The descendants of the Semu merchants from the early to mid-Yuan Dynasty, under the background of "the connection of the Eurasian trade routes brought by the unified empire" and the "class restrictions under the four-class system", grew from grocery vendors in the market of Dadu (today's Beijing) to a business linking the Central Plains, the Western Regions and Persia. In the process of integrating multi-ethnic trade rules and balancing the relationship between government, business and ethnic groups, transnational business network owners understand that "businessmen are not only profit-seekers, but also links across civilizational barriers" and have completed the growth and transformation from "surviving in the cracks" to "promoting integration through business".
