This book provides a panoramic view of the development process of Western pharmaceutical industry in China. The opening chapter explores the exchanges and interactions between China and its neighboring countries in Central Asia and South Asia from 200 BC to 1800 AD at the levels of personnel, medicine and ideas. The period from 1800 to 1949 is developed thematically, with multiple chapters in-depth analysis of the relationship between drug retail, wholesale, and manufacturing, focusing on the actions of individuals, companies, and medical institutions. Their combined efforts have profoundly promoted the acceptance of Western medicine in modern China and continue to influence the current medical system. The readers of this book include researchers in the fields of pharmacy, history of Western medicine, pharmaceutical industry, etc., As well as general readers who are interested in the history of interaction between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and the history of pharmaceutical development.