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The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979) was a period of division and chaos from the fall of the Tang Dynasty to the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty, a total of 72 years. The Five Dynasties refers to the five short-lived dynasties that successively changed in the Central Plains: Later Liang (built by Zhu Wen), Later Tang (built by Li Cunxu of the Shatuo tribe, who destroyed the Hou Liang), Later Jin (built by Shi Jingtang, who ceded the sixteen states of Yanyun to the Khitan), Later Han, and Later Zhou. Among them, Chai Rong, Shizong of the later Zhou Dynasty, worked hard to reform military affairs and develop production, laying the foundation for the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Ten Kingdoms refer to the local separatist regimes that coexisted with the Five Dynasties. In the south, there were nine kingdoms: Wu, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Min, Chu, Southern Han, Nanping, Former Shu, and Later Shu. In the north, there was only the Northern Han Dynasty, which was dependent on Khitan. Most countries favored one side. The Qian family of Wu and Yue protected the country and the people, and the culture of the Southern Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous. During this period, wars were frequent and regime changes were rapid. However, the south was relatively stable, and the economic center of gravity continued to shift southward. Handicrafts, commerce, and culture all developed, and at the same time, national integration was promoted. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chenqiao Rebellion and established the Northern Song Dynasty. He successively eliminated the southern separatist regime and the Northern Han Dynasty in 979. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era ended.