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The second volume of "History of Rome" mainly tells the history from the abolition of the Roman monarchy to the unification of Italy. The book is divided into nine chapters. The first three chapters mainly cover Roman internal affairs issues and the struggle for political power in the hundreds of years after the abolition of the monarchy. Chapters 4 to 7 mainly describe the wars that Rome experienced in the process of unifying Italy and the history of the Romans' struggle against the aggression of other nations. Chapters 8 to 9 mainly describe some of Rome's legal, religious, economic, cultural, artistic and scientific policies after the unification of Italy. The main content of Monson's volume "History of Rome" is to describe the process of Rome's unification of the entire Italy, so he focused a lot of his writing on Rome's foreign wars. And he also focused on describing Rome being invaded by the Gauls and razing the city to the ground after the occupation. After countless bloody battles, the Romans finally unified the entire Italian peninsula. Rome's rule expanded to the interior of Lower Italy and the entire east coast of Italy, roughly from the Ionian Sea to the Celtic border. Rome's rule further expanded, and the competition with surrounding areas became more intense.

The first volume of "History of Rome" covers the initial stage of the formation of Rome to the end of the royal period. The work does not tell the historical process of Rome, because the content of this volume only involves the prehistory and early formation of the Italian Peninsula, without any written materials to support it. The first volume of "History of Rome" starts from the geographical situation of the Italian peninsula, and talks about the earliest primitive immigrants and the composition and relationships of the ethnic groups, the family form of the immigrant society, the earliest community forms and organizational relationships, their development and their relationships and exchanges with neighboring ethnic groups such as the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Aeolians in Asia Minor, and the early urban construction of Rome and their production, life, trade, sacrifice, architecture, art, etc. The author of this book is proficient in linguistic research. Without textual data for verification, he makes use of the preserved roots of the original language and uses ancient Greek, ancient Latin, ancient Sanskrit, ancient Hebrew and many other ancient language words and the evolution of their roots to explain the spread and mutual influence of various famous objects. The use of a large number of annotations demonstrates the author's rich knowledge accumulation. Therefore, the "History of Rome" is a rare informative encyclopedia for researchers, providing readers with a large amount of research materials. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It is a classic historical research work.

The third volume of "Roman History" mainly tells the story from the unification of Rome to the conquest of Carthage and the Greek countries, and the two Punic Wars with Carthage for the dominance of the western Mediterranean; and the Eastern War with Macedonia and Antioch for the eastern Mediterranean. The book describes in detail the course of the war, Rome's missteps and military exploits, as well as the relationship between the Roman Republic and surrounding ethnic city-states. The study of war occupies three-quarters of this volume, and then the writing shifts to a more detailed study of the internal political structure, economic structure, and foreign trade of the Roman Republic, and an in-depth comparative study of Roman beliefs and customs, literature and art, and its exchanges with Greek culture. The third volume of "History of Rome" cites a large number of data and original documents of Cato and others, as well as relevant works of ancient Roman playwrights and poets. This provides very rich materials for researchers engaged in Roman history and provides readers with a large number of reference elements. As a German, Mommsen laid a solid scientific foundation for the work with his German rational thinking and rigorous logic. It is a classic historical research work.

The Oxford classic series created by more than 100 academicians over 40 years! Punching Britain, kicking France, giving birth to Russia, and discovering North America, the Vikings were a nightmare for the entire Europe. In the 8th century AD, a group of pirates called "Vikings" appeared in Scandinavia in northern Europe. They drove long boats around, smashing and looting, and carried out organized invasions of European countries. From Britain, France to Russia, Viking pirates can be seen everywhere. In addition to fighting, the Vikings were also great navigators and are considered to be the first to land on the American continent. From the 8th century to the 11th century AD, the whole of Europe was turned upside down by Viking pirates. This period was even called the "Viking Age." Open this book and see how Vikings became a nightmare for the whole of Europe!

The "Oxford European History" series created by more than 100 academicians over 40 years! The imperial epic of Byzantium: live for a thousand years and remain immortal, die for a thousand years and remain immortal, and after you fall you will remain immortal for a thousand years! Live for a Thousand Years and Not Die (BC509-AD476) Ancient Rome successively conquered Carthage, Greece, and Egypt, and ancient civilizations along the Mediterranean Sea successively became decorations on its pillars. In 1,000 years, ancient Rome grew from a small state on the banks of the Tiber River to a powerful empire spanning Europe, Asia, and Africa. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476-1453), Byzantium was left alone to support itself in the east. The Persians and Arabs successively attacked the city of Constantinople, and the Crusaders even broke into the city directly, but the Byzantine Empire always stood firm. After a thousand years of immortality (1453 to the present), the empire has passed away, but its legacy is still far-reaching: Eastern European countries converted to Byzantine's state religion, Orthodox Christianity, and Western European countries rediscovered ancient Greek-Roman classics in Byzantium, thus promoting the emergence of the Renaissance.

The content of this book includes John Strauss, nationalist music, Czech Smetana and Dvořák, Norwegian Grieg, Russian Glinka, the "Five" and Tchaikovsky, Finnish Sibelius, European opera art, etc.

The content of this book includes ancient Egyptian music, ancient West Asian music, ancient Indian music, ancient Greek music, ancient Roman music, medieval music, Byzantine music, Western European music, Indian music, Arabic music, music of the Ottoman Empire, etc.

The content of this book includes archaeological discoveries and primitive architecture, primitive peoples and primitive architecture, religious rituals and primitive architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, Babylonian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, Mayan architecture, Toltec architecture, etc.

The content of this book includes 17th-century French painting, 18th-century European painting, 18th-century French painting, 18th-century British painting, 18th-century Italian painting, 18th-century Spanish painting, Japanese painting from the 13th to the 18th century, Italian painting and Segantini, Sweden's best painter Zorn, etc.

The content of this book includes education in the pre-clan society period, education in the matriarchal clan period, education in the patrilineal clan period, education in the military democracy period, education in ancient Egypt, education in ancient Assyria and Babylon, education in ancient India, the education system in ancient Greece, the education system in ancient Rome, etc.

The content of this book includes the background of the origin of Hebrew civilization, unique nations, unique beliefs, unique regions, the influence of Canaanite culture, the process of Hebrew civilization, the birth of the Hebrew nation, sojourning in Egypt, Moses leading the people out of Egypt, etc.

The content of this book includes Islam - the source of Arab culture, the "Prophet" Muhammad, the holy city of Mecca, the city of the prophet - Medina, the epoch-making classic - the "Quran", the Muslim code of conduct - "Hadith", the five major beliefs and five pillars of Islam, the five major sects of Islam, etc.

The content of this book includes New Rome - Constantinople, a unique city, an impenetrable wall, Hagia Sophia, a mixture of buildings, houses and shops, an airy city, Byzantine literature, art and education, etc.

The content of this book includes the wonders of Asian civilization, Seokguram and Bulguksa Temple, Horyu Temple, Himeji Castle, Borobudur, Angkor ruins, Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Kathmandu Valley, Khajuraho temple complex, etc.

The content of this book includes famous Hebrew prophets, technology and life, medical achievements, Hebrew cooking techniques, winemaking and leather processing, beauty and decoration techniques, the use and manufacture of cars and ships, folklore stories, Jewish New Year, Yom Kippur, Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread, etc.

The content of this book includes Thales - the founder of ancient Greek philosophy, the legendary philosopher - Empedocles, Socrates - "know thyself", Plato and "The Republic", Aristotle - "I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth", Epicurus - the great materialist enlightenment, Diogenes - the representative of the Cynics, etc.

The content of this book includes the social life, handicrafts and commerce of ancient Indians, distinctive families and marriages, daily life and entertainment, ancient Indian culture, ancient Indian religious culture, Samana thoughts, Indian festivals, magical yoga, ancient Indian religious literature, etc.

The contents of this book include the fall of ancient Indian civilization, the invasion of Islamic civilization into India, the violent end of ancient Indian civilization, India's caste system and religion, and the intricate Indian race.

The contents of this book include the abode of eternal life, the road to heaven, the civilization in the pyramids, the Temple of Abu Simbo, white paper and black letters, pen, ink, paper and inkstone, the mystery of deciphering hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone, Champollion, the father of Egyptology, writing and literature, etc.

The content of this book includes archaeological discoveries and primitive architecture, primitive nations and primitive architecture, religious rituals and primitive architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, Babylonian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, Mayan architecture, Toltec architecture, Aztec architecture, Inca architecture, ancient Greek architecture, etc.

The content of this book includes thermometers, blood pressure monitors, aspirin, penicillin, CT scanners, in vitro fertilization, artificial hearts, etc.

The content of this book includes education in the pre-clan society period, education in the matriarchal clan period, education in the patrilineal clan period, education in the military democracy period, education in ancient Egypt, education in ancient Assyria and Babylon, education in ancient India, the education system in ancient Greece, the education system in ancient Rome, etc.

The content of this book includes Seokguram and Bulguksa Temple, Horyu Temple, Himeji Castle, Borobudur, Angkor ruins, Shwedagon Pagoda, Kathmandu Valley, Khajuraho temple complex, etc.

The content of this book includes the era of ignorance, the Arab civilization in the desert, the earliest Arab countries, the four caliphate periods, the Umayyad dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty, the "Prophet" Muhammad, the holy city of Mecca, the city of the prophet - Medina, the epoch-making classic - the Quran, the code of conduct of Muslims - the Hadith, the five major beliefs and five pillars of Islam, etc.

The content of this book includes the origin of Byzantine civilization, the Millennium Empire, the Millennium Military Power, the fission of faith, New Rome-Constantinople, Byzantine literature, art and education, etc.

The content of this book includes ancient European literature, European medieval literature, European Renaissance literature, seventeenth-century European literature, etc.

The content of this book includes the Milesians, Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, Socrates and Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans, Stoics, Skepticism, Neoplatonism, medieval political thought, medieval historical concepts, medieval legal thought, medieval ethical thought, etc.

The content of this book includes architectural art, the Great Bath of Thousands, the underground "dead city"-Herculaneum, the ancient city of Pompeii, the stone city-Petra, the Pantheon Temple, the Arc de Triomphe and the Column of Merit, etc.

The content of this book includes the beginning of ancient Roman civilization, legends of the Latins, the origin of the city of Rome, the legend of the holy goose, the legend of Venus, inclusive religious culture, etc.

The content of this book includes the origin of civilization, the Nile, the Hapi God, the wedding of the River God, Hapi's jug, Ode to the Nile, ancient Egyptian agriculture, papyrus, the world in the eyes of Ay, the earliest garden culture in the world, etc.

The contents of this book include the statue of Laocoon, famous sculptors and their representative works, ancient Greek dramas and speeches, the "father of tragedy" Aeschylus, Homer of dramatic art - Sophocles, Euripides, father of comedy - Aristophanes, oratory expert Isocrates, orator Demosthenes, etc.

The content of this book includes the mysterious Cretan civilization, Mycenaean civilization, Olympus pantheon (story of gods), Athenian civilization, the real warrior-Perseus, the tragic prince-Oedipus, etc.

The contents of this book include the Nile River, Hapi God, the wedding of the River God, Hapi's water jar, Ode to the Nile River, agriculture in ancient Egypt, papyrus, the world in Ay's eyes, the earliest garden culture in the world, etc.

The contents of this book include mathematics - the inventor of sexagesimal, astronomy - the creation of months and weeks, medicine - the world's first pharmacopoeia, architecture - the world's first city, agricultural civilization - the birthplace of human agriculture, etc.

The content of this book includes arts and crafts, pottery crafts, glass crafts, metal crafts, dyeing and weaving crafts, wood crafts, Baroque period arts and crafts, dyeing and weaving techniques, wood crafts, glass crafts, pottery crafts, Rococo period arts and crafts, etc.

The content of this book includes the germ of ancient Greek drama, Euripides and "Medea", Aristotle's tragedy theory, Menander's comedy, ancient Roman drama, Sanskrit drama in ancient India, the maturity of Sanskrit drama, Kalidasa and "Shakundala", etc.

The content of this book includes Italian church architecture, Italian mansions and villas, Italian public buildings, Italian architectural masters, British Renaissance architecture, French classical architecture, Spanish classical architecture, Russian classical architecture, etc.

The content of this book includes Eugene Onegin, Balzac, Human Comedy, Alexandre Dumas, Hugo, Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, Emerson, George Sand, Andersen, Mrs. Browning, Edgar Allan Poe, Gogol, Belinsky, etc.

The contents of this book include vacuum triodes, Hou's alkali method, artificial rainfall, transistors, Teflon, papermaking, printing, knitting machines, elevators, typewriters, refrigerators, transformers, movies, washing machines, rockets, televisions, photocopiers, parachutes, steamships, etc.

The content of this book includes the educational thoughts of Comenius, Locke, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Herbart, Froebel, Didowier, Makarenko, etc.

The contents of this book include Cologne Cathedral, Neuschwanstein Palace, Copenhagen Royal Castle, Stonehenge, Tower of London, Greenwich Ancient City, Carnac Stone Circle, Notre Dame de Paris, Fontainebleau Palace, Versailles Palace, Eiffel Tower, etc.

The content of this book includes Arabic literature and art, colorful Arabic literature, the Quran and Arabic literature, Arabic poetry, Arabic novels, "Kalilai and Fumina", "One Thousand and One Nights", the talented poet Al-Mutainabi, prose writer Jahiz, Ibn Battuta and his "Travel Notes", etc.

The contents of this book include safety razors, stainless steel, Rubik's Cube, modern technological inventions, computers, telephone switches, radios, fax machines, artificial satellites, mice, optical fibers, bar codes, the Internet, global satellite positioning systems, etc.

The content of this book includes the pioneers of freedom and human rights, the world's earliest legislators, the Code of Hammurabi, the immortal clay tablet culture, the world's earliest writing, the earliest human epic, the earliest prototype of the Bible story, the poetic "Expedition", etc.

The content of this book includes European Renaissance paintings, Italian Renaissance paintings, Dutch Renaissance paintings, German Renaissance paintings, French Renaissance paintings, Spanish Renaissance paintings, etc.

The content of this book includes the miracles of African civilization, the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Sphinx, Luxor, the Valley of the Kings, the Temple of Abu Simbel, the Faros Lighthouse, the Islamic city of Cairo, the Old City of Fes, the Old City of Marrakech, etc.

The content of this book includes Byzantine and Eastern European famous generals during the Eastern Roman period, fissures in faith, the split between the Orthodox Church and the Holy See, Byzantine monasteries, the iconoclasm movement, Julian's revival of paganism, etc.

The content of this book includes prehistoric paintings, ancient paintings, European medieval paintings, European Renaissance paintings, 17th-century European paintings, 18th-century European paintings, etc.

The content of this book includes the wooden church in Olnes, the Old Town of Prague, the Kremlin, the Winter Palace, Cologne Cathedral, Neuschwanstein Palace, Copenhagen Royal Castle, Stonehenge, Tower of London, etc.