Reviving Rome from Chat Group

A: Byzantine soldiers, 12th to 13th centuries Although the 12th century was deeply influenced by foreign countries, especially the Italians, Normans and Turks, the paintings depicting the weapons and equipment of the Byzantines at that time still remind us that they still retained some of their own unique elements, the most obvious of which are the hanging strips on the waist and shoulders. Although chain mail and scale mail were used at least until the 14th century, chain mail was already dominant by this time. There were many styles of armored bras at that time. Short-sleeved ones were the most common, but there were also long-sleeved and sleeveless ones. Lightly-armored soldiers usually wear leather armor that reaches to the hips, and one thing that remains constant is that there is always a strap around the chest. Its purpose is to fix the armor on the body, but why is this strap worn when wearing chain mail? Its function is unknown. Special weapons of the Byzantine cavalry in the 12th century included spears and swords. Spears with wooden shafts (often preferred) and rattan shafts were carried under the arm in the Western fashion, which had become Byzantine custom by the 1250s. The chronicler Choniates observed that their "flexible reed-stem spears were not suitable" as practical weapons. Byzantine swords were indistinguishable from their Western European counterparts—in 1400, Emperor Manuel II even suggested that English swords were copied from Byzantium. Shields at that time were mainly made of light cork. They are bound with leather or iron and wrapped with a layer of parchment or leather, often with patterns painted on them. In the 12th century these were dominated by abstract or spherical designs, but by the 13th and 14th centuries they gave way to colorful bar, chevron and block designs. Until the end of the 13th century, most shields were of the Figure A style Depicting the figure A3 based on the murals of the Cappadocia people in the Grammy region of Turkey in the 12th and 13th centuries (especially the murals left at Kirk Dam between 1282 and 1304). The A2 figure is based on a Byzantine-style manuscript left in Acre, Israel, in the mid-13th century and some copies of original Byzantine manuscripts. The appearance of character A2 is similar to that of Western European soldiers of the same period. Other manuscripts from Acre describing Byzantine troops reveal that the styles of their helmets and coats were also indistinguishable from those used by Western knights. It is worth noting that it is known that most likely after 1261, the empire began to import weapons and armor from the west, via Italy. The character A1, largely based on the poems of Queen Melisande (c. 1131-1143), Is a typical Byzantine infantryman from the Anatolian region. His gun is usually about 2.4 Meters long. This length of gun remained the same throughout the late Byzantine Empire. Other light infantry carried only bows and shields. B1: Aragonese Borderers Mercenary (Almughavarmercenary), 1304 The most characteristic weapons of the Borderers are a spear called a "coutell" (the spear shaft can be temporarily broken to deal with close combat) and 2 to 4 javelins. The latter can be thrown with speed and power enough to kill an armored enemy. Such an effective combination of weapons has been passed down from generation to generation by Aragonese border residents. In actual combat, there was an example of a border warrior knocking down five armored knights B2: Cuman mercenaries, about 1300 A series of murals in Hungarian churches in Vel'kej Lomnici, Slovakia today became the basis for our picture. A cotton-wool hood covered his extremely long hair. In fact, the mercenary's use of spurs shows Western influence, as traditional Cumans typically used anklets and short whips to control horses. Typical equipment of the Cumans included bows and sabers, but other weapons might include maces, light spears, and javelins. Their small shields were mostly round, but almond-shaped shields with Byzantine or Serbian influence were also used. As the best cavalry, the Cumans will be equipped with 10 to 12 spare horses for replacement in actual combat. B3: Aylan mercenaries, 13th century The Aylan people hired by Byzantium always played the role of light cavalry. Their most important weapon was a combination of bow and saber, but a small minority might add a light spear or, more rarely, a small buckler. Even when loyal to the Byzantines and fighting on the battlefield, they would bring their families with them, and their traveling carriages formed a circle around the camp at night to form their defenses. C1: Byzantine soldiers, about 1295 This style of armor in the picture was worn by soldiers from the Byzantine Macedonian region. It happened to be the prosperous period of Macedonia under the rule of Byzantium and neighboring Serbia, that is, from 1280 to 1330, or even 1350. This set of armor consists of a "vest" with an outer skin lined with chain mail, a close-fitting armor made of zamail or scale armor inside the "vest", and an independent "stand-up collar" made of a circle of armor. Sabers and saber-style swords were also iconic items worn by Byzantine and Serbian soldiers during that period. C2: Byzantine soldiers of Epirus, 14th century Although the almond-shaped shield in Figure C1 still appeared as late as about 1350, it had begun to be replaced by various long triangular shields by the end of the 13th century. They are all about 45cm wide but vary in length, from 90cm to 150cm, which shows that they are not too heavy. Based on the descriptions of St. Demetrius's Church by several Thessalonians, we added spurs to the shoes of the figure in the picture, which is obviously also influenced by the Western world. D: Byzantine soldiers, 14th century The image of the soldiers here is derived from the pictures in "The Life of Alexander the Great". Heavy cavalry like the one in Figure D1 was not common at the time, especially heavily armored horses. There is no doubt that this kind of comprehensive armor is only available to soldiers of the elite Guards. Even so, only some of these troops have such treatment. Literary writer Pseudo-Kodinos describes the Vadaritai legion, a palace guard in red, while the hoplites known as the Tzakones wore sky blue (with two white lions facing each other sewn on the chest and back). The Byzantine historian Gregoras records the condition of these uniforms in the mid-14th century. The data shows that equipment like Figure D2 is equipped with both infantry and cavalry. Note that the soldier in the picture still carries an almond-shaped shield, which was rarely seen at the time. Figure D3 shows a cotton-lined armor, which is basically the same style of armor created by Western Europeans at the same time. The technical terms pourpoint and gombeson (two types of cotton armor in the Middle Ages, the former is tight and the latter is loose, translator's note) usually refer to this type of armor equipment used by a series of Byzantine troops after 1326. The bows and arrows pictured here are of Persian style, not the more common Asian style. E1: Serbian Auxiliary, 14th century Based on a marl fresco painted between 1309 and 1314, this illustration shows the 14th century The equipment of the Serbs during this century was similar to that of the Bulgarians of the same century, but different from that of the Byzantines, and the Serbs in the Byzantine Empire at that time preferred to use triangular shields rather than the almond-shaped shields favored by the Byzantines. The preferred weapons of these Serbs were javelins (which they often wielded over their shoulders), swords, maces, and Eastern-style bows and arrows. In fact, paintings in the military collections of Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned with John V from 1347-1357, translator's note) and Serbian manuscripts confirm that Serbian armored cavalry in the 13th and 14th centuries were indeed used as horse archers. Similarly, at the battle of Pelagonia in Macedonia in 1259, Serbs in the Nicaean army also played the role of horse archers. E2: Bulgarian Auxiliary, circa 1345 Picture data show that equipment similar to that of the Bulgarians and Byzantines was used until the end of the 14th century when Bulgaria was annexed by the Ottoman Turks. Bulgarian attire clearly retains Balkan traditions. This picture comes from the "Manasseh" manuscript of Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331-1365). The robe on his body obviously concealed light personal armor (i. E., The Bulgarian chainmail or zamail that reached to the chest and legs). All Bulgarian cavalry are usually equipped with Eastern-style bows and arrows, and their heavy cavalry at least carry spears. E3: Serbian Knights, 15th Century Faced with continued military pressure from the Ottomans in the second half of the 14th century, Serbia's imports of weapons from the West, especially Venice and Lombardy, multiplied. In the 15th century, the well-equipped Serbs were no different from the Italian knights except for retaining their shields (perhaps in order to deal with the Turkish archery skills). In contrast, in the first half of the 15th century, the Serbian cavalry took on the appearance of a Turkish field force and was famous for the efficiency of their formation attacks. A strong Serbian force of 1,500 men even besieged Constantinople in 1453. F1: Senior Byzantine officer, court costume This picture is depicted based on the portrait manuscript of Alexios Apokoros (1340-1345), the "Arch Duke of the Navy" in about 1342. Apokochos, a cunning speculator, deliberately instigated the civil war from 1341 to 1347 out of his own ambition. Although his initial promotion to the court was owed to John Cantacuzenus, the ambitious Apokours joined John's main opponent, the Empress Anna, until he was killed by a political prisoner while visiting the prison. The richly decorated robe in the picture is a typical representative of the traditional clothing of Byzantine upper-class figures from the 13th to the 15th century. Its biggest feature is the gorgeous and bright patterns often embroidered with gold thread. F2: Turkish mercenaries, 12th century In the 1270s, a large number of Uche and Seljuk people were hired. We know that at the time of the Battle of Myriocephalon (1176) the two types of men were virtually indistinguishable. It can be speculated that most of them were horse archers, and some were armored cavalry. For example, the historian Kinnamos recorded that a Turkish heavy armored cavalry regiment in the Byzantine army participated in the battle at Semlin in 1167. These soldiers who moved into the Byzantine Empire intermarried with the locals, and many of them converted to Christianity and integrated into the Byzantine culture very thoroughly. It is not surprising that the Turks held high official positions in the empire. F3: Turkish Auxiliary, 14th to 15th centuries Ottoman troops employed by Byzantium usually consisted of light cavalry. They are usually equipped with Eastern-style curved bows, and most also have sabers. Some use light spears, and small round wooden shields are also common. The clothing of these troops was clearly influenced by Balkan traditions, consisting of baggy trousers, several long cotton robes worn over layers, and a lightweight waterproof felt robe worn as the outermost layer. In the 15th century, this kind of robe was usually very long, and when fighting, the hands would be stretched out of the slits in the sleeves, and the two sleeves were tied behind the back. In addition, for convenience of movement, the hem of the robe is sometimes tucked into the pants. Damascus leather boots and a turban (usually white) covering a red hat complete their outfit. G1: Mercenaries of the Cuman Khanate, 14th century The clothing of this warrior is based on the famous "Kepes Kronika" hand scroll of the 14th century 60s, which is more typical than Figure B2, and many original materials in the 11th century have similar records. There are slightly different descriptions of the shape of the unique wide-brimmed pointed hat, but each record is consistent with the design of the hat having a slit in front or on the side and the hat being folded up or down. Note his golden hair, which is called Polovtsy and Falven by the Cumans, whose etymology comes from Russian and German respectively, and its meaning is "yellow". G2: Albanian Mercenaries, 15th Century The characters in this painting are largely based on the 15th century portrait of the rebel leader Skanderbeg (1443-1468). He wore the typical Albanian attire, which included a huge sombrero, a sleeveless tunic and a robe with extremely long sleeves. The latter had slits at the shoulders or elbows, and the arms were often exposed when worn. These Albanian dress customs were clearly copied from Turkish and Italian traditions. The above-mentioned robes were sometimes lined with armor, but for Albanians this was only a minority. Their typical equipment includes light spears with spear points on both ends of 3 to 3.7 Meters long, broad-bladed swords and heavy maces. G3: Italian Mercenaries, 1453 In 1453, many Western mercenaries and volunteers who supported the defense of Constantinople were equipped with muskets and crossbows, and the use of spears and javelins was also recorded. Most people, including sailors, had only light armor or no armor at all, but there was one exception. The Giustiniani family (a family name originating from Venice, translator's note) had 300 to 400 warriors - many of them Venetian - wearing heavy half-hard leather armor. H1: Byzantine Militia, 15th Century The Byzantine army formed in 1453 as the main defense force to defend Constantinople turned out to be mostly inexperienced civilians. Leonard from Chios described them as "wielding their weapons instinctively without any technical tricks at all", and many Byzantine soldiers who were citizens of the city had no idea what war was, so they reluctantly participated in the battle: in fact, it was amazing that thousands of soldiers could be recruited to defend Constantinople in 1453. Leonard also recorded that most of these people were equipped with swords, spears and shields, while a few used bows and arrows, but very few used crossbows - which were all equipped for regular soldiers. H2: Byzantine Cavalry, 1438 Pisanello's work "The Medal of John VIII" (Pisanello, Italian early Renaissance painter, translator's note) shows the image of the Byzantine king's entourage when he was in Italy, and our picture is also based on this. In the mid-14th century, Turkish customs became popular in Constantinople, and this picture also reflects the popularity of this dominant influence—thin saddles and artificially widened nostrils on horses are continuations of Turkish customs. There is no evidence that 15th-century Byzantine cavalry fought in the same manner as the Turks, but the Burgundian pilgrim Bertrandon de la Brocquiere, visiting Constantinople in 1433, saw one of King John's brothers and 20 cavalry practicing horseback archery on a racecourse. He recorded: "They adopted the practice of the Turks and endeavored to make themselves proficient in the art." H3: Soldiers of Trabzon, 1461

Author, I can start changing my name to a Greek name later. The Chinese name will feel inconsistent.

Another history guru, I hope you can stick with it and look forward to the military reform in the future, as well as your descriptions of medieval weapons and armor, war beliefs and reforms, etc.

1405 Current Situation Map

The infamy of Westdog from Morea was known from Ireland to Cathay.

The protagonist's era is almost the Age of Discovery. I am familiar with the story of colonizing the New World in Ireland and then counterattacking the native chickens to rebuild the Roman Empire.

Territorial changes of the new Paliologs dynasty The founding emperor Westdog Diodoro Paliologs [1390-1478] reigned [1412-1475]. The second emperor Cassius Nisigli Paliologos, the fourth son of Westdog Diodoro Paliologos. 1438-1506Reigned1475-1505. The third queen was Vianne Anna Paliologos, the second daughter of Cassius Nisigli Paliologos. 1480-1542Reigned1505-1540. The fourth emperor, Silicid Arcadia Paleologus, the eldest son of Vianne Anna Paleologus' younger brother. [1528-1586] Reigned [1540-1582] The fifth emperor Akel Constantine Paliologos, the third son of Siricid Arcadia Paliologos. [1554-1618] Reigned [1582-1616] The sixth emperor, Westkander Komnenos Paliologos, the second son of Akail Constantine Paliologos. [1578-1644] Reigned [1616-1643] The seventh emperor Brutulan Chidin Paliologos, the eldest grandson of Westkander Komnenos Paliologos. [1628-1715] Reigned [1643-1710] The eighth emperor Nisil Kelan Trajan Paliologos, the sixth son of Brutulan Chidin Paliologos. [1674-1758] Reigned[1710-1754] The ninth emperor "The Last Paliologs" Anton Westdog Paliologos, the second son of Nisil Kellan Trajan Paliologos. 1722-1798Reign1754-1796 The territorial changes of the Bonaparte Dynasty. Napoleon Bonaparte, son-in-law of Anton Westdog Paleologus. The second Roman emperor named Emperor after the 15th century [1770-1848] reigned [1802-1846] The second queen Victoria Anna Polina Bonaparte, the eldest daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte's sister Polina. [1828-1904] Reigned [1846-1904] The last glory of the Roman Empire, the "Victorian Era".

1760, Roman "Battle Standard" Legion, Spartan Battalion, Grenadier

Maybe this is fate🤭

Emmm I have to say that the foreign history comment section is of better quality than the fantasy section.

Battle at the Wall

Will Timur beat Osman severely in 12 years and seize the opportunity to make a comeback?

I read this article in its entirety today and it was so well written! I thought this kind of historical text would be very obscure! A small suggestion is that the character's personality can be a little clearer! Because everything else is good, ah, the characters could be a little more distinct? Expressive ability

Thank you all for your tips and recommendation votes, my lovely readers QAQ

Modern Roman legionary infantry😁

Eastern Roman Military District, I don't know if the author will use it in the future 🙂

Ecstasy, ecstasy

It's not about dragging Rome and beheading all of Europe. It's useless.

The city of Zagreb is part of the Dalmatian province of the Roman Empire. It has a high level of urban development and has a certain strategic position. Therefore, legions were deployed near towns and had garrisons and guards. Most of these small-scale troops were formed by the city-states themselves and were generally tasked with dealing with stubborn elements that could not be solved by secondary armed forces. Of course they are also part of the Roman Empire's legion, but they just default not to join the legion to fight against robbers and robbers. It is more than enough to go to the battlefield unless it is absolutely necessary. Excellent policies and environment have allowed the city to develop rapidly and stably, and the superiority of Rome's civilization is reflected in all aspects. Until that day comes. Flags like never before were fluttering in the sky, and the mobilization of emergency gatherings was conducted from top to bottom. The assembled guards prepared for war, and the main army was completely transferred. The entire city's garrison force was only the local guards. The elderly soldiers in their forties and fifties became the strongest combat force, without any strength to win the battle. No advance warning was given to the reconnaissance cavalry. When the defenders on the city wall saw a large number of unidentified troops approaching, they were unable to make adequate preparations. The evacuation operation was unorganized from beginning to end. Thousands of citizens were stranded inside and outside the town. They watched their families enter the garrison to replenish the legion, and waited for the final outcome together. A few hundred-man regiments set off from the station and entered the battlefield. Bows, arrows and firecrackers began to be fired. When the silvery enemies gathered from the horizon to reorganize the battle line, the guards realized how ridiculous their luck had been. This basic border "conflict" could never escape the surveillance of the border patrols. The Guards encountered the enemy's main army without any warning. The Roman Empire deliberately blocked information about the invasion and withdrew all the main legions. A losing battle must be fought. Behind the Home Guard is the city that raised them. The main army can retreat but they cannot escape. The citizens in the city undoubtedly agreed with the ideas of the Roman Empire, and the soldiers and generals on the battlefield outside the city were also willing to fight for this country. But what if their country abandons them? A country may abandon its citizens, and soldiers may abandon their positions, but mortals cannot abandon their family ties People are fragile because of their emotions, and they are real because of their vulnerability! In such a battle with huge disparity in strength, the guards on the battlefield resisted desperately not just to wait for the damn reinforcements that would never come. But to live even one second longer for my hometown family living in the city. The people in the city straightened up to pay tribute to the distance. They understand that every audible explosion and roar on the distant battlefield will add new heroic souls to the Wei family. At this moment, there is no concept of country. All they can do is survive each other. The frail veteran pressed the trigger, trying to stop the enemy's crazy impact and shoot at the enemy's strong armor. The guards and enemies attacked in the light of fire. Every time an enemy was replaced, there was a glimmer of hope left in the city. And this was completely shattered as the enemy artillery was loaded and ready to fire, and there was no high price within the shooting angle.

To be honest, the future great Rome will only have an area of ​​2 million square kilometers? At least it can be regarded as another time traveler. Not to mention restoring the glory of Rome and turning the Mediterranean into an inland sea, it will at least be larger than the peak Dongluo, right? Is this considered a great Rome? It is estimated that it is still stuck in the quagmire of World War II, and the country's potential is not as great as that of the American empire. It is probably still trembling with fear from the Soviet Union, and is destined to be the little brother of the American emperor 😅