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From 431 BC to 404 BC, hundreds of city-states were involved in the unprecedented "Greek World War", which spread to almost the entire Mediterranean civilized world at that time. The two major military groups, the Peloponnesian League and the Athenian Empire, headed by Sparta, one dominated the land and the other dominated the sea. Both sides used their tactics to launch a long-term tug-of-war. Just when both sides were losing money and running out of money and troops, the covetous Persians took the opportunity to intervene, and finally helped the Spartans defeat the Athenians and destroy the then-prosperous Athenian maritime empire. This war had a huge impact and shock on the politics of the Greek states. It was tantamount to a catastrophe for the social economy. It had a major and far-reaching impact on the subsequent ideological culture of the Greeks and the international situation in the Mediterranean world. The historian Thucydides, who personally experienced this war, with his objective and calm attitude, vivid and bold historical writing, and concise and smooth writing, not only comprehensively recorded the main historical facts of the war (up to 411 years ago), showed the magnificent scenes of land and sea battles, the cruelty and brutality of partisan struggles, and also appropriately described the subtle changes in people's psychological mentality during the period. This work is a cultural masterpiece from the heyday of Greek classical civilization. For thousands of years, it has attracted countless readers to appreciate, ponder, and think...