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As the first dynasty in Chinese history after the Qin Dynasty that ruled for a longer period and had better social control, the Han Dynasty accumulated considerable experience and lessons in social security and established a relatively complete management system, which has important enlightenment significance for future generations. The Han Dynasty was the formative period of the ancient Chinese public security management system. Based on the documents handed down from the Han Dynasty and unearthed bamboo slips and inscriptions, the author took local social security in the Han Dynasty as the research object and analyzed the social security functions of grassroots officials in the Han Dynasty, the social security functions of certain local traffic management facilities, and local social security. It has made certain explorations into a series of contents such as social security laws and regulations, regional social security conditions, the impact of folk customs on social security, folk public opinion, and civil society participation in social security. Based on the existing relevant research results, it has conducted a relatively in-depth investigation of the grassroots social security conditions in the Han Dynasty, which has certain academic significance.