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It is generally believed that the Silk Road began when Zhang Qian passed through the Western Regions. But in fact, the road from Central Asia and India to the Mediterranean had been opened as early as the Persian Empire. The Greek Alexander's Eastern Expedition and the establishment of his empire, as well as the formation of the Hellenistic world, strengthened and expanded the connections and exchanges between the East and the West. Therefore, once Zhang Qian set foot on the land of Central Asia, he actually announced the opening of the Silk Road across the Eurasian continent. Along the Silk Road, many ancient countries and peoples once existed, the most important of which were the Parthian Empire, the Kushan Empire, the Roman Empire, the Sasanian Persian Empire, as well as the Sogdians, known as the Silk Road commercial people, and the nomads active on the grassland Silk Road. They all more or less dominated or participated in the economic, trade and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. This book focuses on the relationship between these countries or nations and the Silk Road, focusing on the profound historical background of the establishment of this connection and the role they played in the development, development and continuation of the Silk Road. This book also has historical reference significance for the current construction of the Belt and Road Initiative and how to establish positive interactions with the countries and regions it covers.