence), which meant that to achieve this income, the window knocker had to work for 7 consecutive days and knock on at least 16 windows every night. The maids can sleep a little longer. They only need to get up at five or six o'clock. If they are quick, they will light the fireplace, shake out the carpet, polish the dining room furniture, eat breakfast, and polish the boots before the master wakes up. Then around 7:30, middle-class men and women (accounting for about 25%) will also get up and wash up. The maids have prepared a large piece of bread or a bowl of oatmeal for them, plus a pot of tea, which is the complete breakfast of the British working class. Some people also drink beer in the morning, and these breakfast options don't take much time to prepare. Today's full English meal evolved from the middle-class breakfast in the Victorian era For the middle class, breakfast is a kind of enjoyment. After washing up, you can go to the kitchen to get a cup of hot tea and biscuits (the maid will start boiling water an hour in advance), and sit on the bed to eat. The official breakfast is ready in 10 minutes, usually including bacon, eggs, smoked cod, toast, orange marmalade, etc. The standard is probably richer than the American full meal you eat at McDonald's today. If you are a noble (about 3%), you will undoubtedly be more luxurious: Steak, oysters, shrimp, radish, golden blue salmon, ham, Russian caviar, chicken pie, turbot, pigeon pie... Your breakfast will not look inferior even if it is served to a banquet. But you may have to wait until 10 o'clock for breakfast, and the chef and maid will have to prepare it for at least 5 hours before then.

Work and commuting At that time, British cities had begun to develop towards suburbanization. The poor generally lived in the city center close to factories or workplaces. They generally had to work more than 16 hours a day, so they could not live too far away. For the middle class, such as lawyers, agents, and company employees, working hours are generally from 8 a. M. To 7 p. M. The working hours of upper-class gentlemen are from 10 am to 4 pm, so the bank's business hours are similar to their working hours. The middle class live far away and need to commute to work. The main means of transportation are railways and public carriages, which are not very comfortable by 21st century standards. Public carriages are somewhat similar to the city tour buses we ride today, but they are much more crowded. There will be 20 people sitting in the carriage and 16 on the roof. When parking and getting off, people often accidentally fall off. Street of Paris at the end of the 19th century Trains in this era were very slow, with an average speed of no more than 50 kilometers per hour. Due to the burning of coal, soot and soot would drift into the carriage through the windows. Second-class passengers often had to bring their own air mattresses on the train in order to block the windows. There were gaps between the carriages, and there were no buffers between the carriages, so the carriages often shook violently during travel. The most important thing was that European trains at that time were made of small carriages, and each carriage generally only seated 2 to 4 people. Once the carriage was driven, the carriage door would be closed. During this period, you could not go to the toilet or communicate with the outside world. That is to say, since the advent of train commuting, people's concept of time has changed. I used to notice something when reading traditional martial arts novels. The Jiangnan Seven Monsters and Qiu Chuji agreed to gather at Zuixian Tower in Jiaxing 18 years later. The time was the Mid-Autumn Festival, but the specific time was not specified. Do they have to wait all day? This is also the case when the British first took trains. They had a very rough concept of time. Most British people in the early 19th century did not know that trains need to depart accurately according to the time on the timetable. It took a long time for the concept of 'taking a bus on time' to become a consensus among the people. The early subway tracks were filled with steam and coal ash In 1863, London built the world's first subway. It was still an era without electricity, and horse-drawn carriages were still the main form of transportation. The earliest Sherlock Holmes novel was published in 1887, which means that the subway had been operating for decades in Sherlock Holmes's time. But the subway is never mentioned in Sherlock Holmes's novels, because the subway is only meaningful to the working class. The middle-class rich (Holmes and author Conan Doyle are at least the upper middle class) have always had great doubts about the subway, thinking that no one wants to travel in a tunnel occupied by rats, soaked in sewer water, and filled with toxic gases. But the lower classes welcomed it. The early subway was powered by coal, so during the first 25 years of its operation, the entire subway line was shrouded in smoke and steam. No wonder gentlemen were reluctant to ride it. It was not until after 1890 that the subway was electrified and riding conditions improved day by day, and the middle class began to pay attention to the subway. Lunch and Dinner For the working class and middle class, men usually eat out for lunch. In order to save money, I usually bring it from home. The simplest thing is a piece of bread, but in this era, Britain is the richest country in the world after all, so as far as men are concerned, there is still meat in lunch. Beef Kidney Pudding A traditional British delicacy: Beef Kidney Pudding, it looks like a pudding, but it is not a dessert but similar to a fried dough with beef kidneys wrapped inside) and has a strong fishy smell. It's considered a dark dish to us, but to the British at that time, it was a good lunch. Those who make money should eat the best. Therefore, women and children at home keep things simple, usually boiled potatoes or bread without fillings, and a portion of soup. Middle-class men are almost the same as the working class. Lunch is mostly bread, and the only luxury is sometimes a little wine. Middle-class women have much more money at home, so they usually have leftovers from the night before yesterday's dinner, typically vegetable stew and diced meat and mashed potatoes. Although the lunch of the upper class is sumptuous, it is nothing special. Like breakfast, it is of a banquet standard. No matter what class you are in, dinner is much richer. In normal times, working-class people could eat bacon at least once a week, usually mixed with puddings and vegetable soups. Artisans with higher wages could eat one meal of meat a day, as well as cream, milk, eggs, and cheaper fish. From this period on, the British dinner time began to be postponed, from the original 5 pm to 6 pm. The working class and middle class only wash their clothes once a week, but each wash often lasts several days because the clean clothes need to be starched and ironed. Due to the long working hours, British people usually give their clothes to laundries as long as they can afford it. Laundry became the most common occupation for married women in Britain at that time, and it was not surprising that a village was full of washerwomen. For the wealthy class, if they boast that they only wash clothes four times a year, they are actually 'showing off their wealth'. Because it means he has enough clothes to replace, and at least three months will not be repeated. There were a large number of art works reflecting washerwomen in the 19th century In the 1870s, various British companies began to popularize the 10-hour working day, and only worked half-day on Saturdays, so the middle class began to have the concept of 'leisure'. The working class likes boxing. Interestingly, boxing in Britain is often promoted by religious figures. The priests even hire working class men to participate in competitions because they feel that it is better to let these muscular big men practice boxing than fight in bars. Just as urban white-collar workers in China today play badminton or table tennis, in the mid-19th century in Britain, company employees played cricket. When there was not much work, employees of some companies would challenge another company to start a friendly corporate sports competition. By the end of the 19th century, football also began to flourish. Women's boxing was born in the Victorian era The British in this era were very particular about masculinity. Whether they were the noblest gentleman or the humblest beggar, most men spent their time fighting, quarreling, boxing and daily roughhouses. Fierce sports provided a relatively orderly way of competition. However, at that time, only upper-class schools had special physical education classes. Schools where workers and children gathered had no physical education classes and small playgrounds. However, when the Boer War broke out in 1899, only two out of nine people on average could pass the enlistment standards. Therefore, the British government realized that the physical fitness of the working class was related to how many qualified soldiers were available for the war. Soon, working-class schools in Britain also began to have militarized physical education classes. Bathing before going to bed At that time, the British had the habit of taking a bath before going to bed. However, the popularity of bathtubs at that time was very low, and even some rich people did not have them in their homes. So starting from 1850, a bathtub rental business developed very prosperously. People could rent bathtubs on a year-month-week basis, and it also provided hot water. According to what the Chinese call it today, maybe it can be called 'cloud bathing'? Most people still bathe in public baths. Due to the cholera epidemic in the 1830s, the British realized that lower-class living areas that had no money to wash their bodies were hotbeds of disease, and no one would be immune once the plague occurred, so they gradually began to build public baths in slums. Public baths built in the ancient Roman era The entry price for bathing is set very low, only 0.5 Pence at the beginning. According to our previous data, an adult worker can earn 16 pence a day, so most people can afford it. Of course, if you want more luxurious services, it will be more expensive. 0.5P is cheap? Wait until you see the pool, which is usually just unfiltered river water that is changed weekly. However, for workers whose bodies are covered with coal ash, even soaking in the river water is indeed much cleaner. At that time, working-class children in Britain would gather at the entrance of the bathing place and ask for alms from well-wishers to buy a bathing ticket. Nothing attracted them more than playing in the water.

Income Although the amount of money is not an important factor in determining social class, it is obvious that people in the Victorian era needed a certain income to maintain their proper lifestyle. If a middle-class man wants to get married, have children, and live a normal middle-class life, he needs to have an income of at least 300 pounds a year. As for a single woman, Holmes said in "The Case of Identity": "A single lady can live very well with an income of about sixty pounds." The "living well" mentioned here refers to the life she should enjoy according to her social status. People of different social status have huge differences in the expenses they need to maintain a decent life, even among people in the same class. The monetary system of the Victorian era was based on pennies, shillings, and pounds. The penny is a copper coin with the symbol d. The shilling is a silver coin, equal to 12 pence, with the symbol s. The pound sterling is equal to 20 shillings or 240 pence, and the symbol is £. Pounds also had coins, minted in gold, called tsavorins. In addition, coins include: France (a quarter of a penny) Half penny Two pence Three pence Groat (fourpence) Sixpence Florin (two shillings) Half crown (two shillings and sixpence) Genius) Double florin (four shillings) Crown (five shillings) Half safrin (ten shillings or half a pound) There is also a kind of coin - the guinea, which is equal to 21 shillings. It was no longer minted after 1813, but was still in circulation at that time. This unit is mainly used to put a price on an expensive item. A wealthy customer may not care that an item priced at 20 guineas is actually more expensive than 20 pounds. It should be 20 pounds and 20 shillings, which is almost equivalent to paying 21 pounds. These currencies are circulated in the form of coins. The government does not issue paper money. Each bank issues its own banknotes. If a bank fails, the banknotes it issues are equivalent to waste paper, but such situations are rare. The five pound note is the smallest denomination note issued. In fact, some cautious people use gold coins even when purchasing items of great value. Checks were not yet universally accepted. Merchants use other, less cumbersome methods to transfer large amounts of money. According to price index statistics, 1 pound at that time was equivalent to about 80 pounds today. The following is a price list of goods at that time, which shows what people spent at that time: The price of a standard four-pound loaf of bread was 8 and 1/2 shillings in the 1840s, 7 shillings in 1875, 6 shillings in 1887, and 5 shillings in 1895. In the mid-19th century, the price of a pair of cotton stockings ranged from 4 shillings 1/2d to 4 shillings 11 1/2d depending on the quality. By the end of the nineteenth century, a pair of silk stockings cost 5 shillings and a ready-made women's suit £1. Women's riding attire costs at least 10 guineas or more. A pair of workman's boots costs 11 shillings. A worker's shirt cost 1 shilling 6 pence, socks 9 pence, and perhaps a second-hand coat, which cost 4 shillings. The cost of a taxi in London is generally 1 shilling for the first 2 miles within a 4-mile radius centered on Charing Cross Street, and 6 pence for each mile thereafter. In the 1880s, a bicycle cost £4 to £5. By the late 1890s, newspaper advertisements showed a second-hand factory-refurbished bicycle costing as little as £1. Books are expensive. A new hardcover three-volume novel costs 31 shillings and 6d (more expensive than a dress or a second-hand bicycle), and people can apply to join a private library for an annual fee of 1 guinea. Those monthly serial novels published in paperback cost only 1 shilling per issue, and the total price of two years of serialization was generally about 1 pound. The working class generally spent between 1 and 4 shillings per child per week on their children's education, but by the 1890s schooling was free. A secondary boarding school for a boy from a middle-class family costs £100 to £150 a year. At the end of the 19th century, the annual tuition fee for women's colleges in Cambridge or Oxford was 105 pounds. The expenses of boys in college are much more than that of girls, even two or three times as much as the latter. Early daily newspapers sold for 7 pence. Later, due to the abolition of the knowledge tax, many cheap newspapers appeared, selling for no more than 1 pence, and some even cost as little as half a penny. The Daily Express is a penny paper. The cost of an adult funeral is £4 to £5 at a minimum expense. Cost Generally speaking, a single woman with an annual income of 100 pounds or a couple with an annual income of 150 to 200 pounds can hire a young maid. Families with an annual income of 300 pounds can hire a handyman maid and a nursery maid to look after the children, but the hostess of the house still has to do a lot of daily housework, including cooking. If you have an annual income of 500 pounds, you can hire three servants: a cook, a housemaid and a nursery maid (if you have no children, you can hire a part-time maid instead. Her job is to help the cook and housemaid when needed, or hire a footman who can clean boots, run errands, do some porters, outdoor work, etc.). If the annual income is 750 pounds, you can hire four servants: cook, housemaid, nursery maid and footman. With this kind of income, the housewife does not need to do housework but only needs to manage the servants. An annual income of £1,000 is an important watershed. Such a family could employ four maids (a cook, two housemaids, and a nursery servant) plus a coachman and a groom, and they had one or two horses and a carriage. A household with an annual income of £5,000 would even employ up to 24 servants, including housekeeper, cook, valet, nurse, two domestic maids, laundry maid, pantry maid, nursery maid, kitchen maid, scullery maid; butler, valet, footman, coachman, two grooms, assistant grooms, two porters, three gardeners, and laborers. The following is a statistical table of the annual income of various classes in the Victorian era: The richest noble 30,000 pounds ------------------ Other nobles Wealthy merchants, bankers, industrialists 10,000 pounds ------------------ Small landed squires Certain priests, doctors, lawyers and businessmen £1000-2000 --------------- Most middle class: doctors, lawyers, civil servants, senior clerks £300-800 --------------- Lower middle class: clerks, principals, journalists, shopkeepers highly skilled craftsmen £150-300 -------------- Skilled workers, including cabinetmakers, typesetters, carpenters, train drivers, advanced tailors £75-100 -------------- General semi-skilled workers and those working in factories and shops Skilled women workers £50-75 -------------------------- Seamen, dockworkers, certain servants £45 ------------- Farm workers, soldiers, typists £25 --------------------- The lowest clerk, servant, embroidery worker £12-20 ---------------- In the Victorian era, the 250 richest aristocrats had an annual income of more than £30,000. These people not only owned land in many counties, but also owned mansions in upper-class areas of London, such as Piccadilly, Grosvenor Square and other places. An annual income of £10,000 is a relatively low limit for aristocrats. At the time, there were approximately 750 families with an annual income of £10,000-£30,000. These people weren't exactly aristocrats either. Their mansions in the countryside and London cost a fortune, with horses alone costing more than £600 a year. Their income often comes from real estate. Generally speaking, each acre of land can bring in £1 per year. Those in the upper class who did not own real estate relied on money inherited from them for income. Investments that can provide both fixed income and insurance are to buy bonds (government bonds can earn an annual return of 5%) or consolidated bonds (which are also government bonds, more stable and safer, but have an annual return of only 3%). There is also a type called "fortune", which is inherited. The principal cannot be used and only the income can be used. For example, in "The Identity Case", Mary Sutherland's uncle left her a sum of New Zealand stocks. The interest rate was 4.5%, And the stock amount was 2,500 pounds, but she could only use the interest. This is the so-called "forune" which will be left to her relatives after her death. For a landed squire, an annual income of 1,000 pounds should be at least the minimum. Only in this way can one live the life of a squire. A middle-class family with an annual income of £1,000 can live quite well. The family could have a house with ten rooms, a garden, a governess to teach their daughter, and a horse. In the 1860s, according to The Times, a middle-class man who wanted to start a family had to earn at least 300 pounds a year. Only then could the whole family live in a semi-detached or terraced house, with a common servant and a young nursery maid. However, after the clothes are cut by a professional tailor, they still have to be sewn by the hostess herself. If you have a family with many children, they may be worried about school expenses. For lower-middle-class men, an annual income of £150 is enough to get married. By the end of the 19th century, a well-educated single woman could earn between 75 and 125 pounds a year. She can live comfortably in an apartment exclusively for women, with two rooms and a small kitchen. Apartments also had cleaning services, and there was a restaurant in the building, so women could just work without having to cook or hire servants. Their income can buy some necessary items, go to concerts, and go on vacation to the European continent with friends.

The "Kassel Housekeeping Guide" from the late 1870s arranged the specific annual expenses of a family for the middle class with different incomes. The composition is as follows: The annual expenses of a person with an annual income of 100 pounds Rent, tax, water fee 17 pounds Household expenses 55 pounds Clothes £12 10 shillings Incidental expenses, including travel expenses, medicine, children's education, furniture repairs, church pew fees, charitable donations £15 10 shillings ------------------------------------------------ Total £100 That is £1 18 shillings 5d per week, or 5 shillings 5 3/4p per day. Annual expenses for a person earning £300 a year Rent, taxes, water £46 Household expenses, including laundry, coal, candles, gas, red wine, spirits, beer £150 Salary, including a servant, £16 a year, plus additional expenses for servants (tea, sugar, etc.) £19 Clothing, including tailor's bill, millinery, Sewing charges £45 Accessory expenses, same as above £40 ------------------------------------------------ Total £300 That is £5 15s 5d per week, or 16s 5 1/4d per day. Annual expenses for a person earning £500 a year Rent, tax, water bill 62 pounds 10 shillings Household expenses, including washing and ironing, coal, candles Gas, wine, spirits, beer £250 Clothing, including tailor's bills, millinery, Sewing expenses £62 10 shillings Salary, three servants: cook, housemaid General servant or cook, housemaid, caretaker £62 10 shillings Incidental expenses £62 10 shillings ------------------------------------------------ Total £500 That is £9 12 shillings 3 1/2 pence per week, or £1 7 shillings 4 3/4 pence per day. There are also differences among the working class. Highly skilled craftsmen in the shipbuilding and steel industries can earn between £100 and £200 a year. Their income is comparable to that of clerks in the lower middle class, but their lives are different, and these workers are mainly concentrated in central or northern England, where industry is concentrated. In fact, the working class can live in a relatively comfortable job with an annual income of 50 pounds. Of course, the family cannot have many members or have more than one job. At that time approximately 60% of adult male workers were paid less than 25 shillings a week. This wage level remained almost constant throughout the Victorian era, but daily costs had fallen significantly by the end of the 19th century. That's because of cheap food from Australia and North America, cheap clothes and shoes thanks to industrial production, and cheap coal thanks to improved transportation. As a result, late-Victorian workers were able to spend more money on housing and send more children to school. According to sociologist Charles Booth, the poverty line at the end of the nineteenth century was an annual income of £45. This is the average salary of a typical sailor, fisherman, patrolman, quarry worker, longshoreman, etc. With food prices falling, a small family can barely make ends meet. Workers below the poverty line include farm workers and general workers, whose weekly wages range from 10 shillings to 14 shillings, which is an annual income of 25 to 35 pounds. This kind of salary is not enough to support a family. However, farm workers can generally grow some vegetables and be self-sufficient. Those unskilled workers are either single men or have wives who work full-time outside the home.

Social class Most of Holmes's case-solving career took place in the Victorian era. The period from Queen Victoria's accession to the throne in 1837 until her death in 1901 is known as Britain's "Golden Age". Although the Queen herself did not appear in Baker Street, she has always been an invisible figure in the novel. It was the Victorian era that gave birth to Sherlock Holmes. Frank Kaufman pointed out in the article "The Continuing Adventures of the Legendary Detective: A Study on the Attraction and Reception of Sherlock Holmes' Works": "We should first pay attention to the culture, values and beliefs of the residents of the Victorian era, who are Conan Doyle's 'ideal readers'. ... London, an international city, is also the epitome of the Victorian era, and at the same time it is the origin of our search for the great appeal of Sherlock Holmes." Kenneth Rexroth even proposed: "If Conan Doyle did not believe in all the stories of the Victorian era, If there is a myth, then he will not succeed. "TS Eliot also believes: "Sherlock Holmes reminds us of the beautiful appearance of London in the nineteenth century. I believe that even for those who can't remember the nineteenth century, he is still fascinating. "In fact, what is still fascinating is the aristocratic mansion with groups of servants and horse-drawn carriages passing through the streets of London... Although this era has passed, it still shines with glory, and even Victorian clothing has become a retro trend. However, when I wanted to choose a topic to learn about Sherlock Holmes and the Victorian era, it was difficult to find any domestic works that studied the Victorian era and life. All I could find was a comic book published in Taiwan called "The Introduction to Emma Victoria". Therefore, I spent some time studying some English research works and also read some related books at the time, hoping to let more people understand the daily life of the Victorian era. Social Class The quality of life in Victorian England depended on social class and the traditional way of life in a city, country or small town. British society in the 19th century was still highly stratified, but by the end of the 19th century, when the Victorian era was coming to an end, the original differences between classes had become blurred. The concept of class is sometimes difficult to understand. Because the classification of class does not depend on the money owned, or income is only part of the factors that determine class, as well as birth and family relations. Most people in the Victorian era understood the class they were in and accepted it. The railway is divided into first class, second class and third class. Passengers can buy different class tickets according to their class. Even if a working-class man won a large sum of money at a horse race, he would not buy a high-class ticket and look forward to taking a first-class train home. The class a person belongs to can be seen through his gestures, speech, clothing, and ideology. People of different classes live in different areas, and what they hear and see are also different social styles, whether it is religion, marriage, names, or meal times. Moreover, people in the Victorian era believed that each class had its own rules and people would follow the rules of their respective classes. It is considered a mistake to imitate the practices of one caste above or below. In "The Man with the Crooked Lip", St. Clair makes a living by dressing up as a beggar. He knows that such behavior is disgraceful, so he tries his best to conceal it, even at the risk of being sent to prison. In fact, in a strict legal sense, there are only two classes in Britain: the nobility (people with titles and fiefs) and the common people (everyone except the nobility). However, most Victorians believed that society could be divided into three classes: the working class, the middle class, and the aristocracy. The so-called working class broadly refers to people engaged in explicit labor, including men and women. Their jobs are physical and often dirty jobs. You can see it in their clothes and hands. They receive daily or weekly wages. The middle class were men who had decent jobs, often intellectual rather than manual jobs. They receive a weekly salary or an annual salary. People in the elite or upper class will not work to make money. This class included the nobility and landed gentry. Their income comes from inherited territories and investments from their ancestors.

Working Class This was the broadest class in the Victorian era, with approximately three out of every four people being working class. Most people are engaged in farm work, servants, and factory labor. In addition, there are large numbers of skilled and unskilled people engaged in mining, fishing, transportation, construction, sewing, and other occupations. The vast majority of working-class people earn just enough to live on, and fall into poverty when illness, unemployment, or other unexpected events occur. And those unskilled or half-baked workers also need other family members to go out to work to maintain household expenses. Because of the high demands on physical strength, these people make the most money in their twenties, when a person is most physically strong. Afterwards, they get married, the husband and wife continue working, and for a year or two they have some money left over to buy something. By this time they will have a child and the wife will no longer be able to work the twelve to fourteen hours a day she used to. Maybe she will do some piecework at home or do housework for renters, but either way the family will be very poor when the child is born. And men's income also decreases with age. Children from working-class families start working at an early age. They had almost no schooling. Even if they are not old enough to work, they will help at home. Skilled workers only account for about 15% of the working class. These people are slightly luckier, including printers, masons, carpenters, tailors, and shoemakers. These people often start as apprentices, who do not earn any income during their apprenticeship and therefore need family support. In the late 19th century, many girls were trained to become teachers or nurses, and they also came from skilled working-class families. These skilled workers are a distinct segment of the working class. Sometimes some craftsmen can also become employers or open their own shops, and their status is between the working class and the middle class. Middle Class The middle class grew during the Victorian era and became increasingly important. In 1837 approximately 15% of the population belonged to the middle class; by 1901 this figure reached 25%. Money is not the factor that determines the middle class. Among them are successful industrialists and wealthy bankers. For example, Alexander Holder in "The Beryl Crown Case" is a middle-class banker, and there are also some clerks who are relatively financially strapped. For example, the clerk Hall Pycroft in "The Stockbroker's Clerk" is also a middle-class person. His weekly salary at Coxon's House was only three pounds. In the middle class, the highest social level is those professionals (sometimes also called the old middle class or upper middle class). These included Anglican clergymen, military officers, higher-level lawyers and doctors, higher-level government officials, university professors, and presidents of prestigious schools. By the end of the 19th century, some architectural and engineering personnel were also among these ranks. This middle class mainly lives in urban areas. They sent their sons to boarding schools and colleges, and by the end of the nineteenth century they were educating their daughters as well. The emerging upper middle class refers to businessmen, manufacturers and bankers with large businesses, because the rise of the industrial revolution made these people rich. Some of the richest people even send their sons to prestigious schools while expecting their daughters to marry into landlord families. Farmers also belong to the middle class. At the same time, some emerging industries also need a group of well-educated people, such as accountants, local government employees, reporters, surveyors, insurance agents, police detectives, etc. Shopkeepers and clerks in small shops are generally considered to belong to the lower middle class. These jobs require some culture but not much education. At that time, London was the commercial and financial center of the world, requiring a large number of clerks, including clerks, middle managers, bookstore owners, and low-level government employees. Women are also working in more and more respectable jobs, including shop assistants, office workers, telephone exchange operators, school teachers, etc. Nobles and landed gentry Nobles and gentry are hereditary, landed classes, and their income mainly comes from the rent of real estate. Their territories may even be thousands of miles long, and the land is divided into different farmlands and signed long-term leases. The place where the lord lived was called a manor or mansion, and it was often a comfortable country house with a large army of servants. Titles (if noble) and territories were generally inherited by the eldest son. With the moral reform movement in the nineteenth century, people also did not want the upper class to still live a life of pure pursuit of pleasure and debauchery. After the eldest son inherits property, he will be expected to do something useful, such as becoming a member of Congress, playing a certain role in local affairs, or using his influence to promote charity, but he does not have to do the kind of work for a living. The second son might receive some income through inheritance, but most were prepared to pursue professional careers, especially as officers, priests, or colonial officials. In 1842, there were 562 titled families in England. This nobility is divided into five levels, from high to low: duke, marquis, earl, viscount and baron. A noble cannot be promoted from a low level to a high level. He will always enjoy the title he inherited. However, sometimes new titles are awarded to someone for their outstanding contributions to society. Dukes, marquises or earls generally have other titles, which are because their families have obtained them through in-laws, inheritance and other reasons over the centuries. For example, the Duke of Holdrace in "The Abbey School" has the titles of Baron Beverley and Earl of Carston. Qualified nobles automatically become members of the House of Peers (the upper house of parliament). Theoretically, knights and barons are also civilians. They do not have the privileges of nobles, but they can be preceded by "Sir". A baronetcy is hereditary. Knight titles can only be obtained. For example, important public figures, soldiers, and artists can be knighted by the monarch, but they cannot be inherited by their sons. In England, the sons and daughters of nobles belong to the common people. If you want to pursue a political career, you can enter the House of Commons through elections. If the children of nobles broke the law, they would be tried in ordinary criminal courts, while nobles were tried by special noble juries and slow courts. Only when the previous generation dies can the eldest son become a noble, inherit the title, and enter the House of Nobility. Nobles generally have a residence in London and one or even more properties in the countryside. When the parliament is in session (usually from spring to early summer), the family will live in a house in the city, hold a dance party, entertain friends, and entertain guests. Men and young women would ride horses in Hyde Park, and older women would ride in carriages in the afternoons to visit guests and go shopping. In summer and winter they returned to the countryside to hunt foxes and party. Sons usually attend prestigious public schools, while daughters receive education from tutors at home. The Baron is in a special zone between nobles and commoners. During the Victorian period there were approximately 850 baronets. Although the title is inherited, a baronet cannot gain a seat in the House of Peers. If they are interested in politics, they can be elected to the House of Commons. In the mid-1860s, approximately one-third of MPs in the House of Commons were either baronet or descendant of the nobility. In "The Hound of the Baskervilles", the Baskerville family holds the title of Baronet. The influence of landed squires cannot be underestimated. In rural areas of England, it is these squires who have the main influence on the local area. Their estates generally consisted of a manor, a farmstead with a steward, several plots of land cultivated by tenants, and a village or two where farm laborers lived. The Acton and Cunningham families in "The Mystery of Reigate" are squires, and in "The Greek Translator" Holmes also claims that his ancestors are squires, which shows that his family is relatively wealthy. These squires generally do not have a mansion in the town. They spend most of their time in their real estate business, participating in local affairs. They are generally called "squires", which is not a legal title but has become a conventional term, referring to those very influential local landowners. In the Victorian era, there were approximately two thousand squires, with estates ranging from one thousand to three thousand acres. Some were also knights or barons, but most were not titled. These squires could become peace officers, or care for local residents, or promote local charities. His wife and daughter would visit the poor, clothe the newborn, feed the older children, and maybe teach a class in the Sunday School. The life they lived was what many Victorians yearned for. They spent most of their time exercising, visiting, hunting, and having fun, and lived a happy country life. There was a big difference between the upper class nobles and the lower status gentry, but social contact or intermarriage between the two was not impossible. Moreover, the second son in both families needs to become a professional in order to survive. Receiving an education in a prestigious public school and learning the code of conduct that this class should have is an experience shared by boys from upper middle class, country gentry and aristocratic families. At the end of the nineteenth century, first-class businessmen and industrialists also began to send their sons to Eton, Rugby and some famous boarding schools, where they received the values ​​and behaviors required by the landlord class. Differences between classes become more accommodating. There are still hierarchies in society, and people have their own place and respect those who are higher than themselves. Some changes have also occurred. Bankers and merchants purchased rural properties and gained acceptance from local gentry.

There is a terrifying mirror in the toilet on this campus. Every student who comes here to look in the mirror at twelve o'clock at night will become another person. There is a ghost hidden in this mirror. ■ Will become the new you, and you will live in the mirror instead of ■. ■Can only affect one person at the same time, and the time ranges from ■ days to ■ days. In a classroom on this campus, several young students played the Bixian game here. Unfortunately, they all died, and Bixian was very angry because he was not sent away. Bi Xian is a ghost who has the magical ability to predict the future and verify the past, but the price may be death. In dormitory number ■■■ of the school, there was an extra person in their dormitory. He had been living in this dormitory for a long time, but no one noticed it. It is said that at twelve o'clock in the middle of the night, he walked into the bathroom alone, turned off the lights in the dormitory, lit a candle in front of the bathroom sink, and immersed his head in the sink filled with water. It is said that you can feel the presence of ■ this way. But those who do this will die! Thirteen stairs. Special smell in dormitory number ■■■. Ghost phone calls. Horror Wax Museum. The projector started running at midnight.

Everything else is just an idea and will not be published. No one will read it anyway. That's it. Ha...

Sherlock Holmes The original hidden mission [Perfect Crime] was cancelled. The protagonist needs to grow and the plot needs to be deleted. Can appear as an easter egg at the end. Due to the adjustment of the plan, the friendship with Sherlock Holmes was originally planned to improve and he became friends with Sherlock Holmes. Become friends with Watson. The hidden mission is changed to [Hand in the Dark], capture Professor Moriarty or die with Professor Moriarty instead of Sherlock Holmes. I prefer the latter. Befriend policeman Lestrade. The main theme of the plot is changed to daily life, and detectives are explored together with Sherlock Holmes. Learn the deduction method and its memory palace. If possible, you can consider learning other things to enhance the connection with the plots of other worlds, such as the indispensable marksmanship of the western cowboy. Tentative marksmanship. The United Kingdom of this period will be shown during the detective process with Sherlock Holmes, and issues other than the weather will be discussed with Sherlock Holmes. Because we are in the UK, we often need to discuss the weather with others at the beginning. It should be difficult to find a job in the UK during this period. You should check the information as follows: (The biggest change is the basic completion of urbanization, with the urban population exceeding the rural population, coupled with the completion of the first industrial revolution, the development of the steam engine, the rise of the urban middle class, and the proliferation of various social trends. For other content, see [Nineteenth Century Britain])