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This book tells the history of the formation of the Chinese community in Liverpool. Different from the characteristics of Chinese communities (Chinatowns) in other countries and regions, the Chinese community in Liverpool is mainly formed by Chinese sailors. The book tells the historical process of Chinese seafarers settling in Liverpool, especially the role Chinese seafarers played in serving the British merchant ships and ensuring Britain's "maritime lifeline" during World War II. During this period, the Chinese seafarers fought for equal pay and equal treatment for equal work; and due to the war, a large number of Chinese seafarers stayed in the UK for a long time, and some seafarers married local British women. Their living conditions. After the war, the British government, the British Seamen's Union and the shipping companies ruthlessly repatriated most of the Chinese seafarers, resulting in the tragedy of many Chinese-British families being separated from their wives.

In August 1776, less than a month after the Continental Army formally declared independence from Britain, the War of Independence came to an unexpected and disastrous end. At the Battle of Brooklyn, General George Washington found that the enemy's troops were more numerous and better trained, and that his side seemed to be losing ground. Thanks to that desperate and heroic rearguard force, also known as the "Immortal 400". As a work about the history of the American Revolutionary War, the author uses time as the main line and uses multiple perspectives such as political leaders, senior military officers, ordinary soldiers, prisoners, and wartime civilians in the Revolutionary War to present this famous classic war in the history of world wars in a narrative way.

It contains both serious historical facts and humorous language; it not only allows tourists and history "newbies" to quickly understand the unforgettable stories in British history, but also allows readers who are interested in British history to feel the fun of "ridicule" and "irony"! Importantly, it allows more people to realize the importance of the United Kingdom to us: the United Kingdom has always occupied the world's economic, political, and cultural high points with a strong posture. Throughout the world, no country has won as much praise in history as the UK; and no country has suffered as much condemnation as the UK. They were hailed as modern Athenians and pioneers of modernization, but they were widely criticized for their excessive pride. British history is compelling at all times. This book changes from the serious and orthodox official approach to introduce British history in an entertaining, relaxed and even ridiculing tone. The content covers the most dramatic events and figures in British history, and is paired with more than 100 funny cartoons from the old British satirical magazine "Punch" and other publications, telling readers about a vivid and interesting history of Britain! Why read history? Because - "History is not what has happened, but the past worth remembering."

This book is a classic work that the author has devoted more than 20 years of research to. It reinterprets the causes of the scientific revolution and clarifies the complex relationship between modern scientific development and business globalization. The author focuses on the Dutch Golden Age. In the 17th century, the prosperity of ocean trade brought the "New World" to Europeans, and the Netherlands set off "Tulip Fever". Some people even sell their houses and land in order to get a bulb. Tulip bulbs, once eaten as onions, became the trigger for the financial crisis. With the development of commercial globalization, people not only enjoy the wealth of the unknown world, but also long for a comprehensive understanding of the objective world. Their eyes have shifted from exploring the theological world to paying attention to the secular world, and from questioning oracles to pursuing profits. Brokers who make a living by reselling goods and information appear; Eastern medicinal materials and spices are rapidly becoming popular in Europe; A new type of university with any religious bias was established; Dutch doctors could study acupuncture and moxibustion with their colleagues in Japan, and translate Chinese medical literature... Trade and exchange not only allowed the circulation of goods and materials around the world, but also promoted the spread of knowledge and culture. With the rise of the information economy, people's worldview and values changed accordingly, inspiring the scientific revolution. Kohold integrated the economic history, social history, medical history, and ideological history of the Age of Discovery into a unified framework, and found that the scientific revolution was triggered by the globalization of business and exchange, and that the history of the scientific revolution is a history of exchange.

Only things that are not written in textbooks or mentioned in historical records can best restore the true Japan. Deep knowledge, shallow output. Authoritatively compiled by a professor from the University of Tokyo, the nonsensical style is hilarious and viral! Understand the evolution of the times through three-minute comics! Understand world events with a one-minute chronology! Expose the greatness and absurdity of 38 historical celebrities! Say goodbye to heavy historical stories and restore the ordinary world created by ordinary people! Onmyoji Seimei was cuckolded by his disciple? The legendary general Minamoto Yoshitsune has big buck teeth? Are the Ping An nobles actually staying at home? Edo samurai changed careers and became salarymen? Tokugawa Ieyasu's embarrassment when he was defeated, and Natsume Soseki's weird bad habits when writing.

In the two to three hundred years after 1500, millions of white Europeans were kidnapped by Muslims from their homes at sea or along the coast, and then sold in the slave markets of North Africa. The British boy Thomas Pellow was one of the white slaves. In the early 18th century, he was bought by the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail. At that time, the sultan was building a magnificent palace, which was built entirely by white slaves. Because Pelo was younger and more resourceful, he became the Sultan's personal slave. Perrault witnessed both this cruel regime and the spectacular scene of this court. After more than twenty years of servitude, Pelo finally regained his freedom and wrote his own story. This book is mainly based on Perlow's experiences and other relevant documents.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Byzantine Empire, one of Europe's economic, cultural and military powers, flourished for a thousand years and formed a unique Byzantine civilization in many aspects such as cities, architecture, literature, art and social economy, thus occupying a special position in modern imagery. Under the centuries-long rule of Emperor Constantine and his successors, Constantinople, the imperial capital, evolved into a unique blend of Roman political culture, Greek intellectual tradition, and Christian faith. Peter Sarris focused on the wars between empires and their impact on Byzantine politics and culture, especially in the face of continuous external challenges and threats. Although the Byzantine Empire used its statecraft and political strategies to ensure the continuation of the empire for a certain period of time, it was eventually abandoned by the Christian forces in Western Europe and came to an end.

During the critical decade of reforms by Lincoln, Bismarck, and Alexander II, the United States, Germany, and Russia established the world power structure. 1861-1871, Particularly dazzling in the historical galaxy. Lincoln, Bismarck, and Alexander II promoted reforms in their respective countries, forging free nations and witnessing the rise of a new philosophy of power. The revolutions in the United States, Germany and Russia were all carried out in the name of freedom, but in very different ways: Lincoln wanted to give the United States a "new life of freedom", abolished the black slave system, and opened the way for the United States to become the world's leading power; Bismarck used "iron blood" to promote power and unify the German states, clearing obstacles for the rise of a unified Germany; Alexander II's "top-down" reforms broke the shackles of serfdom and put Russia on the road to a modern power. The reform masters shaped the United States, Germany, and Russia in their own styles, leading the three countries to embark on three different paths of freedom, autocracy, and revolution, and established the pattern of today's world. Beland clarifies the internal logic of complex historical events, organically connects the American Civil War, the abolition of slavery in Russia, and the establishment of the German Empire according to time slices, revealing the inevitable reasons why Lincoln, Bismarck, and Alexander II were selected by history to become reform giants, as well as the occurrence patterns of major events.

The winning work of the 2020 European History Book Award, the 2019 French Chateaubriand Prize, and the 2019 French Guéclin Historical Book Award; from the grand strategy to the multi-level presentation of the suffering of small people, it tells the ins and outs of the Soviet-German War in World War II and reveals the historical causes of the post-war European situation. Operation Barbarossa, which began on June 22, 1941, kicked off the bloody war in human history. The two most powerful armies in the world at the time started a direct confrontation. The German army once posed a huge threat with its "blitzkrieg" tactics. The Soviet Red Army shouldered the responsibility and pressure of defending the country and fought against the enemy's fierce artillery fire with their flesh and blood. In this book, the two authors use the process of the war as a clue and consult new documents and archives to describe the magnificent history of World War II in detail and vividly restore the people and events in the war. The author does not limit himself to the war itself, but instead casts his sights on the longer past, conducting a meticulous excavation of the cultural traditions, political demands, economic conditions and even the psychology of the leadership of the warring parties. The book contains both grand strategic analysis, detailed tactical deductions, and detailed presentations of individual sufferings, describing this thrilling "absolute war" in an all-round way.

The Hellenistic Age was an era of cultural globalization and perhaps the most exciting period in ancient European history. In the 3rd century BC, you could roam from Rome to India just by knowing a single language; from Sicily to Tajikistan, kings grappled with the challenges of ruling a multi-ethnic nation, while Greek city-states came together in the earliest known federal system in history; Ptolemaic scientists measured the circumference of the Earth, while the pioneering Greek Argonauts explored the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic coast of Africa. In this book, you can learn about many aspects of the Hellenistic world, including its history, culture, architecture, literature, science, and art, from the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC) to the Roman conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (30 BC). Peter Thornman gives us a broad historical overview of this period, as well as narrative close-ups of individual cities and kings.

A companion piece to "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich", it reveals the darkest moment in France's modern history. William Shirer is not only a researcher of the history of France's defeat and collapse in World War II, but also a witness. He witnessed France, a military power on the European continent, helpless in the face of the invasion of Nazi Germany, and completely fell in just six weeks. How did this happen? After nearly ten years of research on the vast archives left behind and hundreds of interviews with leaders, generals, diplomats and ordinary people of the French Third Republic, Shirer gives the answer to this question in this book: France died from internal strife. This internal division and contradiction can be traced back to the 1890s, and has not been slowed down by the outbreak of war. This book records and analyzes major events that occurred in France before and after the outbreak of World War II, both at home and abroad, and details the thoughts and behaviors of the characters on all sides.

"World Modern History Research" is an academic annual journal sponsored by the World Modern History Research Center of Nankai University, a key humanities and social science research base of the Ministry of Education. It is oriented to domestic universities and research institutions and provides a forum for academic exchanges to promote and promote domestic research on world modern history. It has columns such as historical theoretical research, global history research, international relations history, regional and national history, doctoral student forums, debates, book reviews, historical materials, research reviews, etc. It has important academic value in promoting China's research on world modern history.

Since modern times, with the globalization, East Asia and its surrounding world have undergone tremendous changes. They have experienced historical changes such as invasion by foreign powers, national independence, social transformation, and national development. They are completely different from their past appearance. They have always attracted the attention of academic circles and have become an important theme in world history research. This book is a collection of research related to academic discussions between Chinese and Malaysian scholars. The collected articles cover a variety of topics, including research on the history of China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Malay Peninsula, as well as discussions on the development of bilateral relations between the two countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Malaysia, international relations in East Asia and its surrounding world, theoretical issues in historical writing, etc. These research results reflect the academic efforts of scholars from China and Malaysia on related topics, and have promoted the further development and deepening of existing research to varying degrees.

"Pacific Island Countries Studies" is an academic journal sponsored by Liaocheng University. It aims to explore the history and current issues of Pacific Island Countries, focusing on the history and culture, political situation and system, foreign relations, economy, trade and tourism, and regional integration of Pacific Island Countries. This book is the fifth volume. It has columns such as politics, diplomacy, literature and art, education, cultural exchanges, book reviews, and materials. The author conducts theoretical analysis and academic exploration of the politics, economy, diplomacy, culture, education, and history of the Pacific Islands region and Pacific Island countries from different subject areas and multi-dimensional research perspectives, and has made useful explorations for in-depth research on Pacific Island countries.

This book mainly tells the story of the author following in the footsteps of epic heroes and traveling and exploring on the European continent. In European history, heroic epics have a special status. They play an important role in the identity of nation-states and the connection between history and reality. In the book, the author explores five great epics, namely: "The Odyssey", "Song of Roland", "Song of the Nibelungs", "Beowulf" and "Nyarsaka". These epics are classic stories about human nature and a window through which we can see through European history and culture. The author starts from the warm Greek islands and travels all the way to the cold Iceland, covering the entire European continent. He went deep into the place where the epic story took place, and deeply felt the local natural environment and human history. Through this book, we can understand how the times shape the epic, and how the epic affects the times.

Yamamoto Hirobumi, a professor of history at the University of Tokyo and a front-line teacher, used a question-and-answer format to carefully sort out important and typical issues in Japanese history, and told the entire history of Japan in 57 questions. It is a very excellent Japanese history textbook that integrates the test points, key points, and difficulties of Japanese history. The book consists of 4 parts and 9 chapters, respectively telling the ancient history, medieval history, modern history and modern history of Japan. The first part starts from primitive society to the end of the Heian period; the second part tells the history of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunate periods; the third part focuses on the Warring States and Edo shogunate periods of Japan; and the fourth part covers the history from the Meiji Restoration to modern times. In addition, there are many reference documents attached for those who are interested in Japanese history to continue their study.

"Global History of Piracy: From Vikings to Somali Pirates" is a new masterpiece by Peter Lehr, an expert on terrorism research. This book puts aside the romanticized imagination of pirates. From the Vikings in the Middle Ages to the modern Somali pirates, it comprehensively tells the history of pirates for more than 1,000 years, and deeply explores the motives and development process of pirates. In history, pirates are not only private gangs that roam the world, but also tools and chess pieces for mutual games and confrontations between maritime empires in various eras. Behind the repeated bans on pirates is the huge influence of regional geopolitics.

This table uses time as the coordinate and icons of different colors to represent different regions. It displays the major historical events, historical figures, science and technology and culture in the history of China and other countries and regions in the world in as much detail as possible. It not only describes the development of world history, but also facilitates readers to make horizontal comparisons. It can be said that with one volume in hand, you can have an overview of the world, ancient and modern events.

In European history, there are few figures as great as King Friedrich the Great. When he succeeded to the Prussian throne in 1740, he ruled a weak and scattered kingdom; by the end of his reign, Prussia had become one of the great powers of continental Europe. In this book, historian Timothy Braining gives us a comprehensive portrait of the king who dominated the political, military, and cultural life of Europe half a century before Napoleon. Friedrich had a complex and multi-faceted character. He was sometimes a ruthless monarch, sometimes a strategizing battlefield commander, and sometimes an enthusiastic patron of the arts. He also maintained active contacts with other major thinkers of the era such as Voltaire. Timothy Breining's ambitious biography recounts Friedrich's remarkable life and the sweeping political and cultural transformation of Prussia under his rule. Readers can delve into the mind of this great monarch and better understand Prussia's rise to become a European power.

The Antoninus Dynasty (96-192 AD), also known as the Nerva-Antoni Dynasty, was a dynasty in the Roman Empire. It was also a powerful golden age for the Roman Empire. In the early years of the dynasty, the Dacian and Parthian Wars were fought. In 115 AD, the Roman Empire reached its largest extent. After this Hadrian gave up the territory of Mesopotamia. Marcus Aurelius was a master of Stoicism. Among them, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antony, and Marcus Aurelius formed the Five Good Emperors of Rome.

This book tells the story of the beginning and end of the Iberian Peninsula War, an important part of Napoleon Bonaparte's foreign war, and interprets the major military operations during the Peninsular War such as the Battle of Coruña, the Battle of Busacou, the Battle of Badajoz, the Battle of Salamanca, the Battle of Victoria, and the Battle of the Pyrenees. In what name did Napoleon Bonaparte lead an army of 100,000 to attack the Kingdom of Spain? Why did the Spanish national salvation movement fail in the face of the French army? Why did Marshal Nicolas Jean Dedieu Soult, who had repeatedly accomplished extraordinary feats, encounter the army of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington? How did Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, boost the morale of European armies, break Napoleon Bonaparte's curse of victory, and allow the European people to see the dawn of national liberation? How did Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, accumulate all his strength, defeat the French army, march straight to Toulouse, and finally win the Peninsular War? This book will answer it in detail.

This book takes the evolution of the British Royal Navy from a weak force in the Middle Ages to a powerful force in modern times as the main line, and explains in detail the entire process of confrontation, battle, and hegemony between the Royal Navy and the navies of other European countries. What role did the Royal Navy play in the Hundred Years' War? Why did the Spanish Armada's plan to invade England fail during the reign of Elizabeth I? What contribution did historically notorious English privateers make to the advancement of the Royal Navy and the development of maritime trade in the Kingdom of England? Why has the corruption problem in the Royal Navy remained unresolved during the Stuart dynasty? What position did the Royal Navy take during the English Civil War and during the Glorious Revolution, which ultimately turned the political tide of the Kingdom of England around? How did the Royal Navy defeat the Dutch naval fleet and become a veritable maritime supremacy? Which invincible, brave and adept admirals have appeared during the development of the Royal Navy?

On June 21, 1582, an event occurred in Kyoto, Japan, which could be said to have affected Japan's Warring States Period and changed the direction of Japanese history - the "Honnoji Incident". At that time, Oda Nobunaga, who wanted to end the chaos of the Warring States Period and unify Japan, was raided by one of his most trusted retainers, Akechi Mitsuhide. Because he was outnumbered, he committed suicide in the flames of Honnoji Temple at the age of 49. Nobunaga's eldest son, Oda Nobutada, also died in the battle. In one night, the Oda father and son, who had dominated the Warring States Period, both died. However, thirteen days later, Akechi Mitsuhide was isolated and helpless, and was defeated by Hashiba Hideyoshi (later Toyotomi Hideyoshi) who rushed over immediately to lead his army to avenge Nobunaga. After the defeat, Mitsuhide was reportedly killed in an ambush on the outskirts of Kyoto Mountain. However, this most famous rebellion in Japanese history is still a puzzling topic that attracts people to study and discuss to this day. What exactly is Mitsuhide Akechi's motivation? How did he manage to remain unaware of God and ghosts? Is there a conspiracy behind this? I believe that many historians and history enthusiasts would like to explore the answer. This book is the first Chinese scholar's exploration of the twists and turns of the mystery, and is both academically rigorous and readable.

This book is the representative work of British naval historian John Knox Lawton, who was highly praised by Alfred Thayer Mahan, the "father of sea power theory". This book systematically analyzes a large number of original materials, and comprehensively tells the history of Horatio Nelson, a key figure in the establishment of the British Empire's maritime hegemony, who led the Royal Navy to compete with the French Navy through his profound strategic wisdom and superb command art. It also provides a profound interpretation of the major battles in Horatio Nelson's life, especially the Battle of Valentine's Day, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen and the Battle of Trafalgar.

The Second Boer War (English: Second Boer War) refers to a war between the United Kingdom and the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State established by the Boers, descendants of Dutch immigrants, from October 11, 1899 to May 31, 1902, to compete for South African territory and resources. It is also called the South African War.

This book tells the story of Lorenzo de' Medici's short but glorious life and shows the magnificent picture of the Italian Renaissance. What kind of existence is the famous Medici family in European history? How did the Medici family rise step by step to become a prominent Italian family and exert great influence in the fields of politics and art? How did Lorenzo de' Medici use his family's economic and political advantages and his political marriage with Clarice Orsini to obtain the rule of Florence? How did Lorenzo de' Medici use outstanding diplomatic methods to deal with many autocratic monarchs, princes and nobles in Italy and abroad under complex political and religious backgrounds? What consequences did the "Pazzi Conspiracy" have in Italy, which resulted in the assassination of Lorenzo de' Medici's brother Giuliano de' Medici and the execution of many of the conspirators? After the "Pazzi Conspiracy" ended, how did Lorenzo de' Medici promote constitutional changes in Florence and solve Florence's serious financial problems in various ways? How did the Medici family promote the Italian Renaissance? What effect did the death of Lorenzo de' Medici have on the peace in Italy? Why is it said that the most glorious era in Florence's history was the era of Lorenzo de' Medici?

"The Age of Henry VIII" is a wonderful interpretation of the magnificent life of Henry VIII, the first hero of the Tudor dynasty, the promoter of the English religious reform and the founder of modern Britain, and the great success of the Tudor dynasty's domestic and foreign affairs history under his rule. How did Henry VIII ascend to the throne of England? Are the achievements of the early years of his reign solely the work of Thomas Wolsey? What impact did the marriages of Henry VIII and six queens including Catherine of Aragon have on the Kingdom of England? Was Henry VIII's break with the Holy See just because of his divorce? What is the attitude towards the Reformation in England at home and abroad? Was the downfall of powerful ministers Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell simply due to their failure to successfully deal with Henry VIII's marital problems? In a turbulent and ever-changing international situation, how did Henry VIII rely on his extraordinary courage to face risks, flexibly handle foreign relations, and actively protect the interests of the Kingdom of England? Is he a wise king or a tyrant? This book will answer it in detail.

"History of the Suez Canal" is a geopolitical masterpiece recognized by European academic circles. It tells the history of the discovery of the Isthmus of Suez, the excavation and navigation of the Suez Canal, and the struggle for control of the Suez Canal. What disputes occurred between the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France from the Isthmus of Suez to the Suez Canal? What role did local Egyptian forces play in the construction of the Suez Canal? What was Napoleon Bonaparte's understanding and conception of the Suez Canal? How did the French gain the upper hand in the fight for the right to dig, operate, and manage the Suez Canal? How did the opening of the Suez Canal change the world's geopolitical landscape? Why has the conflict between Britain and France become more intense than ever? What strategies did the British adopt to gradually control the Suez Canal and change its strategic disadvantage? How well did the Suez Canal fare under British management? Why is the Suez Canal a key to Britain maintaining global hegemony? This book will answer it in detail.

The entire history of Rome is divided into three stages: the royal era, the republican era and the imperial era. The Imperial Age is divided into two periods: the period of unity and the period of division. During the unification of the Roman Empire, apart from the founding monarch Octavian, the only ones who could be called "the great" were Constantine and Julian. "Julian the Great and the Resurgence of the Roman Empire" is an interpretation of Julian the Great, the great master of the revival of the Roman Empire. This book is based on three major backgrounds: on the political side, there are powerful people everywhere, warlords are divided, and there are many political reasons; on the religious side, the Roman Empire's native religions inevitably declined, and Christianity prospered and developed; on the national side, barbarian free people or slaves poured into the Roman legions as mercenaries in large numbers, and the Roman Empire faced the long-term threat of barbarian invasion in the border areas of the Rhine and Danube rivers. Against this background, Julian stepped onto the stage of history. After fighting in the north and south, he defeated the separatist forces and reunified the Roman Empire; he was baptized by Christianity, but later believed in Neoplatonism and crazily suppressed Christianity; he carried out drastic reforms, advocated frugality, accumulated wealth, improved the fiscal and tax system, and turned the treasury from losses to profits; he promoted judicial reform, combated corruption, and opened up channels for the poor to appeal; he strengthened military construction and improved its combat effectiveness. Under his rule, the Roman Empire returned to unity from fragmentation, and evolved from exclusive Christianity to the equal development of multiple religions. The domestic political situation was stable and the economy prospered, realizing the resurgence of the Roman Empire.

Throughout the history of France, the following are major historical events recognized by historians as having turning points: 1. Caesar's conquest of Gaul (the beginning of French civilization); 2. The disintegration of Charlemagne's empire (the key to the formation of the French nation); 3. Joan of Arc and the restoration of France (the establishment of the French national spirit); 4. The French Wars of Religion (the solidification of French religious beliefs); 5. The French Revolution (the key to France's move toward modernity). This book is about the fourth major historical event with turning significance in French history - the French War of Religion. The perspective of this book is very novel. From the struggle between Huguenots and Catholics, the struggle between royal power and aristocratic power, the struggle between unity and secession, the struggle between national independence and external interference, it tells the whole process of the origin, development, turning point and end of the French War of Religion from a wide angle and multiple levels.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty. Austria-Hungary was legally regarded as two equal and independent countries within the country, but in the international community, Austria-Hungary was generally regarded as the same political entity. Austria-Hungary enjoys autonomy in the fields of legislation, administration, justice, taxation, customs, coinage, etc. The overall finance, diplomacy and national defense must be managed by the central government of the empire.

"The End of the Middle Ages: 1273-1494" is the representative work of Richard Lodge, a giant in British medieval history, chairman of the Royal Historical Society, and professor of history at the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh. It focuses on the three major historical events that ended the Middle Ages - the Reformation, the Renaissance and the opening of new shipping routes. It systematically describes the rise and fall of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Poland, the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Florence, the Republic of Venice and other countries during the evolution from the Middle Ages to modern times.

"British Diplomatic History: From the Tudor Dynasty to the Hanoverian Dynasty" takes the evolution of Britain's foreign policy from the Tudor Dynasty to the Hanoverian Dynasty as the main clue, and shows in detail the entire process of Britain's transformation from an island country into an empire on which "the sun never sets" through means such as vertical and horizontal alliances and overseas colonization. What were the characteristics of Elizabeth I's diplomatic strategy? How was the foreign policy of "balance of power" formed? During the three Anglo-Dutch Wars, what kind of grudges existed between the Republic of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England? Why did William III return to the Tudor dynasty's "balance of power" diplomatic strategy? What role did the Royal Navy play in British diplomatic history? Why did "one ear" eventually lead to Britain declaring war on the Kingdom of Spain in 1739? How did the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars affect British foreign policy? What is Britain's attitude towards the Holy Alliance? What is the relationship between the disintegration of the "Holy Alliance" and Britain's overseas policy? This book will answer it in detail.

"A Brief History of the British Empire" vividly and rigorously tells the history of the establishment, development, strength, and decline of the British Empire from the reign of Elizabeth I to the end of the Ottawa Conference in 1932. This book is divided into three parts, corresponding to the three stages of the British Empire - the British Empire, the Second British Empire and the Third British Empire. The first part mainly tells the history of the British Empire's colonization of the Americas. The second part tells the history of the Second British Empire's colonization of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and India. The third part tells the history of the Third British Empire's heavy losses in World War I and the rebirth of the colonies and autonomous dominions after the war.

"The Massacre of St. Bartholomew: Religious Disputes, Great Power Games, and the Decline of the Kingdom of France" is an extremely important academic monograph by Henry White, the most authoritative British scholar who studies the history of the Valois Dynasty in France. It is the first time that "The Massacre of St. Bartholomew was the result of a sudden decision" through systematic argumentation. At the end of the Valois Dynasty, why did the Kingdom of France fall into the dilemma of religious struggle? How did the struggle between royal and aristocratic power become entangled with religious struggles? What was the decision-making process for the St. Bartholomew's Massacre? Should key figures such as Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX be held responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Massacre, and to what extent? How did the St. Bartholomew's Massacre demonstrate the so-called "bigness" in terms of the number of people massacred, its scope, and its impact? Why did the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew become the beginning of the French Wars of Religion and a key event in the decline of the French Kingdom for a hundred years? This book will answer it in detail.

This book takes the divorce case between King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon as the main line and tells the thrilling history of the English people's religious reform under the leadership of Henry VIII. How did divorce cause the Reformation in England? How did Pope Clement VII handle the divorce case under the triple threat of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England? How did the outcome of the divorce case affect the relationship between the three Christian powers, the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, and the Kingdom of England? How did the English Parliament step by step pass important bills such as the Supremacy Act, the Succession Act, the Clergy Act, and the Appeal Act to limit the power of the clergy, realize the supremacy of royal power, and ultimately break with the Roman Catholic Church? How did the advancement of the English Reformation affect the fate of England's senior nobles, senior clergy, ordinary clergy and people? How did Catherine of Aragon choose to die in order to defend her dignity, seek help from everywhere, and finally die with hatred? How did Eustace Chapi, my ambassador from the Kingdom of Spain to England, secretly incite the English nobles to revolt? How did the pro-Holy Roman Empire faction and the pro-France faction within the English court intrigue and restrict each other? What's the secret behind Anne Boleyn's adultery case? Was the English Reformation a tyranny carried out by a tyrant for his own selfish desires, or was it the inevitable result of the people's aspirations and historical development? This book will answer it in detail.

It tells the history of the Kingdom of England, under the leadership of Elizabeth I, as it strived to become stronger, reversed its national fortunes, and achieved take-off. In the early days of Elizabeth I's accession to the throne, why did the Kingdom of England fall into the quagmire of religious disputes and internal strife among the nobility? Why did the struggle between Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots for the throne of England alarm the Kingdom of France and Spain? How did Elizabeth I take advantage of the contradiction between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain, seize the rare period of strategic opportunity, create a relatively peaceful external environment, mediate the fierce domestic religious and political struggles, stabilize the social situation, strive to develop the economy, and quickly restore national strength? How did Elizabeth I skillfully support the Dutch Revolution and attack the Kingdom of Spain? The Spanish "Invincible Armada" set sail in the name of God. Why was it ultimately defeated by the weak English fleet? This book will answer it in detail.

This book is a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation by David Brewster, a member of the Royal Society, chairman of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the discoverer of "Brewster's Law" and the inventor of the kaleidoscope, horseshoe-shaped electromagnet, and lighthouse lens. It is recognized as a masterpiece in the history of science. The author extensively collects various original manuscripts, taking Isaac Newton's magnificent scientific research as the main line, detailing the arrival of the Age of Reason and the rise and development of modern science, analyzing the astrophysics discovery process of Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, John Kepler and Isaac Newton's scientific thoughts, and examining the dispute over the invention of calculus between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the rumors of Isaac Newton's mental illness.

"The Hungry Empire" selects twenty delicacies as an entry point for studying the history of the British Empire. Through historical events such as how Africans taught Americans to grow rice, how the East India Company turned opium into tea, and how Americans became the best eaters in the world, it elaborates on the historical process of economic and trade development, species migration, personnel flow, and technological innovation between Britain and its colonies from the 16th century to the present. Food, like other historical materials, reflects the civilization process and social trends of a period. This book not only presents a vivid picture of the social, cultural and material life of the British Empire during the colonial period, but also provides a valuable reference for understanding social life and cultural exchanges in Britain. It also opens up a new path for understanding the formation and development of capitalist economy and modern world civilization.

The "Oxford European History" series of books is planned and launched by Oxford University Press. Relying on its strong academic and publishing resources, it has assembled more than 100 historical giants across the ages and spent more than 40 years creating this set of Oxford classics. Famous experts in various fields have devoted their lifetime learning, breaking through the single-threaded general history narrative mode, and contributed to ordinary readers a set of special European histories that represent the high level of Europe and the United States in the past half century. This set of books has also become a treasure of Oxford University Press. It is a designated textbook of Oxford University and is known as "a book that every educated person should read."

The Ganges River is one of the birthplaces of ancient Indian civilization and is known as the "cradle of Indian civilization" and "the mother river of India". The Ganges River is the soul of India. This book is the latest book by British journalist Ma Kai, which provides a comprehensive account of the relationship between the Ganges and modern India, including the impact of the Ganges on the country's history, religion, literature, politics and environment. We will follow the author's footsteps, listen to his questioning, and jointly face a cruel and absurd paradox in India: Why do Hindus so revere and worship the Ganges, but why do they pollute and even infringe their beloved national river so unrestrainedly?

This book mainly starts from five aspects: historical details, urban details, cultural details, economic details and educational details. It explains how the three small countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, surrounded by Britain, France and Germany, discovered their potential, became unique, became the vanguard of the European Union and even the whole of Europe, and led the world's trend with culture, economy and education.

Iran (Persia) is one of the most important civilizations in the world and one of the few countries in the world that still maintains the uniqueness of its own civilization. Today, as an Islamic power with extensive regional influence, Iran is deeply integrated into the global economy with its abundant energy reserves. Even so, Iran has always seemed out of step with the Western world. Why does the Iranian government openly express its unwillingness to adapt to Western ideology? When and why did Iran turn into a Shiite state? What factors triggered the Islamic Revolution of 1979? Is Iran's nuclear program really aimed at possessing nuclear weapons? Is Khamenei a dictator? Who is actually running this country? A series of questions related to Iran are about to emerge. To answer these questions, we must have a deep understanding of Iranian history. This book explains one by one the historical roots and evolution of important issues closely related to Iran through questions and answers.

There were three major knightly orders in Europe during the Middle Ages: the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Teutonic Knights. As a religious military organization, knights must not only safeguard their own beliefs, but also be deeply involved in secular affairs. They are a unique existence in human history. This book mainly introduces the history of the rise and fall of the three major knights. The titles of each chapter are connected to show the development trajectory of the knights. The first knights embarked on a journey and fought fiercely in the Middle East. They possessed great strength and mysterious charm with their outstanding qualities; then, the storm came, and the knights suffered heavy losses and retreated to Rhodes Island, experiencing a siege and heart-breaking battle; finally, the old era faded away, and the knights gradually retreated with difficulty, but after almost disappearing, they became legends and attracted endless fascination from future generations. The book contains vivid and detailed descriptions of the knights' daily life, emotions, careers, etc., And also explains the final destination of the knights and the status of the knights that still exist today.

This book starts from the birth of Tokugawa Ieyasu until the unification of Japan by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It mainly tells the history of Japan's Warring States Period in three clues: the first and most important one tells the story of Tokugawa Ieyasu who started as a hostage, unified Mikawa and continued to grow, and his most difficult life years in surviving in the cracks; the second clue , narrates the short but glorious life of Oda Nobunaga from a "Martian" who was not favored by the world, to gradually becoming the overlord of the world, and finally committed suicide in the Honnoji Incident; the third clue describes the arduous struggle of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was born in a humble background. It was his talent and strategy that finally unified the entire Japan and ended the dark Warring States Period. While telling the ups and downs of the characters' fate, it more closely reveals the biggest mystery in the history of Japan's Warring States Period - the rebellion of Akechi Mitsuhide, the Incident at Honnoji Temple, and the final outcome of Oda Nobunaga.

After the Battle of Sekihara, Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed by the Emperor as the General to Conquer the Barbarians, founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, and began his journey to become the first person in Japan. However, the Toyotomi family has always been regarded as orthodox and still powerful. Toyotomi Hideyori also has loyal retainers around him and has a marriage agreement with the Tokugawa family. Tokugawa Ieyasu must start from two aspects, one is to make the world surrender with his strength, and the other is to oust the Toyotomi family from power as legitimately as possible. A competition of intelligence and strength that lasted for more than ten years began. At the same time, the issue of successor was also placed in front of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Who can I trust with my long-lasting achievements? The internal fighting of the Tokugawa family burned the life of this overlord in another way.

In 57 AD, the Japanese slave king went to Luoyang to meet Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty Liu Xiu, and was named "the Japanese slave king of the Han Dynasty". At that time, Japan's political power was limited to today's Kyushu Island, divided into dozens of tribes, and there were constant disputes. Until the Three Kingdoms period, various tribes formed an alliance and elected Queen Beimihu as the leader of the alliance. After that, Japan continued to send envoys to China to learn from China's advanced systems and technologies. In 593 AD, Prince Shotoku took over as regent and implemented reforms. After the death of Prince Shotoku, Emperor Kotoku once again implemented reforms after coming to power, which was known as the "Taika Reform" in history. However, the Dahua reform was resisted because it touched the interests of the nobles. It was not implemented again until Empress Saimei (Princess Tao) came to the throne. Soon, the famous "Battle of Shiromura River" broke out, and Japan was defeated and retreated to its homeland.

Through the Meiji Restoration, Japan "left Asia and joined Europe", its national strength greatly increased, and it gradually embarked on the path of aggression and expansion. Correspondingly, the Qing Dynasty at this time appeared to be "returning to glory" through the Westernization Movement, but in fact it was politically corrupt, people lived in poverty, and various factions in the officialdom were fighting overtly and secretly, and intrigues among themselves. Under such circumstances, competition between the two countries became inevitable at that time. In 1876, Japan used force to open the door of North Korea, forced the North Korean government to sign the "Treaty of Ganghwa", and obtained a series of privileges such as consular jurisdiction. In 1894, the Donghak Party uprising broke out in North Korea. The North Korean government troops were retreating steadily and were forced to ask for help from their sovereign state, the Qing Dynasty. Japan took the opportunity to also send troops to North Korea, deliberately provoking a war. The Battle of Toshima broke out on July 25, 1894, and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894 began. Because Japan had been planning for a long time and the Qing Dynasty rushed to fight, the war ended with China's defeat and the complete destruction of the Beiyang Navy.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi had just ended a century of turmoil, but he was unable to eliminate the negative effects of this century of war in the short term - low national power, poor people's lives, and conflicts between various forces that had not been completely resolved. In order to divert domestic conflicts, Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched an aggressive war against North Korea. North Korea was vulnerable and could only ask for help from the Ming Dynasty at that time, and relied on the help of the Ming Dynasty to repel the invaders. This failure caused a generation of heroic Toyotomi Hideyoshi to die in depression, leaving his youngest son Toyotomi Hideyori to inherit the family business. However, there are similarities in history both at home and abroad. The accession of a young master to the throne often means the beginning of turmoil. Mitsunari Ishida, who was loyal to the Toyotomi family, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, a powerful minister, had frequent frictions, which eventually led to a war of unprecedented scale. Almost all the forces at that time took sides out of their own considerations. In the end, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated Ishida Mitsunari in the decisive battle of Sekigahara, seized the entire world, founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, and began the Edo Shogunate era.

In June 1853, four steamships from the United States arrived in Edo, Japan, breaking Japan's two-hundred-year policy of seclusion and becoming known as the Black Ships in history. The actual ruler of Japan, the Tokugawa Shogunate, announced the founding of the country and signed a series of treaties with Western powers. At the same time, Japan's local samurai formed the Zunban faction and began a vigorous "overthrow" movement. In 1867, the shogunate returned power to the emperor, but it did not intend to give up control of Japan. The two sides fought a fierce battle at Fushimi Toba in Kyoto. Although it ended in the defeat of the shogunate, Edo Castle was still in the hands of the Tokugawa family.