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This book starts from the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a historical institution with profound significance, and explores the specific development of history during the "Seventeen Years" (1949-1966). The Institute of Modern History is in the same line as the Yan'an Historical Institution. It is also the first national historical institution after the founding of New China and has profound and broad influence at home and abroad. This book focuses on excavating relevant historical materials, going beyond simple historical text research, returning to the time and space context of the time, sorting out the origins of modern history institutes, combining scholars' "learning" with their "practices" to examine, presenting scholars' actual actions between politics and academics, showing the rich and complex development of history during the "Seventeen Years", and on this basis, examining the reasons for its gains and losses.