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Starting from the opening of Hangzhou as a port in 1895, this book studies the development of Hangzhou's foreign trade throughout the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. It analyzes the natural and social historical background of Hangzhou during this period, explains the development situation and characteristics of Hangzhou's foreign trade, and discusses the geopolitical tendency of Hangzhou's foreign trade development. At the same time, this book especially conducts a systematic comparative analysis of Hangzhou's trade conditions before and after the opening of the port, customs import and export trade, and other customs trade conditions that were opened at the same time. It reproduces the development of Hangzhou's foreign trade during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, as well as the changes in Hangzhou society during this period. It provides a new perspective and basis for us to further expand and deepen the study of Hangzhou's history of the Republic of China and understand the inherent laws of historical evolution.

The Swiss nation has always had diversity in the process of national existence, establishment and development, and at the same time it has certain particularities across the European continent. Swiss national conflicts are often entangled with foreign conflicts and religious conflicts. When Switzerland was under dynastic rule in Europe, a group of people of different ethnic groups who longed for the principles of freedom and equality laid a basis for consensus and formed the prototype of the union of their country. This book focuses on the establishment of a republic in Switzerland through the formulation of a policy of neutrality and the baptism of the Reformation and Enlightenment, enabling it to establish a modern "multi-ethnic, non-national state".