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This book first sorts out the main process of the early institutionalization of modern science in China, that is, from the introduction of modern Western scientific knowledge, to the determination of scientific terminology, to the emergence of early professional scientists. Then, on a theoretical basis, the basic elements of scientific institutionalization are summarized, including professional scientists, scientific organizations, scientific exchanges and scientific operation mechanisms, etc., Involving scientific societies, scientific journals, scientific societies, scientific awards, and scientific education. Finally, some historical reflections were carried out and targeted policy suggestions were put forward to further improve my country's scientific system.