In the final years of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Chongzhen's grand ambitions were undermined by his lack of ability and narrow-mindedness, throwing the government into chaos. The people of the Great Ming were burdened with exorbitant taxes and levies. Years of internal strife and external threats left farmland uncultivated, creating vast numbers of refugees. The national army's discipline broke down, and soldiers fought ordinary people for food. On top of that, years of natural disasters left farmers destitute, sparking large-scale peasant uprisings across provinces and counties.
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