Failure: Change, War, and Xenophobia in the Qing Dynasty, 1891-1900

In the last decade of the 19th century, how did the late Qing Dynasty gradually fail? Internal changes, external wars, ideological collisions, diplomatic pressure... A history of the late Qing Dynasty from a global perspective. At the end of the 19th century, the Qing Empire attempted to respond to the crisis through top-down reforms, but failed continuously, leading to a state-mobilized Boxer Rebellion at the end of the century. At the same time, the pattern of East Asia was completely transformed. China faced direct oppression from Japan and Russia. Western countries re-examined their relations with China in the face of the Qing court's continuous failures and wave of xenophobia. The reformers either went into exile overseas or plotted the next New Deal, while the revolutionaries completely came to the center of the historical stage. Li Li retells the modern history of China from a global historical perspective, from a panoramic perspective of the Qing royal family, high-ranking officials, gentry, reformists, revolutionaries, and boxers to European emperors, diplomats, churches, missionaries, soldiers, and journalists. He describes the turbulent China before and after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1899 from a global perspective, and reveals the wars, changes, and failures in the last decade of the 19th century.