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This book selects the two keywords "village" and "rural governance" to analyze the two historical worlds that take this as its object: the "historical world centered on the villagers themselves" and the "historical world centered on politics." After the Tang Dynasty, the hometownization of villages and the politicization of villages were two different aspects of the same object. From the perspective of the village, its hometown-oriented community made it a geographical community of villagers. After the Song Dynasty, due to the strengthening of clan nature, many villages also became a blood community; from the perspective of the political power, it was a process of destroying or utilizing the village community in order to strengthen taxation. Previous research has been more from the perspective of the regime, as an observer, studying rural society and the governance process and effectiveness of rural society by the regime, but it has ignored the feelings of the villagers living in it. If we learn from the "participation" method in anthropology and sociology, go deep into the life world of villagers, and understand the village society and the relationship between the political power and rural society at that time from their perspective, we will have a new understanding of the history at that time.