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In the early twentieth century, since Lu Xun took the lead in expressing the social and spiritual phenomenon of "estrangement" in literature, "estrangement" has become the main theme of writers' writing and interpretation. This book mainly studies the various aspects of the expression of the theme of "estrangement" by modern and contemporary writers such as Lu Xun, Ye Shengtao, Ba Jin, Ding Ling, Jia Pingwa, and Liu Zhenyun. "Estrangement" is both a spiritual issue and a social issue, an ancient issue and a practical issue, a literary issue and a human nature issue. Therefore, a systematic and in-depth study of the theme of "estrangement" in Chinese novels of the 20th century will surely provide a rich literary form and life form for the "people-oriented" and "harmonious society" in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The social relations of harmonious symbiosis will provide rich literary forms and life forms, and will also provide human resources for reference in terms of spirit, thought, and soul for the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics.