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Throughout its thousands of years of history, whether it developed independently or was ruled by external forces, Egypt has always been an important builder of world history. Ancient Egypt is one of the cradles of human civilization, the Ptolemaic dynasty is one of the three pillars of the Hellenistic world, the Roman province of Egypt is the granary of the Roman Empire, and the Patriarch of Alexandria is one of the five patriarchs of Roman Christendom. The Fatimid dynasty once formed a tripartite force in the Islamic world with the Umayyad dynasty who retreated to Spain and the Abbasid dynasty whose capital was Baghdad. Saladin's Ayyubid dynasty was the main force resisting the European Crusaders. The Mamluk dynasty defeated the Mongolian army that marched westward. During the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was a transit point for the spice trade between Europe and Asia. After the opening of the Suez Canal, Egypt became the throat of the British Empire. After the establishment of the modern nation-state, Egypt has always been an important force in the Arab world. It had united with Syria to form a state, extending its influence to the Arabian Peninsula. It was also the first country in the Arab world to reach accommodation with Israel. The history of Egypt can be said to condense key chapters of world history. After reading this general history of Egypt, you can not only understand the changes and continuation of Egyptian history, but also get a glimpse of the basic thread of world history such as the rise and fall of civilization, the expansion of empires, the spread of religion, and the collision of cultures.