The History of China’s Ancient Official System

This book systematically traces the development of China's ancient official institutions. Beginning with an introduction to the foundations of the study of official systems, it examines two major eras: the age of royal power and the age of imperial power. For the age of royal power, it details the origins and evolution of official systems from the Xia and Shang dynasties through the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. For the age of imperial power, it closely analyzes the emperor system, the chancellor's role in assisting the ruler, central government agencies, official selection, local administration, and the management of government offices. From the earliest division of posts and duties to the mature imperial examination system, it offers a comprehensive account of the development, characteristics, and patterns of China's ancient official institutions, providing an authoritative reference for understanding ancient political systems.