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This book conducts a systematic investigation of cities, countries, production methods, social classes and relationships, classes, and the origin of civilization in ancient China. In this book, Hou Wailu creatively uses Marxist historical theory, especially the theory of Asia's mode of production, and combines it with relevant historical materials from ancient China to explore the path and unique laws of ancient Chinese social development. The many original insights he puts forward in this book have had a great impact on the study of Chinese history. This book is recognized as a pioneering work that combines Marxist historical theory with Chinese historical reality.