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Who are the Jews? Why does the Bible become a reliable historical record recording the origin of a nation? Are the Israelites direct descendants of the Jewish people? This book is a representative work of the famous Israeli historian Shlomer Sander that has triggered global heated discussion. It is also a critical national history. It dismantles the entire national memory structure of the Jews, boldly criticizes the widely accepted narrative and historical discourse, and uses modern democratic theory to clarify ancient myths. This book believes that the homelands of most Jews are spread across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The reason why these scattered Jewish groups can form a Jewish nation and then become a Jewish state can only be because they use adapted history. The national identity of the Israelis has a strong exclusivity. This situation has not always existed, but was invented by historians, archaeologists and others in the second half of the 19th century. Whether it's understanding Israel's past, the current state of the Middle East, resolving disputes, or envisioning the future, this book offers new possibilities. One of the "bravest books of the year." -Terry Eagleton An outstanding book... Should be read by anyone who wants to understand the contemporary Middle East. -Tony Judt Books that combine emotion and scholarship may not change the political landscape, but if they could, this would be a landmark one. --Eric Hobsbawm