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This study takes the government-enterprise relationship in the cigarette industry in post-war Shanghai as the object of investigation, and explores the development of the industry and its constraints under the special post-war economic and social environment from a new perspective, in order to enrich the research on the history of the cigarette industry and the socio-economic history of post-war China. The origin and development of Shanghai's cigarette industry before the war is the starting point of this article. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the development of Shanghai's cigarette industry has undergone significant changes. This study focuses on comprehensively displaying the basic context of government-enterprise relations in the Shanghai cigarette industry from 1945 to 1949. Understanding modern social and economic changes from the perspective of the interaction and transformation of government-enterprise relations will not only help strengthen the research on enterprise history and government history, but also help enrich the history of modern Chinese society.