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Chinese civilization is the sum of our nation's material and spiritual wealth, the crystallization of wisdom from generation to generation, the origin and refuge of our souls, and the origin of our inner life. It nourishes our souls, inspires our creativity, and nurtures the future of our nation. Inheriting Chinese civilization is continuing the soul of our nation. Today in the 21st century, the new generation of Chinese people need to draw nutrients from China's long historical civilization, improve their humanistic quality, and build cultural confidence.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, and has continued for hundreds of generations.

A system in ancient China that divided the household population according to age for the purpose of collecting taxes and levies. "Ding", also known as Zhengding and Dingnan, generally refers to men of the right age who are mainly responsible for taxes and servitude (sometimes including women, called Dingnu); "Zhong", also called banding, second Ding, middle man (or middle woman), generally refers to young people younger than Ding, who often bear part of the taxes and servitude. Ding and Zhong are used to distinguish them from "Lao and Xiao". The age standard of Dingzhong has been different in the past dynasties. The Dingzhong system is also one of the legal basis for sentencing.

This book uses easy-to-understand language and vividly, truly, objectively and comprehensively reflects the major events, important figures and outstanding achievements in science and technology and culture in world history in accordance with the order of historical evolution.

Human history is like a gorgeous necklace, connected by countless events, large and small. Those glorious moments are the brilliant gems and pearls in the historical chain. They shine brightly and warn future generations.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

This kind of wisdom, charm and beauty caused by history is very important to enrich a person's life connotation and improve a person's quality. The basic connotation of human quality should be humanistic quality. A person's humanistic quality is formed by the genes created by the culture of the nation to which he belongs for thousands of years and accumulated in his blood and soul. Humanities education takes literature, history and philosophy as the main body, and is of special value to improving people's quality, and Chinese history is precisely the blend and carrier of the trinity of literature, history and philosophy. Only by understanding China's history can we build national self-confidence, establish a correct outlook on life and values, and continue to make new contributions to the development of human civilization through their continuous inheritance and new creations. The 1.3 Billion Chinese people and the 50 million Chinese people around the world who have developed from a common bloodline should have such a consensus and should bear such responsibilities.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

British philosopher Bacon said: "History makes people wise." Historical experience was summed up by predecessors at great cost. Historical experience contains thought-provoking philosophy. To deeply understand reality and face the future rationally, we should consciously review history. Only by understanding history can modern people feel the infinite charm of history enlightening reality. Only by perceiving the messy reality from historical experience can we appreciate the beauty and simplicity of historical wisdom.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

British philosopher Bacon said: "History makes people wise." Historical experience was summed up by predecessors at great cost. Historical experience contains thought-provoking philosophy. To deeply understand reality and face the future rationally, we should consciously review history. Only by understanding history can modern people feel the infinite charm of history enlightening reality. Only by perceiving the messy reality from historical experience can we appreciate the beauty and simplicity of historical wisdom.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

China is a huge country with a splendid civilization history of five thousand years and full of vitality and vitality. The Chinese nation has long been standing in the east of the world, succeeding one another for a hundred generations. The famous historian of science Bernard once said: "China has been one of the great centers of human civilization and science for many centuries." In the long history of the Chinese nation, it has created countless miracles of civilization.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The "Talking About China" series organically and harmoniously combines traditional education with future prospects, guiding contemporary Chinese to follow the modern trend of integrating the long-standing and ancient Chinese civilization into world development.

This kind of wisdom, charm and beauty caused by history is very important to enrich a person's life connotation and improve a person's quality. The basic connotation of human quality should be humanistic quality. A person's humanistic quality is formed by the genes created by the culture of the nation to which he belongs for thousands of years and accumulated in his blood and soul. Humanities education takes literature, history and philosophy as the main body, and is of special value to improving people's quality, and Chinese history is precisely the blend and carrier of the trinity of literature, history and philosophy. Only by understanding China's history can we build national self-confidence, establish a correct outlook on life and values, and continue to make new contributions to the development of human civilization through their continuous inheritance and new creations. The 1.3 Billion Chinese people and the 50 million Chinese people around the world who have developed from a common bloodline should have such a consensus and should bear such responsibilities.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

This kind of wisdom, charm and beauty caused by history is very important to enrich a person's life connotation and improve a person's quality. The basic connotation of human quality should be humanistic quality. A person's humanistic quality is formed by the genes created by the culture of the nation to which he belongs for thousands of years and accumulated in his blood and soul. Humanities education takes literature, history and philosophy as the main body, and is of special value to improving people's quality, and Chinese history is precisely the blend and carrier of the trinity of literature, history and philosophy. Only by understanding China's history can we build national self-confidence, establish a correct outlook on life and values, and continue to make new contributions to the development of human civilization through their continuous inheritance and new creations. The 1.3 Billion Chinese people and the 50 million Chinese people around the world who have developed from a common bloodline should have such a consensus and should bear such responsibilities.

This kind of wisdom, charm and beauty caused by history is very important to enrich a person's life connotation and improve a person's quality. The basic connotation of human quality should be humanistic quality. A person's humanistic quality is formed by the genes created by the culture of the nation to which he belongs for thousands of years and accumulated in his blood and soul. Humanities education takes literature, history and philosophy as the main body, and is of special value to improving people's quality, and Chinese history is precisely the blend and carrier of the trinity of literature, history and philosophy. Only by understanding China's history can we build national self-confidence, establish a correct outlook on life and values, and continue to make new contributions to the development of human civilization through their continuous inheritance and new creations. The 1.3 Billion Chinese people and the 50 million Chinese people around the world who have developed from a common bloodline should have such a consensus and should bear such responsibilities.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The history of China is a vivid, profound and enlightening textbook. Chinese history is a unique history of Eastern civilization. Chinese history, which carries Chinese civilization, has never been interrupted during the tortuous and long process of its formation and development. Although she has gone through ups and downs and experienced hardships, she has always stood tall and unyielding in the east of Asia. Even though the strong impact and numerous disasters on Chinese civilization that began in the first half of the 19th century for more than a century did not sink the glorious Chinese civilization, it instead gave rise to new vitality.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

The "Speaking of China" series puts the glory and setbacks, unity and division, progress and regression, war and peace, justice and evil of the Chinese nation in the dialectical process of the unity of opposites, and displays them one by one.

On the basis of absorbing the results of domestic historical research, "Chinese History Encyclopedia" integrates rich graphic and text materials accumulated from the long history of Chinese civilization to intuitively introduce the historical development process. With more than 2,000 precious pictures and more than 3 million words of text narrative, the book introduces the basic knowledge of Chinese history in many aspects, covering politics, military, economy, culture, diplomacy, science and technology, law, religion, art, folklore and other fields.

Human history is like a gorgeous necklace, connected by countless events, large and small. Those glorious moments are the brilliant gems and pearls in the historical chain. They shine brightly and warn future generations.