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This book focuses on the "environmental determinism" proposed by Jared Diamond and attempts to decipher why Eurasian civilization has dominated history. The book uses "geographic endowment" as the key to reveal how natural factors such as the domestication of animals and plants, and the direction of the continental axis quietly rewrote human destiny, eventually evolving into the conquest of civilization by guns, germs, and steel. By comparing the rise and fall of civilizations across continents, the author subverts the perception of racial superiority and attributes historical events such as the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire to the deep accumulation of ecological resources. At the same time, the author combines the perspectives of biology, geography, and anthropology to demonstrate the invisible shaping power of the environment on the spread of technology, political forms, and even the evolution of pathogens. This Pulitzer Prize-winning work provides a macro-narrative framework that spans tens of thousands of years for understanding differences among civilizations.