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This book conducts a systematic study of the imperial family system in Japan during the historical period from the maturity of royal power in the Asuka period to the end of the ancient emperor system in the Heian period. On the one hand, it comprehensively analyzes the relationship between imperial relatives and the ancient emperor system in different periods vertically and its status and role in ancient political and social life; on the other hand, it systematically examines the imperial succession system, title designation system, official appointment system, fiefdom system, marriage system, surname granting system and Saio system related to imperial relatives horizontally, and explores the relationship between these systems and the ancient emperor system. While examining the development and evolution of the imperial family system in ancient Japan, this book also pays as much attention as possible to the similarities and differences between the imperial family systems in ancient China and Japan.