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"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It is now a CSSCI source publication. Since its establishment more than ten years ago, with the attention and support of experts and scholars at home and abroad, it has produced good academic effects and social influence. This journal mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories during the Republic of China period (1912-1949), and strives to become a window and place for research on the history of the Republic of China at home and abroad. Encouraging innovation on the basis of truth-seeking is the consistent purpose of this journal; simple writing style, theory based on history, novel viewpoints, strict logic, accurate citations, and standardized annotations are the basic requirements of this journal for manuscripts. This volume (22nd volume) has articles of considerable research level in "Politics and Society in the Early Republic of China" and "Character Studies" for academic reference.

Professor Zhang Xianwen and a group of other historians have gone deep into archives and libraries of various countries for more than ten years. Based on mastering a large number of first-hand original documents and oral historical materials, they have written a history of the Nanjing Massacre after painstaking research. They have conducted comprehensive research on the massacres, sexual atrocities, urban destruction and looting atrocities of the Japanese army in Nanjing, and clarified the military and economic impact of the Japanese army on the capital of the Nationalist Government when Nanjing fell. And social control, demonstrated the humanitarian good deeds of the International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone in protecting and rescuing refugees, reproduced the reaction of the Chinese and foreign media and the international community to the atrocities of the Japanese army, disclosed the post-war verdicts of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing Ministry of National Defense Military Tribunal for War Criminals Trial against Japanese war criminals, revealed the truth of history, and effectively refuted the fallacy of the Japanese right wing that denied the historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre. It helps people correctly understand the Nanjing Massacre, a great human tragedy.

"The History of the Nanjing Massacre" is the Japanese version of "The History of the Nanjing Massacre". Professor Zhang Xianwen and a group of other historians have gone deep into archives and libraries of various countries for more than ten years. Based on mastering a large number of first-hand original documents and oral historical materials, they have written a history of the Nanjing Massacre after painstaking research. They have conducted comprehensive research on the massacres, sexual atrocities, urban destruction and looting atrocities of the Japanese army in Nanjing, and clarified the military and economic impact of the Japanese army on the capital of the Nationalist Government when Nanjing fell. And social control, demonstrated the humanitarian good deeds of the International Committee of the Nanjing Safety Zone in protecting and rescuing refugees, reproduced the reaction of the Chinese and foreign media and the international community to the atrocities of the Japanese army, disclosed the post-war verdicts of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing Ministry of National Defense Military Tribunal for War Criminals Trial against Japanese war criminals, revealed the truth of history, and effectively refuted the fallacy of the Japanese right wing that denied the historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre. It helps people correctly understand the Nanjing Massacre, a great human tragedy.

"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It is now a CSSCI source publication. Since its establishment more than ten years ago, with the attention and support of experts and scholars at home and abroad, it has produced good academic effects and social influence. This journal mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories during the Republic of China period (1912~1949), and strives to become a window and place for research on the history of the Republic of China at home and abroad. Encouraging innovation on the basis of truth-seeking is the consistent purpose of this journal; simple writing style, theory based on history, novel viewpoints, strict logic, accurate citations, and standardized annotations are the basic requirements of this journal for manuscripts. The "Characters and Thoughts", "University History Research", "Monographs" and other sections of this volume (the 23rd volume) contain articles of considerable research level for academic reference.

"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories about the Republic of China period (1912-1949). It is now a CSSCI source publication. The columns of this issue (the 27th) include "Features of the Journal", "Persons of the Republic of China", "Border Affairs of the Republic of China" and "Monographs", etc. The relevant papers can be used as reference for academic circles, and other articles are also of considerable academic value.

"Republic of China Studies" is an academic special issue sponsored by the Research Center for the History of the Republic of China at Nanjing University, a key research base in the humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. It is now a CSSCI source publication. Since its establishment more than ten years ago, with the attention and support of experts and scholars at home and abroad, it has produced good academic effects and social influence. This journal mainly publishes research articles on relevant historical facts and theories during the Republic of China period (1912-1949), and strives to become a window and place for research on the history of the Republic of China at home and abroad. Encouraging innovation on the basis of truth-seeking is the consistent purpose of this journal; simple writing style, theory based on history, novel viewpoints, strict logic, accurate citations, and standardized annotations are the basic requirements of this journal for manuscripts. The "Character Studies", "Monographs" and "Research Reviews" in this volume (21st) contain articles of considerable research level for academic reference.