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This book discusses the water resources in the Guanzhong area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the central issue, and based on this, explains the behavior of farmers, the operation of rural social organizations, especially institutional factors and relevant government policies. Its main purpose is to study how to correctly handle the relationship between people and water resources, and how to reasonably understand and treat the status of people in water resources utilization. Studying the rural water conservancy society in historical periods, especially summarizing some of the experiences and lessons learned by the ancients in the process of utilizing agricultural water resources, can provide useful thinking and reference for correctly handling the relationship between water resources environment and social development today.