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This book focuses on what historians know and how much they know about the past. The author is a famous American historiography theorist and a professor of history at the University of Virginia. The book is divided into four themes, namely memory, narrative and knowledge, objectivity and speculation, and fragmentation. Through rigorous argumentation and vivid case analysis, a series of historical epistemological issues are discussed: narrative, objectivity, and memory issues in historical compilation, the tasks of historical writing, consistency in historical research, how to avoid historical fallacies, etc. It is the author's theoretical thinking on the limitations and conditions of historical knowledge. The author reflects on the practice of historical epistemology from Herodotus to contemporary historians, which has reference value for both beginners of history and historical practitioners.