At the end of the Zhenyuan period of the Middle Tang Dynasty, the separatist rule of vassal towns began to emerge after the Anshi Rebellion (Wu Shaocheng, the military governor of Huaixi Province, supported his own troops). Although the Jiangnan area was prosperous, problems such as land annexation, business disputes, and refugee issues were prominent, and judicial abuses were serious (torture to extract confessions and cases based on favors were common).
