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This book focuses on the history of the Tuanlian movement in the late Qing Dynasty, peeling away the historical fog that shrouded "Tuanlian" and showing the historical destiny and suffering of a special group in a special era. Since the Tang Dynasty, the government has used the armed forces of local civil organizations to guard cities and prevent theft as a "group training". In the late Qing Dynasty, faced with internal and external troubles and the weak combat power of the Eight Banners and the Green Camp Army, the Qing government had to encourage local governments to "organize regiment training" to defend the territory, protect borders, and maintain governance. In the game field between state power and local forces, centralization and local autonomy, the Tuanlian movement, with its unique historical trajectory, changed the local political and social structure and the traditional relationship between local society and state power, thus accelerating the "collapse of the traditional state" and "the beginning of China's modernization."